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A HIDDEN PHASE OF 
AMERICAN HISTORY 



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A HIDDEN PHASE OF 
AMERICAN HISTORY 

Ireland's Part in America's 
Struggle for Liberty 



BY 

MICHAEL J. O'BRIEN 

HISTORIOGRAPHER, AMERICAN IRISH HISTORICAL 80CIETT 



ILLUSTRATED BY PORTRAITS FROM THE EMMET COLLECTION, 

FACSIMILES OF DOCUMENTS IN ENGLISH ARCHIVES, 

REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEVINS 



"There is America, which at this day serves for little more than to 
amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners, yet shall, 
before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that com- 
merce which now attracts the envy of the world." 

— Edmund Bdrke, Speech on Conciliation of America, II, 115. 




NEW YORK 
THE DEVIN-ADAIR COMPANY 







Copyright, 1919, by 
THE DEVIX-ADAIR COMPANY 



AVL RighU Reserved by The Devin-Adair Company 



Press of 

J. J. Little & Ives Co. 

New York 



pi^^ "jf. • )■: 



ICI.A5I 2 4 53 



'- \ 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

Introduction . . . . J. I. C. Clarke xi 
I Attitude of the People of Ireland To- 
ward THE American Colonists ... 1 
II Benjamin Franklin's Visits to Ireland ' . 25 
m Irish Sympathy for the Revolting Colo- 
nies 38 

rV Efforts to Conciliate the Irish Catholics 54 

V History by Suppression 6G 

VI Ireland's Share in America's Fight for 

Freedom 74 

VII False Statements Refuted 98 

VIII Irish Names in American Muster-Rolls . 118 

IX The Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick . . 148 

X "The Line OF Ireland" 173 

XI More History by Suppression .... 186 
XII Marion, Lacey, and McClure .... 200 
XIII Irishmen Flock to the Standard of Wash- 
ington 210 

XTV Irish Immigration Prior to the Revolu- 
tion 241 

XV Vast Irish Immigrations to Pennsylvania 253 

XVI The "Scotch-Irish" Myth 286 

XVII Early Irish Settlements in New York . 295 

XVIII The "Irish Donation" 306 

XIX Early Irish Settlers in Virginia . . . 322 

XX More Light on the "Scotch-Irish" Myth 336 

XXI Early Irish Settlers in the Carolinas . 350 

XXII Pre-Revolutionary Irish in Georgl\ . . 363 

XXIII The First Census of the United States . 373 

XXIV America's Debt to Ireland 385 

Appendix 443 

Index 527 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



FACING 
PAGB 



General George Washington .... Frontispiece 

General John Sullivan 4 

Edmund Burke 16 

Charles Thomson 26 

Isaac Barr6 36 

Facsimile, part of Pennsylvania Packet of November 27, 

1775 46 

James Duane 62 

Facsimile, Testimony of Joseph Galloway, from New 

York Royal Gazette of October 27, 1779 ... 78 
Facsimile, Testimony of General James Robertson, 

from Parliamentary Register 90 

Facsimile, Testimony of General James Robertson, 
from A View of the Evidence Relative to the Con- 
duct of the American War, as Given Before a Com- 
mittee of the House of Commons 102 

Facsimile, Letter of Ambrose Serle 106 

Facsimile, Letter of General Sir Henry Clinton . . 110 

Facsimile, Letters of Joseph Galloway 118 

George Read 128 

General William Irvine 136 

George Bryan 150 

Facsimile, part of New York Packet of June 19, 1783 . 162 
Facsimile, George Washington's signature to the mem- 
bership roll of the Society of the Friendly Sons of 

Saint Patrick 172 

Colonel Walter Stewart 184 

vii 



viii ILLUSTRATIONS 



FACING 
PAGE 



Count Arthur Dillon . . 20^^/ 

Colonel John Shee 212/ 

General Richard Montgomery 222/ 

General Edward Hand 230/ 

James Smith 244 

Colonel Stephen Moylan 260 

Facsimile, part of Pennsylvania Gazette of August 11, 

1773 274 

Thomas Lynch, Jr 286 

Edward Rutledge 296 

Major James McHenry 306 

Commodore John Barry 316 

General Andrew Lewis 328 

Charles Carroll 34& 

George Taylor 356/ 

Matthew Thornton 366 

Thomas McKean 376- 

General Richard Butler 386 ' 



TO 

THOMAS ADDIS EMMET, M.D., LL.D., K.ST.G. 

IRISH SCHOLAR AND AMERICAN PATRIOT 

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR 



INTRODUCTION 

IT has fallen to the lot of the author of this research 
into the quality and volume of Irish participation 
in the struggle for American Independence to accom- 
plish more at a stroke than all who have preceded him. 
Mr. O'Brien has indeed vindicated his title as Historiog- 
rapher of the American Irish Historical Society in put- 
ting forth a work so clear, so luminous, so convincing 
that it may be said to be the last word on the subject, 
save as he himself may choose to add to it. 

In boldly traversing the statements of such American 
historians as George Bancroft and Henry Cabot Lodge, 
he has in all cases quoted their own words on the related 
points, and proceeded therefrom to the utter demolition 
of their premises and conclusions with a crushing weight 
of evidence, marshalled with care, argued with acumen, 
and presented in admirable order. These statements 
derogatory to the part played by the Irish race in Ire- 
land and America during the War of the Revolution, 
although frequently challenged, have long stood without 
conclusive answer. Mr. O'Brien has found the answer 
absolute. In this matter rhetoric has been set against 
rhetoric times out of mind. For the first time, an in- 
disputable array of cogent facts, stated without flourish, 
points to inevitable conclusions fatal to the misstate- 
ments of the historians named. This might be glory 
enough for the author, but he does not halt there. 



xii INTRODUCTION 

The real value of the triumph lies in the constructive 
and demonstrative nature of the work. Valuable as it 
might be in its phase of convicting certain widely ac- 
cepted writers of misinformation, unfairness, injustice, 
or prejudice, as the case may be, its importance inheres 
in establishing certain standards of fact concerning the 
part played by the Irish in the ranks of the Continental 
army which must stand for all time. Intensive re- 
search may add corroboration to Mr. O'Brien's aver- 
ments ; the Irish race may rest assured that nothing dis- 
coverable will shake his conclusions. The reason for this 
sweeping substantiation of our Historiographer's argu- 
ment resides in the method with which he has wrought. 
It is simplicity itself, but it involves such close, persis- 
tent, patient, indefatigable examination and study of 
the records that the conclusions reached are patent. I 
may say he establishes unequivocally that thirty-eight 
per cent, of the Revolutionary army that won American 
independence was Irish! And it is a fascinating story. 
His massing of fact upon fact, and record upon record, 
is as surprising as it is masterly. Anyone, of whatever 
race, who loves a brilliant argument deftly driven home 
will rejoice in the reading of it. 

The work divides itself easily into three parts — one 
devoted to laying bare the heart of the Irish race in 
Ireland during the War for Independence as beating in 
sympathy with the revolted Colonies in America, and 
therein refuting the statements of Bancroft founded 
upon one-sided quotation and misread information, and 
involving suppression of important historical facts. In 
its way it is as conclusive as the other parts of the work, 



INTRODUCTION xiii 

and will be read by the Irish-born and Irish-descended 
with real gusto. The second part of the work is devoted 
to the Irish in the Revolutionary army, to whom I have 
already referred. 

The third part deals most importantly with the early 
Irish immigration into the American Colonies, evolving 
remarkable conclusions based on attainable facts. While 
these facts are spread out to the confusion of ignorant 
or prejudiced historians, they mightily contribute to the 
self-respect and add to the knowledge of the American 
Irish. We are no new-comers in these United States, 
as is well proven in this book. Not the least engaging 
portion of this section of the book is the author's caustic 
treatment of the use of the absurd term "Scotch-Irish." 
So often applied by callow ethnologists, the lamentable 
fact is that it has constituted the last resort of snob- 
bery, an apology by a snob for what indicated his real 
claim to consideration — his Irish blood. Of great co- 
gency and sharp interest also is Chapter XXIII, 
in its remorseless exposure of the erroneous figures re- 
lating to the Irish in America in 1790, as set forth in 
a certain United States Government publication. 
Ilomer nodded badly that time, and Mr. O'Brien prods 
him with the point of Achilles' sword — more, however, 
in sorrow than in anger, and without a trace of the mode 
of Thersites. 

Here, then, are the credentials of the Irish for a high 
place in the American Pantheon, for a continuing station 
of prominence among the stalwart builders of the Re- 
public, those intrepid men who cemented the foundations 



xiv INTRODUCTION 

of its structure with their blood and laid its stones with 
their brain and brawn. 

To Michael Joseph O'Brien, the Irish race in Amer- 
ica will forever be a debtor. It is not in the curriculum 
of his school of effort to consider for a moment the per- 
sonal equation. Without other thought, he has worked 
in sincerity for the good name of his race on the Ameri- 
can continent. The publication of this, his latest com- 
plete effort, is his great compensation. It is the apex of 
much work on similar lines which has brought him high 
consideration among historical writers and his country- 
men, and it is something more than usual, too, from the 
fact that all this and other historical research has been 
carried on in the time that means leisure to others cir- 
cumstanced like himself. 

What can and should be done concerning this by his 
compatriots is a question well worth consideration, but 
one thing should be done eagerly and at once, and that 
is to see to the circulation in large successive editions of 
this book. There are at least five thousand libraries in 
the United States in which it should be placed for con- 
tinued reference by students, and there are many thou- 
sands of Irish homes in which it should be a treasured 
possession. Those fortunate enough to get it in their 
hands should promote its circulation by all means in their 
power; for, besides being an historical work of capital 
importance, based upon data gathered with prodigious 
labor from unimpeachable sources, it is such an inspiring 
record of heroic deeds and sacrifices by the high-souled 
men of an earlier day, gloriously crowned by the estab- 
lishment of free government upon this continent, that 



INTRODUCTION xv 

it will fill with a just pride the heart of every true Ameri- 
can and of every Irishman in the liberty-loving little 
nation beyond the sea. 

Joseph I. C. Clarke, 
President-General, 
American Irish Historical Society, 
December, 1918. 



CHAPTER I 

ATTITUDE OF THE PEOPLE OF IRELAND TOWARD 
THE AMERICAN COLONISTS 

How Bancroft misstated the facts. The "Address to the King" 
forced through Parliament at the command of the Lord Lieu- 
tenant. Resultant anger of the people. How the Irish patriot 
leaders opposed the address. Burke, Barre, and Conolly among 
the staunchest friends of America in the English Parliament. 
Lord Chatham declared that "the whole Irish nation favour 
the Americans." Barre's famous speech characterizing the 
revolting Colonists as "Sons of Liberty." The Stamp Act. 
Rejoicings in Ireland over its repeal. 

HISTORY is the high court of humanity," wrote 
Bancroft, "where truth must be heard and justice 
must be pronounced." But, in so far as the history of 
the War of the Revolution is concerned, much of it has 
been written by one-sided practitioners in that "court" ; 
the testimony which they offered has not been analyzed 
by the jury, nor adjudicated upon by impartial judges; 
so that an unbiased verdict has never been rendered, the 
result being that much ignorance prevails as to certain 
details of the history of that eventful period. 

It cannot be said that even Bancroft himself, in all 
cases, observed the strictest nicety in adhering to the 
spirit of his own aphorism, for there are many statements 
in his work which, when compared with the authentic 
records, are irreconcilably at variance therewith, and for 
these inaccuracies he has been criticized severely by other 

1 



2 A HIDDEN PHASE 

historians. Of course, no man is infallible, nor are 
historians exempt from the possibility of error ; and while 
George Bancroft proved no exception to that rule, he 
has also been charged with "suppression of facts," "mis- 
representation," and the creation of "false impressions." 
And there is one feature of his work wherein, either by- 
withholding from his readers a full narration of the facts, 
or through his lack of knowledge of the facts, he has not 
afforded them the means of testing the accuracy of his 
assertions or the justice of his judgments. By this I 
mean his animadversions upon the attitude of the people 
of Ireland toward the American Colonists during the 
War of the Revolution. 

In 'BamcToft'sHistorT/ of the UnitedStates, the author 
says: "When the news from Lexington and Bunker Hill 
arrived, the Irish Parliament voted that it heard of the 
rebellion with abhorrence and was ready to show to the 
world its attachment to the sacred person of the King." 
And further, "the people [of Ireland] sent against 
them [the Americans] some of their best troops and their 
ablest men." ^ 

These statements do not enhance the reputation for 
impartiality which Bancroft has enjoyed. In fact, there 
are three distinct reasons for saying that they are mis- 
statements of fact, because ( 1 ) the Irish Parliament did 
not vote as Bancroft said; (2) it took no action what- 
ever on American aifairs until November, 1775, which 
was several months after "the news from Lexington 
and Bunker Hill" was known in Ireland; and (3) not 
only did "the people of Ireland" not send troops against 

^ History of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 474, 504. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 8 

the Americans, but throughout the war they remained 
the steadfast friends of the American cause. The pre- 
cise facts, as furnished by the records of the time, are 
as follows: 

The inspiring news from Lexington had reached Ire- 
land as early as the last week of May, 1775, and not 
only was the fact also known in that country that Amer- 
ica had struck a blow for freedom six months before the 
battle of Lexington, when Sullivan and his fellow pa- 
triots seized the guns and ammunition at Fort William 
and Mary,^ but the press of Dublin in the summer of 
1775 rang with the praises of the valiant sons of Morris 
O'Brien ^ for winning "the Lexington of the Seas." * 
On the 11th of October, 1775, a proposed "Address to 
the King" by the Irish Parliament stated they had 
"heard with abhorrence and feel with indignation of the 
Rebellion existing in a part of your American Domin- 
ions"; but, corrupt and slavish though that Parliament 
was, this language was found to be objectionable and, 
after debate, it was stricken from the Address before 
the question was put to a final vote. In the seventeenth 
volume of the Journals of the House of Commons of 
the Kingdom of Ireland, published at Dublin in 1776, 

''In September, 1774. 

^ Morris O'Brien was a native of Dublin. 

* The first naval battle of the American Revolution, fought off 
Machias, Maine, on June 12, 1775. Cooper, in his History of the 
United States Navy, calls it "the Lexington of the Seas." For 
a full account of the remarkable exploit of the O'Briens, see Life 
of Captain Jeremiah O'Brien, Commander of the First Flying 
Squadron of the American Revolution, by Dr. Andrew M. Sherman, 
Morristown, New Jersey, 1902. 



4 A HIDDEN PHASE 

it is shown that the "Address to the King," as originally 
framed, was rejected by ninety- two "noes" to fifty-two 
"ayes." The language quoted was used in the third par- 
agraph of the Address, but an amendment was proposed 
"to read the third paragraph a second time," and, on the 
vote on "the question," the record shows "the House 
divided" and the amendment was passed in the follow- 
ing month by a vote of ninety to fifty-four.^ The words 
"we hear with abhorrence and feel with indignation of 
the Rebellion existing in a part of your American Do- 
minions" were changed by the amendment to read: 

"It is with the deepest Concern, that we hear of the Dissensions 
that have unfortunately arisen between Great Britain and her 
Colonies, and we beg Leave to assure your Majesty that we shall 
at all times be ready to manifest our Zeal and attachment to your 
Majesty's Person and Government, relying upon the Wisdom, 
Justice and Mercy of your Majesty's Councils for terminating 
those Dissensions in the Manner most advantageous for every part 
of the British Empire." 

So, after all, the Irish Parliament did not vote as 
Bancroft said; they did not view the rebellion "with 
abhorrence," and I leave it to the judgment of impartial 
readers to say whether Bancroft had some ulterior mo- 
tive in omitting all reference to the amendment, or 

^ As a matter of fact, the opposition to the "Address to the King" 
was greater than the vote indicates. Lecky remarks upon "the 
abstention of more than one-half the members of the House of 
Commons on a question so vitally important," and states that "it 
was probably in some degree due to the American sympathies of 
many members who owed their seats to great borough-owners now 
in alliance with the government, and who were, therefore, accord- 
ing to the received code of parliamentary honour, precluded from 
voting against the Ministers." (History of Ireland during the 
Eighteenth Century, Vol. II, London, 1892.) 




REP/iODaC£D BV /iiVAM /'j9A/VC£S l£V//VS 

MAJOR GENERAli JOHN SULLIVAN 

OF THE CONTINENTAL AR MX SON OF JOHN SULLIVAN 
OF LIMERICK AND MARJEF^V SULLIVAN OF CORK. IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 6 

whether it was simply because this part of the record 
escaped his notice. Standing alone and without qual- 
ification, the language used by Bancroft in describing 
the action of the Irish Parliament was utterly unworthy 
of a great historian, for if he had only explained the 
status of the Irish Parliament as a legislative body, or its 
relationship to the people of Ireland, the "sting" might 
have been removed. His chapter on the Penal Laws, 
and their resultant misery and injustice to the Irish 
people, clearly indicates that he was thoroughly con- 
versant with the situation in Ireland, and by no stretch 
of the imagination can we suppose that when examin- 
ing the proceedings of the House of Commons, he failed 
to notice the record of the above quoted amendment to 
the Address to the King, which made a very material 
change in its original language. 

As Lecky says, "Usually, such addresses passed un- 
opposed, but on this occasion a most earnest and per- 
sistent opposition was made," and Earl Harcourt, who 
"had no illusions about the strength of American feeling 
in Ireland," wrote that "the debate was conducted with 
great violence on the part of the Opposition." "It was 
in this manner," declares Lecky, "and to the bitter in- 
dignation of the small group of independent members, 
that Ireland was coromitted to the American struggle." * 

But Bancroft committed an even more serious error, 
or, rather, it might be said he brought a more serious 
charge against the Irish people, in his statement rela- 
tive to the troops sent from Ireland to fight the Ameri- 

^ W, E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland during the Eighteenth 
Century, Vol. II, p. l60. 



« A HIDDEN PHASE 

cans, and this portion of his history may, in truth, be 
described as "the writing of history by suppression." 

On November 23, 1775, as stated in the Journals of 
the House of Commons^ Earl Harcourt, "Lord-Lieu- 
tenant-General and Governor-General of Ireland," ap- 
peared before the Irish Parliament at the express com- 
mand of the King and said : 

"I have His Majesty's Commands to acquaint you that the 
Situation of Affairs in Part of His American Dominions is such 
aa makes it necessary for the Honour and Safety of the British 
Empire, and for the support of His Majesty's Just Rights, to 
desire the Concurrence of His Faithful Parliament of Ireland in 
sending out of this Kingdom a Force not exceeding Four Thousand 
Men, Part of the Number of Troops upon this establishment, ap- 
pointed to remain in this Kingdom, for its Defence, and to declare 
to you His Majesty's Most Gracious Intention, that such Part of 
his Army as shall be spared out of this Kingdom, to Answer the 
present Exigency of Affairs, is not to be continued a Charge upon 
this Establishment, so long as they shall remain out of the Kingdom. 
I am further commanded to inform you, that as His Majesty hath 
nothing more at Heart, than the Security and Protection of His 
People of Ireland, it is His Intention, if it shall be the desire of 
Parliament, to replace such Forces as may be sent out of this 
Kingdom, by an equal Number of Foreign Protestant Troops, as 
soon as His Majesty shall be enabled so to do, the Charge for such 
Troops to be defrayed without any Expense to this Kingdom." 

Unthinking persons, or those unacquainted with the 
true status of the Irish Parliament as then constituted, 
would naturally conclude, on reading Bancroft, that the 
Irish people willingly sent troops to fight against Ameri- 
can liberty. In fact, Bancroft leaves no room for doubt 
on that score when he says: "The cause of the United 
States was the cause of Ireland. Among the fruits of 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 7 

their battles was the recovery for the Irish of her equal 
rights in trade and legislation. Yet such is the compli- 
cation in human affairs, that the people who of all others 
should have been found taking part with America sent 
against them some of their best troops and their ablest 
men." That statement is not only misleading, but the 
facts on record show it to be utterly false, for the people 
of Ireland had neither hand, act nor part in sending 
troops out of Ireland. The despatches published in the 
newspapers of the time and the proceedings of the Eng- 
lish Parliament clearly indicate that all official orders 
relating to the troops in Ireland destined for America, 
even such relatively unimportant orders as those con- 
cerning the transfer of troops from one military station 
to another within the British Isles, emanated from Lon- 
don, and that no orders concerning movements of troops 
originated with the Irish Parliament or with the mili- 
tary authorities in Ireland. 

From the official reports of the incident the infer- 
ence is plain that the British government, before the 
appearance in Parliament of the King's emissary, had 
already determined to send troops from Ireland to 
America, and although they asked for the formal "con- 
currence" of the Irish Parliament, it is perfectly obvious, 
in case that concurrence was not forthcoming, they 
would have carried out their intention in any event. In 
a speech in the English Parliament on February 15, 
1776, the Secretary of War, Lord George Germain, 
stated that the request to the Irish Parliament was 
merely "a formality," saying: "His Majesty might have 
ordered the whole or any part of the troops in Ireland 



8 A HIDDEN PHASE 

to any part of the British Dominions he pleased with- 
out applying to the Parliament of either Kingdom." ' 
For under the operation of "Poynings' Law" the Brit- 
ish crown and Parliament had absolute control over 
the Irish Parhament in all matters affecting "the Em- 
pire." As a matter of fact, the Irish Parliament, con- 
stituted as it was, could not be expected to vote other- 
wise than as the King conmianded ; but notwithstanding 
this, we find that on many occasions some of its intrepid 
spirits manifested a sturdy independence, and on the 
question of sending troops to America they registered 
their solemn "no" ; for of the one hundred and sixty-one 
members who voted on the proposition, no less than fifty- 
eight "noes" were recorded against it.^ 

As soon as the people of Dublin began to realize what 
the action of Parliament meant, a deep sense of igno- 
miny took possession of them; an angry mob stormed 
the House, and the residence of the Lord Lieutenant 
was attacked and was saved only by the timely inter- 
ference of the soldiers. The city was stirred to its 
depths, and we read in the despatches how "the coffee 
houses of Dublin abound with the most violent abuse 
against the Ministerial favourites"; and after some 
representative citizens had signed a call for a public 
meeting of protest, a multitude of people met in Phoenix 
Park and expressed themselves in no uncertain tones as 
to how they felt toward the American revolt. A con- 
crete instance of the manifestation of this feeling is re- 

' Parliamentary Register, Vol. Ill, p. 323. 

* Journals of the House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland, 
Vol. XVII, p. 208; Dublin, 1776. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 9 

ported in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 5, 1776, 
in a despatch from London dated March 14th, read- 
ing: "Advices from Dublin say this capital will soon be 
too hot for the Viceroy to remain much longer, so that 
another must speedily be appointed in his room." 

"There were great numbers of people in Ireland," 
says Lecky, "who regarded the American cause as their 
own. Already the many disastrous circumstances of 
Irish history had driven great bodies of Irishmen to 
seek a home in the more distant dominions of the Crown, 
and few classes were so largely represented in the Amer- 
ican army as Irish emigrants." ^ It is not surprising, 
then, to learn that when the news of the action of Par- 
liament reached the country, the indignation of the pop- 
ulace could not be restrained; riots broke out all over 
Ireland, attacks were made on many of the members on 
their return home, and in the Journals of the House of 
Commons, under date of April 4, 1776, may be read 
references by the Lord Lieutenant to "those atrocious 
offenders who have committed such barbarous outrages 
in some of the Counties" and who had been "effectually 
intimidated and restrained." In fact, these riots de- 
veloped into serious proportions, and in the Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette of November 15, 1775, I find among the 
news from London an item reading: "Insurrections of 
a very alarming and dangerous nature are dreaded in 
Ireland in the course of the ensuing spring, if troops 
be not sent over from this country to replace the Irish 
regiments serving in America." And in the same paper 

^ W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland during the Eighteenth 
Century, Vol. II, p. l60. 



10 . A HIDDEN PHASE 

of November 27, 1775, in the news from London under 
date of August 15th, we read how "Orders have been 
despatched to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and to 
the Commander-in-Chief there to put that Kingdom in 
the best posture of defence without delay and to execute 
the Laws for disarming the Roman Catholics with great 
strictness." It made not the slightest difference, there- 
fore, how the Irish Parliament voted on this question, 
for it is the will of the Irish people that should be con- 
sidered, not that of a corrupt and venal Parliament, the 
same which, twenty years later, bartered away for a 
price the last shred of Irish liberty. 

The racial composition of the Irish Parliament, at 
that time, in itself shows that it was in no way repre- 
sentative of the Irish people. On the roster of its three 
hundred and seven members in the year 1775 only forty- 
four Irish names appear, the remainder being English 
"nobles," place-hunters, and other descendants of the 
Cromwellian soldiers and adventurers who had planted 
themselves in Ireland only a century before, and they 
were as alien to the native Irish as were their hated 
ancestors. Only seventy-two of the three hundred and 
seven members were elected by the people, the others 
being appointed by the English Lord Lieutenant. More 
than three of the four millions constituting the popula- 
tion of the island were Roman Catholics, and, as such, 
had no more voice in elections or appointments than had 
the natives of the Fiji Islands; and of the remaining 
twenty-five per cent, of the people, not less than one- 
half, under the operation of the "Test Act," were also 
excluded from the privilege of the franchise. So that 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 11 

the Irish people were in no way represented, and were 
not responsible for any act of the so-called "Irish" Par- 
liament, for the ruling powers in that body stood in the 
same relationship to the people of Ireland that the his- 
torically clownish triumvirate known as "the Three 
Tailors of Tooley Street" bore to "the People of Eng- 
land." 

But that the little handful of Irishmen in that Par- 
liament stood by their own people and on many occa- 
sions expressed their unalterable sympathy with the 
American Colonists, abundant testimony is afforded by 
the records, some of which has been furnished by no less 
an authority than Benjamin Franklin. The leaders of 
the patriot party are all on record in strong speeches 
opposed to the British government sending troops out 
of Ireland "to suppress the cause of American independ- 
ence." "In the Irish Parliament," says John Mitchel, 
"most of the leading men of the Opposition opposed 
the war upon principle; they inveighed against the un- 
constitutional exactions of the Ministry, and in their 
debates went very little short of formally justifying the 
American Rebellion. The analogy between America 
and Ireland was too close to pass unnoticed, and the 
defection of the American Colonies produced a strong 
effect upon Ireland." ^° Especially did "the incorrupti- 
ble Grattan," after his entry into Parliament in the 
winter of 1775, denounce the proposition in one of his 

^^ History of Ireland, by John Mitchel, p. 114; Glasgow, 1866. 
In his Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation, Sir Jonah Barrington, 
who lived in Ireland during the American Revolution, also testifies 
to the natural sympathies of the Irish toward the struggling 
Colonists. 



12 A HIDDEN PHASE 

most impassioned speeches, and his terrible arraignment 
of Flood for his craven conduct on that occasion was one 
of the most brilliant and fiery addresses ever delivered 
by the great orator. America he described as "the only 
hope of Ireland and the only refuge of the liberties of 
mankind." 

The Journals of the House of Commons show that 
the sessions of the Irish Parliament in the spring and 
autumn of 1775 were wholly spent in a vigorous struggle 
between a minority, supported by the almost unanimous 
voice of the Irish nation, and a corrupt majority which 
held itself in readiness to carry out every whim and 
mandate of the English ministry, in reckless disregard 
of national feeling in Ireland. Among the leading spir- 
its of the small but active body of Irish patriots who 
voiced the true sentiments of the people on the subject 
of "the American war," were such men as Yelverton, 
Bushe, Hussey Burgh, Ponsonby, Ogle, Conolly, and 
Daly, historic figures who are mentioned in Irish annals 
of the period with the same reverence as Grattan and 
Charlemont. 

Dr. MacNevin, himself a witness to the events of the 
time, in his history of the Irish Volunteers, speaks au- 
thoritatively of "the analogies which existed between the 
case of America and Ireland," and in referring to the 
formative period of Irish public opinion which resulted 
in the organization of the famous Irish military body, 
he says: "We have now arrived at the period of the 
American Revolution, the giant-birth of a new world 
of liberty. The great questions involved in the dispute 
between England and her colonies were also the subject 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 13 

of discussion between England and Ireland. It is not, 
therefore, at all surprising that the development and 
progress of the Revolution were watched with great anx- 
iety by the Irish people, and that they desired to view 
the triumph of their own principles in the success of 
the American arms, and to read the final issue of their 
own efforts in the establishment of a free government 
on the other side of the Atlantic. The example of 
America was contagious, and Ireland was not long with- 
out showing some of the symptoms of the Revolution." ^^ 
When the question of raising troops in Ireland for the 
American service was first broached in Parliament, the 
proposition was met with vehement resistance. Under 
the head of "Parliamentary Intelligence" in the Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette of January 17, 1776, there is a despatch 
dated "Dublin, October 14th," paraphrasing the debate 
in the Irish Parliament, during which one of the mem- 
bers repeated a statement of Lord Chatham in the Brit- 
ish Parliament that "Ireland to a man is in favour of the 
Americans." He said it was "the general sense of the 
Irish Nation, expressed by their representatives, that the 
present dispute is not between Ireland and the Colonies, 
with whom she hath no connection, but between Great 
Britain and her Colonies, and it would be as absurd to 
take part as it would be if they were told a rebellion was 
broke out in the East Indies. It was indeed an impor- 
tant subject, as great as came before any Senate, and it 
would be highly imprudent to interfere. It was not 
the business of this House to decide that the Americans 

^^ History of the Volunteers of 1782, by Thomas MacNevin; 
Dublin, 1853. 



14 A HIDDEN PHASE 

are rebels, without any means of judging that they are 
so, that they had a perfect right to resist an unjust tax." 
Barry Yelverton, one of the most powerful speakers in 
the House, delivered a bold and eloquent speech against 
sending troops out of Ireland. He justified fully the 
revolt of the Colonists, declaring "no slavery could be 
more perfect than where men were taxed without being 
represented," that "the Ministry had cut off the rights 
of Thirteen Colonies at once, that Ireland would be next, 
and then, when Liberty had but one neck, that too would 
be lopped off at one stroke." 

In a fiercely conducted debate, Irish Commoners as- 
serted that "Ireland had neither dispute with nor griev- 
ance against the Americans," that "the question was 
solely between Britain and her Colonies, and that Ire- 
land should not interfere." The speech of John Fitzgib- 
bon is thus summarized in Force's American Archives: 
"Before we took any part in the war we should examine 
whether it was just. He then entered into a recapitula- 
tion of all that had passed between Great Britain and her 
Colonies from the last war to the present time, and con- 
cluded that the war was unjust and that Ireland had no 
reason to be a party therein." He was followed by 
Newenham, who declared that "he could not agree to 
send troops to butcher men who were fighting for their 
liberty," that "though America might be conquered, the 
spirit of Liberty there could never be subdued." Hus- 
sey Burgh said that "if America were brought to her 
knees Ireland too would be enslaved," and he declared 
himself "wholly opposed to taxing the Americans with- 
out their consent." He condemned all aggression 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 15 

against the Americans as "a violation of the law of na- 
tions, the law of the land, the law of humanity, the law 
of nature ; and he would not vote a single sword against 
them." Ponsonby said "if troops are sent abroad with- 
out our consent we should not be made parties to the 
quarrel," and he warned his colleagues that "if we give 
our consent, we take part against the Americans, but to 
do this would be unjust." George Ogle, a staunch pa- 
triot, in the course of a fiery speech shouted: "We shall 
not be intimidated by threats, we shall not send men to 
cut the throats of the Americans. ... If men must be 
sent to America, let them send their foreign mercenaries, 
not the brave sons of Ireland." ^^ 

Bushe, Daly, and Conolly argued, on the ground of 
Ireland's own interests, that "the members of the Irish 
Parliament should not make themselves tools of 
Britain," that "the next step would be to tax Ireland in 
the British House of Commons." But it was all of no 
avail, for the British ministry and crown had determined 
to coerce the Irish Parliament, and the bill passed the 
House by a majority of three to one. From self-inter- 
est alone it was entirely natural that the Irish should 
sympathize with the American cause, for they had a deep 
interest in the success of the Colonists. There were 
great hopes for Ireland if the Americans were success- 
ful, while if America lost, Ireland would have but little 
prospect of relief. "Lord Chatham's clear mind at once 
saw the closeness of interest between the two countries, 

^^ These speeches were also printed in the New York Packet of 
February 22 and 29, 1776, in despatches dated Dublin, November 
25, 1775. 



16 A HIDDEN PHASE 

and there were also those in the Irish Parliament who 
did not fail to perceive the same relationship. A few 
years later, stimulated by the moral influence of the 
American Revolution, the Catholics joined themselves 
into an association for the purpose of agitating complete 
independence. Lord Kenmare joined the association, 
but he was loyal to England, and when he proposed to 
certain influential Catholics that they raise a representa- 
tive body of troops for the American service, his propo- 
sition was scornfully rejected by all but a few other 
landlords." So writes Lecky, in his History of the 
American Revolution. 

And in the English Parliament, among the staunchest 
friends of America were three Irishmen, Burke, Barre, 
and Conolly, who were "ever on the side of liberty and 
justice," ^^ and were the most fearless and intelligent op- 
ponents of the coercive measures introduced by the 
supporters of the government to subdue the Americans. 
And that these Irish members correctly interpreted the 
feeling of their countrymen is seen from the debates in 
the English House of Commons, as reported in the Par- 
liamentary Register, in which it is shown that Burke and 
Barre on many occasions arraigned the conduct of the 
administration toward the Americans in the most severe 
and scathing language. ^* In a speech delivered by 

^^Pennsylvania Gazette, February 1, 1775. 

** Several speeches on American affairs by Burke and Barre may 
also be read in the Philadelphia newspapers of the year 1774 and 
1775. Edmund Burke was the agent in England for the Province 
of New York, and in the Pennsylvania Gazette of February 28, 
1771, in referring to his reappointment to that post, the editor 
said: "This Gentleman's distinguished abilities and firm attach- 




R5PRODUCF£> BY A^AUi FffA/yC£S L£WA/S 



EDMUND BURKE 

THE LEADING ADVOCATE OFAMERiCAN RIGHTS IN THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT, 
BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 17 

Lord Chatham in the English Parliament in January, 
1775, he deprecated the coercive measures being taken 
against the Americans, saying that "the sending of 
armed troops was not the way to make them good sub- 
jects, for that three millions of people were not likely so 
soon to give up their most valuable rights and undoubted 
privileges." "Nay, what do I talk of three millions of 
people," said his lordship; "many more, for Ireland is 
with them to a man, and as for every Whig in this 
country, the rights of America are so connected with his 
own, that his hand and heart must co-operate with their 
measures." ^^ One year later, Chatham, in warning Eng- 
land that war with France was imminent, said: "The 
whole Irish Nation favour the Americans." ^® 

During the Revolutionary War, so utterly fearless 
were Burke and Fox in their advocacy of American 

ment to the American Cause will, no doubt, render his appointment 
very disagreeable to our enemies at home." A despatch from 
London on American affairs as discussed in Parliament, printed 
in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 27, 1771, closed with these 
words : "It would raise an honest Indignation in you, to hear some 
members of Parliament haranguing about 'our American Planta- 
tions,' as though the absolute Disposal of every Thing there was 
vested solely in themselves. Those members who most warmly 
espouse our Cause are Burke, Barre, Sir George Saville, and Mr. 
Pownal; to these Gentlemen the Colonies are much indebted for 
many excellent Defences." 

^^ Printed in the Pennsylvania Gazette of April 12, 1775. 

^^Parliamentary Register, Vol. II, p. 9- Lord Chatham, who was 
in the English Parliament the protagonist of American rights and 
liberties, became a hero in Ireland, and two streets built in Dublin 
about this time were named Chatham Street and Pitt Street in his 
honor. When Chatham's son resigned his commission in the army 
as a protest against the war, many Irish oflScers joined him. 



18 A HIDDEN PHASE 

rights, that "they openly proclaimed in Parliament their 
correspondence with Franklin, and they united with 
Chatham in holding that every British and Hessian vic- 
tory was a victory over English freedom and in pub- 
licly giving encouragement to the American in- 
surgents." ^^ Burke expressed his delight at America's 
victories, and he advised his own countrymen "not to 
join the army while the American war continued"; and, 
as one newspaper said, "the JNIinistry trembled under his 
terrible invective and the walls of Parliament never be- 
fore resounded under such thunderous eloquence." 
Conolly, who was a conspicuous member of the Irish 
Parliament and was also a member of the British Par- 
liament, warned his colleagues in the latter body that 
"if the French landed in the South of Ireland every man 
there will join them, and if the Americans land in the 
North they will be just as gladly received there." 

It is an important fact generally acknowledged by 
impartial historians, that from the public utterances of 
these Irish members the American patriots received 
much hope and encouragement. Barre ^® especially was 
an old and trusted friend of the Americans. "The best 
friend you have here is Colonel Barre," ^vrote Arthur 
Lee to Samuel Adams from London on June 10, 1771. ^^ 
"Barre was our great friend in Parliament and was more 

" Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revo- 
lution, Vol. I, p. 77. 

^^ Barre was of the old Franco-Irish family of Barry, descended 
from De Barrie who came to Ireland with the Norman invasion 
in 1172. He was born in Dublin in the year 1728 and died in 1802. 

^^ Life of Arthur Lee, by Richard Henry Lee, Vol. I, p. 2l6; 
Boston, 1829. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 19 

dreaded than any other orator of the Opposition." ^^ 
He had lived for some years in this country and formed 
a close friendship with several leading men, and some of 
his public addresses show that after his return to Eng- 
land he carried on a correspondence with his American 
friends and was intimately acquainted with the causes 
for American discontent. On the seventh of Feb- 
ruary, 1765, when the Stamp Act was introduced in 
Parliament, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles 
Townshend, denounced the Americans for their refusal 
*'to contribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy 
weight of that burden which we lie under." Barre re- 
sponded to the speech of Townshend, and in one of the 
most powerful addresses of his career, and to the utter 
amazement of the government supporters, he charac- 
terized the struggling Americans as "those Sons of 
Liberty" When copies of Barre's speech ^^ were cir- 
culated in America and organized opposition to the 
Stamp Act had begun, Barre's shibboleth was at once 
adopted by the patriots and thenceforward the various 
patriotic associations began to call themselves the "Sons 
of Liberty." 

The organizations which thus came to be known as 
the "Sons of Liberty" receive much credit in history for 
their activities in arousing the people to a proper under- 

^° The True History of the American Revolution, by Sidney 
George Fisher, p. 219; Philadelphia, 1902, 

^^ Barre's famous speech may be read in Lossing's Field Book of 
the Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 462-463. See also Mrs. Martha J. 
Lamb's History of the City of New York, Vol. I, pp. 715-717, for 
an interesting account of the electrical eflPect which it produced in 
America. 



20 A HIDDEN PHASE 

standing of their political situation, and it is generally- 
conceded that it was the Sons of Liberty who began 
the agitation which culminated in the Revolution. For 
several years they had an uphill fight because of the fact 
that the officials of the country were almost exclusively 
English, or native sympathizers with the British govern- 
ment, and it was not until after the passage of the Stamp 
Act that the "Liberty Boys" began to attract any spe- 
cial notice among the people at large. Prior to this time, 
because of the primitive modes of travel, the patriotic 
feeling of the country was practically unorganized and 
whatever local associations did exist had no actual af- 
filiations with one another, except on the part of indi- 
viduals who carried on an irregular correspondence. But 
psychology sometimes plays a curious part in men's lives, 
and the psychological moment for action by the patriots 
arrived with the circulation of Barre's speech by the 
Colonial newspapers. And it is a circumstance worth 
recording that it was an Irishman who originated the 
name and thus gave a tremendous impetus to the Revo- 
lutionary movement in America. 

The first publication in America of Barre's famous 
speech was in a New London newspaper, and an inter- 
esting circumstance in connection therewith is that it 
was an Irishman who, recognizing its importance and its 
possibilities for rousing the people, brought a copy of the 
speech from New York to New London. This was "the 
Irish gentleman friendly to the cause" mentioned by the 
historian Gordon, "who happened to be in New York 
when the celebrated Virginia Resolutions of 1765 were 
being handed about with great privacy. The Irish 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 21 

gentleman alluded to, being there, inquired after them 
and with much precaution was permitted to make a copy. 
He carried them to New England, where they were pub- 
lished and circulated far and wide in the newspapers and 
proved eventually the occasion of those disorders which 
afterwards broke out in the Colonies." ^^ The "Irish 
gentleman" referred to was John McCurdy, a wealthy 
merchant and shipowner of Lyme, Connecticut, an emi- 
grant from Armagh, Ireland, in the year 1745. ^^ We 
are told "he had a hereditary sense of wrong against 
the British government, which was quickly roused when 
oppressive measures were inaugurated against the 
American colonies, and he was fearless in his wish to 
meet the crisis with determined and outspoken opposi- 
tion." ^"^ He was the type of Irishman who served 
America well in that crisis, but whose history is, un- 
fortunately, almost totally unknown to the American 
people of the present day. 

Most people seem to think that the American Revolu- 
tion began with the battle of Lexington, or, at any rate, 
that its beginning was the action of the "Boston Tea 
Party" of the year before. This is an erroneous assump- 
tion, however; for, as a matter of fact, the Revolution 
was an evolution which was going on in the minds of men 
for several years before these historic events, or, to be 

^^ History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States, by William Gordon; New York, 1801. 

^^ See Records of the Town of Lyme, Connecticut, and Genealog- 
ical and Biographical Monographs, compiled by Professor and 
Mrs. Edward E. Salisbury of New Haven, Connecticut. 

2* Ibid. 



22 A HIDDEN PHASE 

precise, since the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. 
The New York newspapers of this time furnished ample 
evidence of the sympathy of the people of Ireland with 
the cause of the disturbed colonies. In Hugh Gaine's 
New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury of February 
10, 1766, I find an "extract of a letter from Philadel- 
phia," which said: "Captain Jackson left Kingroad the 
15th of November and Captain Ashmead the Cove of 
Cork the 12th of December, but bring no later papers 
from Cork than the 25th of November. The People of 
Ireland say we are fine fellows, and most heartily wish us 
Success in our Opposition to the Laws of Tyranny. 
Their toast is. Destruction to the Stamp Act and Suc- 
cess to the Free Sons of Liberty in America. Captain 
Ashmead says that it is spoke with great Positiveness 
that the Stamp Act will be repealed." The same paper 
of March 31, 1766, printed a despatch from Philadel- 
phia, containing "the most agreeable intelligence" that 
"a vessel was arrived from Cork at Oxford, in Maryland, 
the Captain of which brought a Cork News Paper, in 
which was a Paragraph taken from one printed in Dub- 
lin, containing a Letter from a Member of Parliament 
to his Friend in Ireland, dated about the last of January, 
the Substance of which was, 'that every thing relating to 
the Affairs of America was settled, that the Stamp Act 
was to be repealed.' These glad tidings spread a general 
Joy all over the City, our Bells were set aringing, at 
Night, Bonfires were lighted and the Evening was spent 
most agreeably by the Inhabitants." 

In the same paper of April 21, 1766, with an account 
of the arrival of the ship Hibernia from Ireland, there 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 23 

were published several "extracts of letters from London- 
derry," one of which reads: "March 9, this day the 
Packet brought the agreeable news to this town of the 
Stamp Act being repealed, which, be assured, has given 
us all here infinite pleasure. This goes by the Hibernia, 
Captain Keith, by whom we have the pleasure to inform 
you of the Repeal of the Stamp Act." The Act was 
repealed by the House of Commons on February 22, 
1766; and it is an interesting circumstance that the first 
account of this welcome news was brought to America 
on a vessel named Hibernia which sailed from an Irish 
Port. ^^ In addition to these significant statements, 
there may be seen in the newspapers two letters from 
Irish merchants in Cork and Dublin to their correspond- 
ents in New York and Philadelphia, encouraging the 
Colonists to renewed exertions for a repeal of the Stamp 
Act, and a despatch from Philadelphia in the Mercury 
of June 2, 1766, said: "From the different parts of Ire- 
land our Accounts are that the Rejoicings on account of 
the Repeal of the Stamp Act were very general as well 
as very great there." 

Thus we have first-hand evidence of the strong sym- 
pathy exhibited by the people of Ireland toward the 

^^ Several historians say that the first news of the repeal of the 
Stamp Act reached this country "on a ship owned by John Han- 
cock which arrived at Boston on May 13, 1766" but the above 
account from the Nem York Gazette and Weekly Mercury proves 
that the news was brought by the Hibernia nearly a month before. 
The Hibernia sailed from Lough Swilly on March 15, 1766, and 
her arrival in New York is listed in that paper among "Vessels 
registered at the New York Custom House" under date of April 
21, 1766. 



24 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

patriot cause in America, and that this feeling was not 
confined to any particular section of the country. And 
that it was not a spasmodic outburst we are told by no 
less eminent an authority than Benjamin Franklin. 



CHAPTER II 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S VISITS TO IRELAND 

His letters show the friendliness of the people toward the American 
cause. His "Address to the Good People of Ireland on behalf 
of America." The Continental Congress sympathizes with the 
people of Ireland and acknowledges their "friendly disposi- 
tion." Congress promises to grant Ireland her freedom. 
Cessation of American trade with Ireland. Indignation in 
England on the outbreak of the Revolution. 

WHEN Franklin went to Europe in the capacity 
of diplomatic agent of the United Colonies he 
visited Ireland twice, the first time in the year 1769 and 
again in 1771. He received very cordial receptions 
everywhere from the people, and, as related by himself, 
he "met the principal patriots" and "a great dinner" 
was given in his honor by the citizens of Dublin; all of 
which was in direct contrast to the receptions he received 
in England. ^ Franklin's impressions from his visits 
to Ireland are related in his letters, now in the custody 
of the society which he founded in Philadelphia, the 
American Philosophical Society, and were published in 
the year 1906, under the title of The Writings of Ben- 
jamin Franklin, with a Life and Introduction, by Al- 

^ Jared Sparks, in his Life of Franklin, p. 326, says that Frank- 
lin was much abused by government officials and newspapers in 
England, and in the London post-office "some of his letters to 
America were clandestinely obtained and forwarded to the Min- 
isters," who threatened his expulsion from the country. 

25 



26 A HIDDEN PHASE 

bert Henry Smith and edited by John Bigelow. From 
these letters I have made the following extracts : 

In a letter from Franklin to Dr. Samuel Cooper of 
Boston, dated London, April 27, 1769, he said: "All Ire- 
land is strongly in favour of the American cause. They 
have reason to sympathize with us. I send you four 
Pamphlets written in Ireland or by Irish Gentlemen 
here, in which you will find some excellent, well said 
things." 

In another letter to Samuel Cooper, dated London, 
April 4, 1770, Franklin said: "I send you a late edition 
of Molyneux's Case of Ireland, ^ with a new Preface, 
shrewdly written. Our part is warmly taken by the 
Irish in general, there being in many points a similarity 
in our cause." 

In a letter from London, dated January 13, 1772, 
Franklin wrote James Bowdoin: "In Ireland among the 
Patriots I dined with Doctor Lucas. ^ They are all 
friends of America, in which I said everything I could 
think of to confirm them. Lucas gave Mr. Bowdoin of 
Boston for his toast." 

^ In referring to this book, Lecky, in his History of England 
during the Eighteenth Century (Vol. II, p. 158), says: "The 
treatise of Molyneux in defence of Irish Liberty was becoming 
the text-book of American freedom." 

^ This was Dr. Charles Lucas, the noted Irish patriot, who was 
well known in America. He is thus referred to in the Boston Town 
Records: "At a town meeting in Boston on March 12, 1771, a 
Letter from that celebrated Patriot, Dr. Lucas of Ireland, owning 
the receipt of one transmitted to him by a Committee of this Town 
together with the Pamphlet relative to the horrid Massacre in 
Boston, March 5, 1770, was read and attended with the greatest 
satisfaction." 




flEPflODuCEO BY A/V/VA FftANCt'S l£i"/^S 



CHARLES THOMSON 

SECRETARY OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, BORN IN COUNTY DERRY, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 27 

On the same date Franklin wrote Thomas Gushing, 
afterward Speaker of the Massachusetts General As- 
sembly and Delegate to the Continental Congress: "I 
have now returned again to London from a Journey of 
some months in Ireland and Scotland." In this letter 
he gave an account of his tour in Ireland and of the 
civilities he received there. Describing his visit to the 
Irish Parliament House, he said: 

"Before leaving Ireland I must mention that, being desirous of 
seeing the principal Patriots there, I staid till the opening of their 
Parliament. I found them disposed to be friends of America, in 
which I endeavoured to confirm them, with the Expectation that 
our growing weight might in time be thrown into their Scale, and, 
by joining our Interest with theirs, might be obtained for them, as 
well as for us, a more equitable Treatment from this Nation. 
There are many brave Spirits among them. The Gentry are a 
very sensible, polite, friendly and handsome People. Their Parlia- 
ment makes a most Respectable Figure, with a number of very 
good Speakers in both Parties, and able Men of Business. And 
I must not omit acquainting you, that, it being a standing Rule 
to admit Members of the English Parliament (tho' they do not vote) 
in the House among the Members, while others are only admitted 
into the Gallery, my Fellow Traveler, being an English Member, 
was accordingly admitted as such. But I supposed I must go to 
the Gallery, when the Speaker stood up and acquainted the House 
that he understood there was in town an American Gentleman of 
(as he was pleased to say) distinguished Character and Merit, a 
Member or Delegate of some of the Parliaments of that Country, 
who was desirous of being present at the Debates of this House; 
that there was a Rule of the House for admitting Members of the 
English Parliament and that he did suppose the House would 
consider the American Assemblies as English Parliaments, but as 
this was the first Instance, he had chosen not to give any Order 
in it without receiving their Directions. On the Question the whole 
House gave a loud unanimous Aye; when two Members came to 
me without the Bar, where I was standing, led me in and placed 



28 A HIDDEN PHASE 

me very honourably. This, I am more particular to you, as I 
esteemed it a mark of respect for our Country, and a piece of 
politeness in which I hope our Parliament will not fall behind 
theirs, whenever an occasion shall oflPer." 

How vastly different from this was the reception 
which Franklin received from the government officials 
in London on the occasion of his appearance before the 
Privy Council in the month of February, 1774! The 
Massachusetts General Assembly sent to Franklin a pe- 
tition to the King complaining of the actions of 
Governor Hutchinson, and when the King referred the 
petition to the Privy Council for investigation, Frank- 
lin was summoned before it to present evidence in sup- 
port of the petition. The Pennsylvania Gazette of 
April 22, 1774, printed a report of these proceedings 
in this wise : 

"London, February 19, 1774. — The Ministerial People here are 
outrageously angry with Dr. Franklin. They took occasion, when 
he attended the Council with the Petition of the Massachusetts- 
Bay, to set the Solicitor-General upon him, who, leaving the business 
there was before their Lordships, in a virulent Invective of an 
Hour, filled with Scurrility, abused him personally, to the great 
Entertainment of Thirty-five Lords of the Privy-Council, who had 
been purposely invited as to a Bull-Baiting, and not one of them 
had the Sense to reflect of the Impropriety and Indecency of treat- 
ing, in so ignominious a Manner, a Public Messenger, whose 
Character in all Nations, savage as well as civilized, used to be 
deemed sacred, and his Person under Protection, even when coming 
from an Enemy. Nor did one of them check the Orator's Extrava- 
gance and recall him to the Point under Consideration, but generally 
appeared much delighted, chuckling, laughing, and sometimes loudly 
applauding." 

Said the writer of the despatch: 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 29 

"I did not before think it possible for any Persons in their 
Stations to behave in a manner so extremely unbecoming, especially 
when sitting in a Judicial capacity. I never was in America, but I 
do not believe that any Judges or Justices of any of your Inferior 
Courts, in the back Countries, would have conducted themselves 
with so little Dignity, or have disgraced themselves so much, as 
to suffer a Lawyer to treat even a Criminal at their Bar with so 
much Outrage." 

It was natural that this news should be received with 
indignation in America, and in the Pennsylvania Ga- 
zette of May 4, 1774, there is an account of the burning 
at Philadelphia of the effigies of Governor Hutchinson 
and of the English Solicitor-General, "convicted of tra- 
ducing the American Colonies and insulting their Agent 
before His Majesty's Privy Council for doing his 
duty." "The effigies were exposed," says this account, 
*'for several hours, then hung and burnt amidst a vast 
concourse of People, who testified their Resentment 
against the Originals with the loudest Acclamation." 

That Franklin appreciated fully the friendliness of 
the Irish toward the American cause is further proved 
by his letter to his son, Governor William Franklin of 
New Jersey, dated London, June 30, 1774, in relation 
to the "Non-Importation Agreement" then about to be 
introduced by the Continental Congress. In that letter 
he said : "I should be sorry if Ireland is included in your 
agreement, because that country is much our Friend, 
and the want of flax seed may distress them exceedingly, 
but your Merchants can best judge. It can only be 
meant against England to ensure a change of measures, 
and not to hurt Ireland, with whom we have no quarrel." 

During the third year of the war, Benjamin Franklin 



30 A HIDDEN PHASE 

again addressed the Irish people, and in language whose 
sincerity cannot be misunderstood. Franklin was then 
in France, and from Versailles on the 4th of October, 
1778, he wrote "An Address to the Good People of Ire- 
land on behalf of America." This document begins with 
these words : 

"The misery and distress which your ill-fated country has been 
so frequently exposed to, and has so often experienced, by such 
a combination of rapine, treachery and violence, as would have 
disgraced the name of government in the most arbitrary country in 
the world, has most sincerely affected your friends in America, 
and has engaged the most serious attention of Congress." 

He explained at length that the Colonies were not 
merely fighting for constitutional liberty, but for com- 
mercial liberty as well, and drew attention to the analogy 
which existed between the cause of Ireland and that of 
America. He went on to say : 

"I have in my commission to repeat to you, my good friends, 
the cordial concern that Congress takes in everything that relates 
to the happiness of Ireland; they are sensibly affected by the load 
of oppressive pensions on your establishment; the arbitrary and 
illegal exactions of public money by King's letters; the profuse 
dissipation by sinecure appointments, with large salaries, and the 
very arbitrary and impolitic restrictions of your trade and manu- 
factures, which are beyond example in the history of the world, 
and can only be equalled by that illiberal spirit which directs it, 
and which has shown itself so abundantly in petitions from all 
parts of their islands, and in the debates of their House of Commons, 
when you had been lately amused with the vain hopie of an exten- 
sion of your trade, and which were conducted with such temper 
and language as might be supposed to suit their copper-coloured 
allies in America, but must fix a stain on the character of a civilized 
nation for ever." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 31 

But the most striking passage of this remarkable docu- 
ment is Franklin's statement that if the British govern- 
ment did not remove the restraint on Irish trade and 
manufactures, "means will be found [i. e., by the Ameri- 
can Congress] to establish your freedom in this respect 
in the fullest and amplest manner." 

"But as for you, our dear and good friends of Ireland, we must 
cordially recommend to you to continue peaceable and quiet in 
every possible situation of your affairs, and endeavour by mutual 
good will to supply the defects of administration. But if the 
government, whom you at this time acknowledge, does not, in con- 
formity to her own true interest, take off and remove every restraint 
on your trade, commerce and manufactures, I am charged to assure 
you, that means will be found to establish your freedom in this 
respect, in the fullest and amplest manner. And as it is the ardent 
wish of America to promote, as far as her other engagemsnts will 
permit, a reciprocal commercial interest with you, I am to assure 
you, they will seek every means to establish and extend it; and it 
has given the most sensible pleasure to have those instructions com- 
mitted to my care, as I have ever retained the most perfect good 
will and esteem for the people of Ireland." 

It is strange that this interesting document has 
escaped the notice of American historians and is not 
printed in any of the editions of Franklin's works, but 
that may have been because his biographers did not ex- 
amine the records of the Public Record Office at Lon- 
don, where the original printed copies of the address are 
on file. * In an account of the address published by 
Paul Leicester Ford in the year 1891, he explains that 
"a large number of the broadside were put on board a 
Dutch smuggler at Brest to carry to Ireland," that 

^ Among State Papers, Ireland, Vol. CCCCLXI. 



32 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"they were discovered by an English privateer wffose 
commander delivered them to the captain of his 
Majesty's ship Portland, by whom they were forwarded 
to the Lords of the Admiralty, and thence transferred 
to the Public Record Office." ^ Thus Franklin was 
thwarted in his design to circulate this document among 
the people of Ireland, but only temporarily, for by some 
means a copy of it was secured by the editor of the Hi- 
hernian Journal, who published it in the issue of that 
paper of November 2-4, 1778. ^ 

The patriot leaders on this side of the Atlantic were 
fully apprised by Franklin of the kindly feeling of the 
Irish toward their cause, and that this fact was fully 
recognized is shown by the historic "Address to the Peo- 
ple of Ireland" adopted at a meeting of the Continental 
Congress at Philadelphia on July 28, 1775. The address 
is of too great length to insert here, but the following 
passage will serve to show what mutual bonds of sympa- 
thy existed at that time between the American and the 
Irish people. After relating the causes which led to 
the defection of the Colonies from England, and their 

^ A copy of this address may be seen among the Revolutionary 
Broadsides in the "Reserve Room" of the New York Public Library, 
or at the Library of Congress. Wlien collecting the material for 
this work, the author received permission from the Secretary of the 
Public Record Office in London to have a facsimile made of Frank- 
lin's "Address," but when the photographer applied on July 4, 1918, 
at the Public Record Office, he was informed that "the document has 
been withdrawn by order of the Government until further notice." 

® Lecky, in his History of Ireland during the Eighteenth Cen~ 
tury (Vol. II, p. 226), says: "Franklin's Address was widely 
circulated in Ireland," doubtless through the medium of the 
Hibernian Journal. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 83 

reasons for suspending all trade with that country as 
well as with Ireland, the address proceeds : 

"And here permit us to assure you that it was with the utmost 
reluctance we could prevail upon ourselves to cease our commercial 
connection with your island. Your Parliament has done us no 
wrong. You had ever been friendly to the rights of mankind; and 
we acknowledge, with pleasure and gratitude, that your nation has 
produced patriots who have nobly distinguished themselves in the 
cause of humanity and America. 

"On the other hand, we were not ignorant that the labour and 
manufactures of Ireland, like those of the silk-worm, were of little 
moment to herself; but served only to give luxury to those rvho 
neither toil nor spin. We perceived that if we continued our com- 
merce with you, our agreement not to import from Britain would 
be fruitless, and were, therefore, compelled to adopt a measure 
to which nothing but absolute necessity would have reconciled us. 
It gave us, however, some consolation to reflect that should it oc- 
casion much distress, the fertile regions of America would afford 
you a safe asylinn from poverty, and, in time, from oppression 
also; an asylum in which many thousands of your countrymen have 
found hospitality, peace, affluence, and become united to us by 
all the ties of consanguinity, mutual interest, and affection." 

And again: 

"Accept our most grateful acknowledgments for the friendly 
disposition you have always shown to us. We know that you are 
not without your grievances. We sympathize with you in your 
distress, and are pleased to find that the design of subjugating us 
has persuaded the administration to dispense to Ireland some 
vagrant rays of ministerial sunshine. Even the tender mercies 
of government have long been cruel toward you. In the rich 
pastures of Ireland many hungry parricides have fed, and grown 
strong to labour in its destruction. We hope the patient abiding 
of the meek may not always be forgotten; and God grant that 
the iniquitous schemes of extirpating liberty by the British Empire 
may soon be defeated." '^ 

"^Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, pp. 212-218. 



34 A HIDDEN PHASE 

The address was signed, "John Hancock, President," 
and was prepared by a committee comprised of James 
Duane, William Livingston, and John and Samuel 
Adams. (The italics in the foregoing are as they ap- 
pear in the original. ) 

And again, on October 2, 1775, the following resolu- 
tion, introduced by the Committee on Trade, was passed 
unanimously by the Continental Congress : 

"As the cessation of the American trade with Ireland originated 
in policy dictated by principles of self-preservation and may be 
attended with distress to a people who have always manifested a 
noble regard to the rights of mankind and have been friendly to 
these much injured Colonies, your committee are of opinion that 
great kindness and attention ought to be paid to such of that 
oppressed nation as have or may come to settle in America, and 
that it be earnestly recommended by this Congress to the good 
people of these Colonies to let them have lands at a cheap rate, 
and on easy terms, and that the several conventions and assemblies 
and committees throughout these confederate countries afford them 
aid and do them every friendly office. And it having been repre- 
sented to your committee that the withholding flax seed from 
Ireland will be attended with a much greater degree of distress 
and ruin to the poor of that Kingdom than the Congress appre- 
hended, they are of opinion that our friends and fellow subjects 
in Ireland should be permitted to take flax seed from these Colonies 
in exchange for all such powder or other military stores and 
woollen yarn of their manufacture as they shall bring to America." * 

This resolution was of the greatest significance, as not 
alone exhibiting the fellow-feeling which existed between 
these two struggling peoples, but also as an indication 
of the great desire of the representatives of the Ameri- 
can people in Congress to induce as many Irishmen as 

® Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. Ill, p. 269. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 35 

possible to come hither and settle in the new country, 
knowing well that they could depend on them as faith- 
ful colonists and defenders of America. The senti- 
ments thus expressed were not by any means a mere sud- 
den outburst or bid for sympathy or aid ; for, as shown 
by the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin, the 
thorough identification of Irish feeling with American 
success had been of long standing. 

Some historical writers endeavor to make George III 
the scapegoat of English politics of the time. They as- 
sert that the misgovernment of the American Colonies 
was the outcome of "the mistaken policy of King 
George," that "the English people as a whole were not 
only apathetic to the American revolt, but numbers of 
them sympathized with their American brethren." And 
it has become the fashion in late years for our public men 
to extol "the stand taken by the English people during 
the War of the Revolution" and to "excuse" the 
Colonists on the ground that their uprising was against 
"a crazy English King of alien blood," not against "the 
English Democracy, with whom they had everything in 
common." There is no denying the fact that certain 
liberal minds in England before the war regarded the 
questions agitating the Colonists with much sjnnpathy, 
and in some instances public men went so far as to en- 
courage the leaders on this side of the water. And in 
the official Register of the proceedings of Parliament 
may be found references to the attitude of these English 
Whigs, who vainly tried to defend the Colonists against 
the overwhelming strength of the supporters of the 
government. But from contemporary accounts we learn 



36 A HIDDEN PHASE 

that after the news of the revolt reached England it set 
the whole country in a blaze of resentment, and, as in the 
case of the Roman populace of old who wished to de- 
stroy their enemy, the significant cry of Delendo est 
Carthago was raised in the House of Commons, and, as 
we are told, "the House of Lords became a seething 
caldron of impotent rage"! 

Meetings were held in many places throughout Eng- 
land, from which addresses and petitions "glowing with 
loyalty to the King and indignation against the rebels" 
were poured in upon the King and his ministry, and 
Lord Chatham declared in a speech in Parliament in 
1775 : "There is scarcely a man in our streets, though so 
poor as scarcely to be able to get his daily bread, but 
thinks he is the legislator of America. 'Our American 
subjects' is a common phrase in the mouths of the lowest 
order of our citizens." "In England," says Spencer, 
"there was a general sentiment in favour of compelling 
the colonists to submission";^ and Taylor states: "The 
war for the subjugation of the Americans was at first 
decidedly popular in England. From the habit of us- 
ing the phrase, ^our colonies/ there was not an English 
peasant who did not regard the colonists as rebels against 
himself, and as enemies to some fancied authority and 
power which he deemed the privilege of every English- 
man by his birth-right." ^^ As an instance of this, the 
Pennsylvania Gazette on May 4, 1774, published an 
extract of a letter from London dated February 14, 

^ Spencer, History of the United States. 

i** William G. Taylor, History of Ireland, Vol. II, p. 238; New 
York, 1836. 




/?£^/90:SiyCSjO Br AAf/v/t /VPAA/CSS /.Siy/A/S 



ISAAC BARRE 

"AMERICAS GREAT FRIEND IN PARLIAMENTBORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37a 

which said : "You will have heard before this reaches you, 
how infamously Doctor Franklin has been treated by 
Administration, and you will soon see in what light they 
behold American Petitions. There is not a more ob- 
noxious Character here at present than that of a friend 
of America. The Colonists should, therefore, be more 
particularly attentive to cultivating Union and Har- 
mony among themselves. The Spirit of this Country is 
extremely hostile to them, and they have nothing to de- 
pend upon but their own Union and Firmness." From 
all of which we can understand that the position taken 
by such men as Chatham, Fox, Burke, Barre, and 
Conolly at the outset of the Revolution was an especially 
hazardous one. 

That Franklin's interest in the welfare of the people 
of Ireland, as exemplified in his address of October 4, 
1778, did not abate after this time is shown clearly by 
his correspondence in the possession of the American 
Philosophical Society. He fully appreciated the fact 
that Irish sympathy with the struggling Colonists was 
manifested in all countries where the Irish exiles had 
found a home, and many of Franklin's correspondents 
during the period of the war were Irish military officers 
in the armies of the Continental Powers, anxious to fight 
for American freedom. One James Shanley wrote him 
from Paris on May 28, 1777, saying he had "left Ireland 
about six weeks before to offer his services to the Ameri- 
can cause," and stating further that "there are many 
staunch friends of that cause in Ireland, but they dare 
not declare themselves openly." He related his "ex- 
perience in disciplining troops," and stated that "should 



37b a hidden phase 

Franklin give him an encouraging answer to his appli- 
cation for a commission in the American army, there 
are many in Ireland waiting only for that to follow 
him." A Franco-Irish officer named O'Meara wi*ote 
Franklin on May 14, 1777, expressing his "great desire 
to serve the American cause," and stating that "if he 
should receive any encouragement, he will throw up his 
commission in France and set out immediately for the 
Congress." On July 1, 1777, Comte O'Donnell, then 
colonel of a Polish regiment at Lemberg, tendered his 
sword to the service of America; and on September 4th 
of the same year. Baron O'Cahill, commandant of 
French troops, wrote from Strasbourg, stating that he 
was "a member of an ancient and noble family of Ire- 
land," relating his military experience, and offering his 
services to the same cause. From Nancy, on February 
7, 1779, Captain O'Heguerty wrote that he "has a pro- 
fession and a fortune, but detests idleness" and "desires 
to enter the American army." 

Robert O'Connell wrote Franklin from Paris on 
August 26, 1779, offering "to take care of American 
Consular interests at any of the Spanish ports," and 
Captain MacCarthy More wrote from Boulogne on 
July 4, 1781, offering "to enter the service of the 
United States." On April 11, 1782, Chevalier O'Gor- 
man recommended Dr. John O'Connor, who "desired to 
serve America, either in the army or in the hospitals." 
In his application for a commission, Henry O'Neill in- 
formed Franklin on July 8, 1782, that "the more the 
Irish are ill treated, the more emigrants will flock to 
America and France to fill the armies"; but, on account 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37c 

of their "miserable situation in France," he strongly ad- 
vised Franklin to make provision for Irish officers in 
the American army, fearing the possibility that the Eng- 
lish service might be made so attractive for them that; 
they would be induced to serve the enemy. 

Irish officers also sought employment in the Amer- 
ican naval service. Jonathan Williams wrote from 
Nantes on December 2, 1780, recommending to Frank- 
lin "a commission for Captain James Byrnes," com- 
mander of a merchant vessel. In a letter from John 
Torris " from Dunkirk on October 8, 1779, informing 
Franklin that the American privateer, Black PriTice, 
had been put under the command of Captain Patrick 
Dowlin,^^ the writer "hoped that a title in the United 

^^ John Torris was one of Franklin's agents at the port of Dun- 
kirk and was engaged in fitting out American privateers to prey on 
English commerce, and in one of his letters to Franklin he said: 
"The crews and captains were generally taken from the Irish and 
English smugglers which crowded the port." Several Irish sea- 
captains, anxious to take part in the war against England, came to 
Dunkirk and laid before Franklin's agents plans to raid enemy 
ports, or to capture English merchantmen, and in a report from 
Francis Coffyn to Silas Deane on April 12, 1778, he requested that 
he "lay before Doctor Franklin the plan of Captain Christopher 
Farron, a noted Irish smuggler, who, if given a commission, would 
undertake to capture a certain rich linen ship which loads at Dub- 
lin four times a year for London." 

^^ This officer was very active in the pursuit of enemy shipping. 
Previous to this time, he had been master of the American privateer. 
Black Princess, and according to a letter from Franklin to Samuel 
Huntington, President of Congress, on August 10, 1780, "The 
Black Prince and the Black Princess greatly harassed the English 
coasting trade; in eighteen months they captured 120 ships belong- 
ing to the enemy." The Black Prince was wrecked oflp the Belgian 



37d a hidden phase 

States Navy can be obtained for the brave Mr. Ryan, 
who has a new cutter being built for him at Boulogne," 
and stated that "great things are to be expected from 
such a ship and captain." Two days later. Captain 
Luke Ryan, of the privateer Fearnot, wrote Franklin 
from Dunkirk, saying that he "expects to have a large 
cutter completed in four months, with which he hopes 
to do great damage to the enemy ; and if his abilities de- 
serve Franklin's protection, begs for a rank in the 
United States Navy," since he "regards the American 
cause as his own." Captain Ryan again wrote Frank- 
lin saying that he "waits with impatience the commis- 
sion for his ship Fearnot" and that he had "refused of- 
fers made by the French" because he "desires to serve 
only under the American flag." That the gallant Cap- 
tain's ambition was gratified is seen from a letter to 
Franklin from John Torris on June 7, 1780, relating 
to "Captain Ryan's distinguished conduct in the Fear- 
nought" then in the American service. 

All told, there are in this collection nearly one hun- 
dred letters to Franklin from Irish sympathizers, and 
among them is an interesting communication dated 
Cologne, August 25, 1781, from Rev. William Nixon, 
saying that he "is an Irish Catholic priest, taken pris- 

coast and Captain Dowlin and his crew were captured by an Eng- 
lish warship, and, when reporting the incident to Franklin, Torris 
said: "Your Excellency has had their names; several are born 
Americans, others Irish, but all sworn subjects of the United States. 
I read in the Kentish Gazette that these people were sent to Pen- 
zance to be tried by the high courts of Admiralty for piracy, be- 
cause they were Irishmen or subjects of Great Britain." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37e 

oner on his passage home from England, and now on 
parole" ; that "if he can obtain his liberty, he desires to 
go to America" ; thanking Franklin "for America's no- 
ble exertions, seen in the free trade granted to Ireland," 
and prophesying "success to America." Eleven of these 
letters are from Dr. Ignatius MacMahon, of Paris, and 
forty-three from Sir Edward Newenham, of Dublin, 
the noted advocate of American rights in the Irish Par- 
liament; and one of the interesting documents among 
Franklin's papers is a resolution sent to him from Dub- 
lin on April 26, 1784, by "The Sons of the Shamrock," 
lauding the French nation for its support of America. 
Dr. MacMahon was attached to the Military School at 
Paris, and in a letter to Franklin on December 19, 1777, 
he said: "The gentlemen of this house are well-wishers, 
to the American cause and are delighted with the news 
of Burgoyne's defeat," and in another letter from Mac- 
Mahon dated March 22, 1778, he congratulated Frank- 
lin on "the results of the negotiations with France," 
saying "America's independence is assured," and plain- 
tively asking, "When will poor Ireland's turn come?" 
Among Sir Edward Newenham's letters is one dated 
Marseilles, January 2, 1779, in reference to "the pro- 
tection and assistance he rendered to Americans in Ire- 
land, particularly Colonel Ethan Allen and those who 
were with him," and on June 25, 1779, Newenham again 
advised Franklin of "the steps he had taken to have 
American prisoners released," and wished Franklin to 
write him "so as to prove to his countrymen in Ireland 
that his support of the liberties of America had been 
noticed by Franklin." From Dublin, Newenham wrote 



37f a hidden phase 

on November 6, 1780, saying that "the sympathy of 
the Irish people is entirely with the United States,'* 
and detailing certain "attentions given to American 
prisoners in Ireland," the release of a number of whom 
he had already secured; and the importance of these 
"attentions" may be judged from the fact that at the 
port of Kinsale alone at this time four hundred Amer- 
ican prisoners were held under guard by English sol- 
diers/^ 

In one of Franklin's letters to Newenham, written 
from Passy on May 27, 1779, in relation to a request 
received by him for "passports for a great number of 
people from Ireland who were desirous of going to set- 
tle in America," he said: "I admire the spirit with 
which I see the Irish are at length determined to claim 
some share of that freedom of commerce which is the 
right of all mankind, but of which they have been so 
long deprived by the abominable selfishness of their fel- 
low-subjects." It is evident also that Franklin was in 
correspondence with the Marquis de Lafayette on this 
subject, for on November 2, 1779, Lafayette wrote him, 
saying he was "glad the Irish patriots are beginning to 
stir." And that the Irish situation, and the possible 
effect which a rising of the patriots would have on the 
war, were watched with keen interest by Lafayette is 

^' Richard Hare, of Cork, wrote Franklin on February 23, 1782, 
"on behalf of nearly two hundred prisoners in wretched confine- 
ment," stating that many of them would have perished but for the 
fact that some citizens of Cork had raised a subscription for their 
support, and he asked Franklin to try and have their exchange ef- 
fected. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37g 

shown by his letter to John Adams on February 7, 

1780, wherein he said: "The troubles in Ireland, if 
there is the least common sense amongst the first patri- 
ots in that country, are not, I hope, at an end, and it 
seems they now begin to raise new expectations." 
Among Franklin's papers there is a memorandum in 
his handwriting dated November, 1779, indicating that 
"a descent on Ireland" was seriously contemplated, and 
that negotiations toward that end were carried on be- 
tween Franklin and the patriots in Ireland, doubtless 
with a view not only of diverting England from her 
attack on the Colonies, but of bringing about the free- 
dom of Ireland. One of the interesting communica- 
tions on this subject is a letter, signed "Freedom," to 
William Temple Franklin," dated Dublin, June 17,, 

1781, in which the writer declared that "since Irish trade 
and commerce gets no protection from the British Gov- 
ernment, o . . now is the time for France and the 
United States to strike a crushing blow at England to 
help Ireland to secure her independence." 

In a letter to Franklin from Marseilles on January 
6, 1783, Sir Edward Newenham referred to his con- 
sistent "support of the American cause in Ireland," and 
related an "attempt of the British Government to secure 
an address of support from the citizens of Dublin dur- 
ing the war," but "the people were so overwhelmingly 
opposed to it, the Government feared to draft many 
troops out of Ireland — only two thousand of the thir- 

^* Benjamin Franklin's grandson, who was with him in FFance^ 
and who afterward served as Secretary to the American Peace Com- 
missioners. 



37h a hidden phase 

teen thousand troops in Ireland having oeen sent to 
America." He predicted "a great future for the 
United States," and recalled "the Address of Congress 
to the People of Ireland, signed in August, 1775," 
which had been sent to him for distribution among the 
people. Toward the close of the war, the question of 
the terms of the peace treaty became the subject of cor- 
respondence between Newenham and Franklin. In a 
letter from Marseilles on November 12, 1782, Newen- 
ham said: "It is feared the British Janus does not in- 
tend to deal fairly by the Kingdom of Ireland in the ex- 
pected Treaty of Peace." He wished to know "if Ire- 
land is particularly mentioned," and he sent Franklin 
"a public letter written by him to the men of Ireland, 
advising them to demand this of their King." One 
year later, Newenham again wrote Franklin, desiring 
"to know by return post whether Ireland is mentioned 
in the Treaty," and stating that Franklin was "war- 
ranted in demanding this information from Mr. Hart- 
ley"; *^ that "the Ministry is evading this question,"^* 
that "public expectation is high and Dublin in a state of 

^^ David Hartley, an English member of Parliament and "Com- 
missioner for Negotiating Peace in America." 

^^ At the very hour this book is going to press, "history is re- 
peating itself," for it is a notorious fact that "the Ministry is evad- 
ing this question" by their palpably dishonest efforts to show to 
the world that "Great Britain is ready to bestow self-government 
upon Ireland," but that "it is only the quarrels and disputes between 
Irishmen themselves that prevent a solution of this great question." 
— (Speech of Winston Spencer Churchill, English Cabinet Minis- 
ter, at Dundee, Scotland, December 11, 1918.) 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37i 

the greatest anxiety," but that "the people place de- 
pendence on Franklin's assistance." 

The most friendly intercourse continued between 
Franklin and Newenham for several years after the 
close of the war. Newenham's last letter to Franklin 
on the subject of the peace treaty seems to have been 
on January 14, 1784, when he wrote from Carlow, call- 
ing attention to his "early pleadings for the rights of 
America," ^^ and stating that "what Ireland did for 
America deserves very warm returns in national con- 
nection and friendship." While there is no record of 
any reply from Franklin to this letter, nor any indica- 
tion as to what may have been his attitude on the ques- 
tion of Ireland's claims for American support, the 
Peace Commissioners, as we know, did not present Ire- 
land's case; and unfortunately, the Irish themselves 
failed to take advantage of this golden opportunity! 
But the position taken by the people of Ireland in the 
war was not forgotten by their enemies, and in one of 
Newenham's letters to Franklin, dated November 12, 
1786, he said that "his address against permitting the 
Irish army to be sent to America has never been for- 
given by the enemies of American independence." 
These letters fully corroborate the other evidence quoted 
in this work as to the uncompromising attitude of the 
Irish in favor of the cause of the American Colonies. 

*^ See extract at page 14 of the speech of Sir Edward Newenham 
in the Irish Parliament. 



CHAPTER III 

IRISH SYMPATHY FOR THE REVOLTING COLONIES 

Bancroft again misstates the facts as to the troops sent from 
Ireland to fight the Americans. Fruitless efforts to raise 
recruits in Ireland. Young men kidnapped and sent on board 
the transports. Important statement by Arthur Lee. Extracts 
from American newspapers. Irish soldiers deserted to the 
"rebels." Craven Irish Catholic landlords. 

IN referring to the triumph of the Irish Volunteers, 
Bancroft says it was one of "the first fruits of the 
American Revolution," but that "the gratitude of the 
Irish took the direction of loyalty to their King, and in 
1782, their legislature voted one hundi'ed thousand 
pounds for the levy of twenty thousand Seamen." ^ The 
manner in which this circumstance is related by the his- 
torian makes it appear that the Irish made a gratuitous 
gift of this large sum of money to the English navy in 
its fight against the Americans. But Bancroft did not 
explain that the Irish Parliament at this time was in- 
debted to England in the sum of nine hundi*ed thou- 
sand pounds ; ^ that the government, on account of the 
state of its crippled exchequer, demanded reimbursement 
in order to strengthen the fleet "against a threatened in- 
vasion by the French fleet on the coasts of England and 
Ireland," and that the amount voted was only in part 

^ History of the United Siates, Vol. V, p. 544. 
^Journals of the House of Commons, May 27, 1782. 

38 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 39 

payment of this huge loan. The proposition to aid the 
government in this emergency was made by Henry 
Flood, who proposed "that four ships of one hundred 
guns each, to be called after the four Provinces of this 
Kingdom, be presented to the King and Parliament of 
Great Britain," and in doing so Flood only committed 
another act of perfidy to his country, in line with his 
notoriously unpatriotic part since the beginning of the 
war. While the Irish Parliament rejected Flood's pro- 
posal to vote a gratuity to the English crown, yet, in 
view of the then generally admitted fact that the Ameri- 
cans had practically won their independence, ^ the 
Journals of the House show that they decided to make 
partial refund of their indebtedness by "loaning" Eng- 
land "one hundred thousand pounds, with interest at 
three pence in the pound." 

Bancroft also says that "the people [of Ireland] sent 
against them [the Americans] some of their best troops 
and their ablest men," thereby insinuating that the Irish 
people not only opposed the cause of the Americans, 
but virtually fought on the side of their oppressors. Let 
us see what the facts are from the journals of the time 
and other current sources of information. 

Holt's New York Journal or General Advertiser of 
June 22, 1775, printed a despatch from Cork dated 
April 17, stating that there were then "16,000 regular 
troops in Ireland, paid for by this poor, taxed country." 
These troops were comprised of English, Scotch, and 

^ The debates in the English Parliament, as reported in the 
Parliamentary Register, show that long before 1782 the English 
had given up all hope of defeating the Americans. 



40 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Irish regiments and were "quartered on Ireland on the 
pretence of protecting the people, but really so as to 
relieve England of the expense of maintaining them." * 
Although every Irish soldier in the English army was an 
additional link strengthening the chain which bound his 
country to England, yet the pinch of poverty drove them 
into the army. But the troops despatched from Ireland 
to America in 1775 and 1776 did not enlist for service 
in this country, for these regiments had already been in 
existence, and the journals of the time plainly show 
that although the most feverish attempts were made to 
raise fresh troops in Ireland for service in America, they 
were almost entirely unsuccessful. Every conceivable 
kind of subterfuge was adopted to stimulate recruiting; 
recruiting officers went among the farmers and told 
them that if they would induce their sons to enlist "they 
would be exempted from certain taxes"; the youth of 
the country had held up to them all "the glorious pano- 
ply of war"; liquor flowed like water in almost every 
town and hamlet in the south of Ireland, and "bounties 
of one guinea a head, and the King's bounty," and of- 
fers of "larger pay than they could possibly earn at 
home" ^ were offered by the recruiting officers. Press- 
warrants were issued authorizing the arrest of recal- 
citrants; the recruiting officers even visited the jaUs and 
poorhouses of the country and were glad to accept the 

* The great surprise is that there was not more wide-spread 
sentiment in Ireland in favor of sending these troops on foreign 
service, for the people would then be rid of one of the most burden- 
some forms of taxation imposed on the country. 

^Pennsylvania Gazette, November 29, 1775. ] 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 41 

human derelicts whom misfortune had driven there. In 
the south, appeals were made on the ground that the 
Americans were Protestants, and in the north that they 
were about to establish the Roman Catholic religion in 
America; yet all these efforts came practically to naught, 
for the Irish were glad that the Americans had revolted 
and were in a delirium of joy at the prospect of the 
government being compelled to send such large bodies 
of troops out of the country, and that they themselves 
would at last have a chance to strike a blow for inde- 
pendence. 

In Holt's paper of October 26, 1775, there is an ac- 
count from Ireland which reads in part: "Though most 
of the people here wish well to the cause in which you are 
engaged, and would rejoice to find you continue firm 
and steadfast, yet it is the prevailing opinion, especially 
among the friends of Government (so-called), that you 
will at last be frightened into submission to ministerial 
measures. They are raising recruits throughout this 
Kingdom. The men are told they are only going to Ed- 
inburgh to learn military discipline and are then to re- 
turn. The common people are industriously kept from 
the knowledge of public affairs. They know nothing 
but what the great please to tell them. Newspapers 
since the Stamp Act are so high, the poor and middling 
people cannot purchase them." ® 

* The following, which is printed in full in Force's American 
Archives (4th Ser., Vol. Ill, pp. 619-620), serves as an instance 
of the many encouraging letters sent by Irish sympathizers to 
friends in America and which were published in American news- 
papers. The letter is dated September 1, 1775, and is headed by 



42 A HIDDEN PHASE 

What action do we find England took when she 
managed to get these troops safely on board her trans- 
Force, "Letter from Ireland to an acquaintance in New York." 
Among other things, the writer said: "Dear countrymen and fellow- 
sufferers, who have been so happy as to have your lot in a land of 
liberty, though now persecuted and your rights invaded, suffer not 
your most precious inheritance, your liberty and property, your 
noble constitution, to be torn from you. You are contending for 
what is of more value than life; fear not to risk your lives freely 
in defence of it. Keep your presses free, that the people may know 
all that concerns them and all that is doing against them. By every 
means in your power, keep corruption from influencing any of your 
offices of public trust. You cannot possibly be too much guarded 
against this terrible evil, which has almost undone us here. Let 
not arbitrary power and despotism have any footing among you. 
Many in this country, who groan under it, would be glad to give 
their utmost assistance, and hope to be over with you before the 
contest is ended. In my opinion, if you continue firm, you will, 
without doubt, succeed in your glorious struggle; justice will give 
strength to your arms, and weaken those of your enemies. God 
Himself is on your side and will cause them to fall before you. 
Meanwhile, let me caution you against the least appearance of 
submission. You can hardly conceive the ill effect of everything 
that may feed the hopes of your enemies; even base complaisance 
in this case is criminal, for, like drowning men, they are ready to 
catch at straws, and if possible, interpret everything you say or do 
in favour of their own designs, whereby they are encouraged to 
continue their efforts to subdue you. It behooves you, therefore, to 
be resolute, plain, and absolute in your refusal of every proposal 
that implies giving up one tittle of your rights and liberties, or 
might bring them into the least danger, and resist every attempt 
against them with all your might. The least slackness or com- 
pliance on your part will embolden them to proceed in their en- 
deavours to enforce their laws, to tax and enslave you. May God 
guide and protect you ! 

"I am a sincere friend to the natural rights and liberties of* 
mankind. 

"(Signed) M. W." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 43 

ports? The answer is found in Holt's paper of No- 
vember 23, 1775, in a despatch dated London, Septem- 
ber 1, 1775, saying: "Five thousand troops are clan- 
destinely shipped in Ireland and are absolutely sailed for 
Boston." This system of kidnapping Irishmen for the 
English army continued for several years, and the 
Pennsylvania Gazette of January 31, 1776, in a despatch 
from London dated October 28, said: "We hear from 
Cork that on Tuesday, the 10th ult., at one o'clock, 
when the army were in their beds, without previous 
notice a draft was made from the two regiments, and 
at seven o'clock they were taken to Cove and embarked 
for America." And as an indication that many of the 
men had deserted, the statement continues : "We are as- 
sured the 23d regiment does not consist of more than 
one hundred men." 

And the fact that the Irish never wavered in their 
sympathies, even when the fortunes of war seemed to 
be going against the Americans, is verified by newspa- 
per accounts showing that many of the soldiers were 
"compelled to go on board the transports, where they 
were chained down to the ring bolts and fed with bread 
and water; several of them suffered this torture before 
they could be made to yield and sign the paper of en- 
listment." From another account we learn that "many 
of them openly professed their resolution of firing upon 
their enemies in action, if reduced to that necessity, de- 
claring they could never look upon the people of 
America, among whom they had hoped for an asylum 
from heavy taxes and oppression, in any other light than 



44 A HIDDEN PHASE 

true friends, and therefore could never think of treating 
them as enemies." All of which was confirmed by Arthur 
Lee, confidential agent in Europe of the "Secret Com- 
mittee of Correspondence," "^ when he wrote to Washing- 
ton from Berlin on June 15, 1777: "The resources of our 
enemy are almost annihilated in Germany, and their 
last resort is to the Roman Catholics of Ireland. They 
have already experienced their unwillingness to go, every 
man of a regiment raised there last year having obliged 
them to ship him off tied and bound, and most certainly 
they will desert more than any troops whatsoever. They 
themselves rely upon the present campaign, so that if 
it should not produce something very decisive in their 
favour, which God forbid, we may depend upon their 
efforts being on the wane." ^ 

Three months previous to that time, Lee was in Spain, 
and in reporting his efforts to procure supplies of am- 
munition and clothing for the American army, he wrote 
from Burgos to the Secret Committee of Correspond- 
ence on March 8, 1777: "It will also be my endeavour to 
procure some able veteran officers from the Irish 
Brigades in this service" ; ^ and ten days later we find 
him again writing to the committee that the Spanish au- 
thorities "have promised to examine whether there are 

^ This committee was appointed by the Continental Congress in 
December, 1775, "to correspond with friends in Great Britain, 
Ireland, and other parts of the world." 

* Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, edited 
by Jared Sparks, Vol. II, p. 73; Boston, 1829. 

""Ibid., Vol. II, p. 40. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 45 

any veteran Irish officers fit for your service, and if there 
are to send them." ^^ 

The despatch above quoted from Holt's paper further 
said: "The people of Ireland in general, we hear, are 
extremely out of temper and displeased with the Court 
on many accounts, but on none so much as the arming 
five thousand Irish Papists for the purpose of subduing 
their fellow-subjects in America." In the same issue of 
Holt's paper there was printed "an intercepted letter 
from Ireland" to an English army officer at Boston, 
dated August 20, 1775, which said in part: "Great prep- 
arations are making to recruit the regiments both here 
and in America. They have given Lord Kenmare leave 
to enlist four thousand Catholics for the latter purpose, 
but as yet they have but little success. The foolish idea 
of fighting against their countrymen prevents them." 
Says another account: "The service is so disagreeable 
to the people of Ireland in general that few of the re- 
cruiting officers can prevail upon the men to enlist and 
fight against their American brethren." *^ 

In the Journals of the New York Provincial Con- 
gress, ^^ under date of June 30, 1776, there is an entry 
relating to the arrival of "Captain Thompson who left 
Cove^^ in Ireland the 6th of May last." In referring 
to four regiments about to leave Cork for America, Cap- 

^^ Sparks, p. 48. It does not appear that any Irish army oflScers 
were sent from Spain, doubtless for the reason that war between 
Spain and England was then imminent. 

^^ Force's American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. Ill, p. 1553. 

^^ Vol. II, p. 45; published by the State of New York; Albany, 
1842. . 

^^ Now called Queenstown, in the County of Cork. 



46 A HIDDEN PHASE 

tain Thompson said: "The report in Ireland was that 
these troops had been wrote for by persons here. The 
troops in general disliked the service; some officers had 
sold out; the people in Ireland in general are well af- 
fected to the Americans and are averse to the Americans 
being taxed by the Parliament of Great Britain." 

The New York Royal Gazette of January 3, 1778, 
published "an extract from a letter from Carlow in Ire- 
land," saying that "four regiments of Roman Catholics 
will be immediately raised here for the American serv- 
ice, and it is the general opinion that they will be raised 
in a few weeks"; but in a later issue of the paper the 
editor announced "with regret" the abandonment of the 
attempt to raise these troops in Ireland. We have still 
another important witness on this point in the person 
of the famous Horace Walpole, who recorded in his 
Last Journals, under date of August, 1775: "The 
government could not get above four hundred recruits 
and failed in their attempt to raise a regiment of Roman 
Catholics." And Lecky states: "Recruiting agents 
traversed the Highlands of Scotland and the most re- 
mote districts of Ireland, and the poor Catholics of 
Munster and Connaught were gladly welcomed. Re- 
cruits, howjever, came in very slowly. There was no 
enthusiasm for a war with the English settlers." ^* The 
efforts of government failing to obtain recruits, the 
British government seems to have resorted to the for- 
lorn expedient of procuring the services of Irish officers 
in the French and Austrian armies to come to Ireland 
to try and persuade their refractory countrymen to en- 

" History of England, Vol. Ill, p. 457. 



difgiaceful and lo u^n^crous. — .\tvtr tiitl ri.e re- 
cruiting parties TiKCi with luch i!' luccefs ;n evsry 

t'part or this kingdom as ai prclVnt ; \o ir.;in^:bl« 
is thedinikc of ail r;«rks ot people to thr /imeti- 

■canfervicc. The irdi-b.t^nts of I'ancion, Ycu;- 
kall, Birr, and oiher town";, h.tvc cr.trrcd into a 

; refblotion net to lu'lor an\, :;:nung ituns to ii 'iiu 
for the piirpole of cnlU\ing their Amerijan Lrc- 

[ thrtn. There have been no Lis than Jive putics 

I at once in Charltvilie, and aiior ilurnmg i! c 
town, God knows how Jono, wi»h tlicir fifts 
and drums, they were able to rick up only one 
recruit, who was under Mr. Roberts s iufiurrc*. 
Though tiic priacipal Ronianiils in Cork and Li- 
nerick hxvc formed Aifociations arid ctfered houc- 
ties to iufih recruits as fl>.ill hil >n iliis occMiior, 
yei have they very lutle luocels ; tor though ih« 
liirads or thatcommunitn arc in tl:e loterert of go-.. 
vernmeot, the lower c!,ifs, who h.kve not f,*g3city ] 

' enough to make proper dilHn*f^ioi»s, are, to a man, J 
attachedtothe Americans, and faypJjiinly, thelriiK 
ought to follow their example. Even Lord Ken- 
mare, who on this occafion took tne lead,li-d I'h ^ 
rtcruting p<iriy fevtrely btatin Tralce, and theu-> 
drum broke to pieces. The renowned Captain 
Harlequin, whofe fuccefs in this town lall war 
kas encouraged him to renew his antic tricks her; 
now, finds himfelf, with all his biuVoon'y* fadly 
di!appointcJ, and fevcral of thole he had trepan- 
ned have already deferted. Many of the draught* ^ 
that are come here to fill up the regiments order- ^ 
ed abroad, fwear they will never draw a trigger 
againftthe Americans; among whom they have 
all relations. And moii of the EngHHa and Iriih i 
f >ldiers that left this laft April and May cxpreflcd 
lb much repugnance to the fervice they were or- 
dered 00, that I am fully perluaded, if your rcmy ; 
was QOt (hut up 10 Bo&oOt it inuil luiTcr exceed- 
ingly by deferiion. 



/^EPfPODUCBD BY AN A/ A FffAA/CeS /-Bi///VS 



FACSIMILE OFALETTER FROM CORK, PUBUSHED 
rNTHE PENNSYLVANIA PACKET OF NOVEMBER 27, 1775. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 47 

list. "The safety of the State depends upon two 
measures," wrote Attorney-General Wedderburn to 
William Eden in 1778, — one of them "a strong levy of 
Irish Catholics under French and Austrian officers," — 
but there is no evidence that even this attempt met with 
any success. 

But on this point the most remarkable testimony of 
all is found in the Pennsylvania Packet of November 27, 
1775. On the 15th of that month a schooner named 
The Two Sisters, commanded by Captain Robbins, 
bound from Ireland to Boston, was seized by a privateer 
in the service of the United Colonies and taken into 
Beverly, Massachusetts. The account of the capture 
published in the New York Journal or General Adver- 
tiser of November 23, 1775, said that "Captain Robbins 
left Ireland September 24th and brought papers to the 
16th of September, also the King's Proclamation declar- 
ing the Colonists rebels. Captain Robbins says the com- 
mon people of Ireland were almost unanimous in favor 
of the Americans, and that only those dependent on 
Government appeared against us." Among the papers 
seized on The Two Sisters were a number of letters 
from army officers in Ireland to their friends in Bos- 
ton. These letters were at once sent to the Congress at 
Philadelphia and were printed in the Pennsylvania 
Packet of November 27th, accompanied by a statement 
signed by Secretary Charles Thomson, to the effect that 
they were "published by order of the Congress." One of 
these letters dated "Corke, September 8th, 1775" read as 
follows : 



48 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"People are much divided in their sentiments about the Americans ; 
placemen, pensioners, Tories and Jacobites, with some stupid, ig- 
norant and mercenary Whigs, are violent against them, but the bulk 
of the people are strongly in their interest." 

Referring to the attempts to raise troops in Ireland, 
the writer said : 

"Never did the recruiting parties meet with such ill success in 
every part of this Kingdom as at present; so invincible is the dis- 
like of all ranks of people to the American service. The inhabitants 
of Bandon, Youghall, Birr and other towns have entered into a 
resolution not to suffer any among them to enlist for the purpose 
of enslaving their American Brethren. There have been no less 
than five parties at once in Charleville, and after stunning the 
Town, God knows how long, with their fifes and drums, they were 
able to pick up only one recruit, who was under Mr. Roberts' in- 
fluence. Though the principal Romanists in Corke and Limerick 
have formed Associations and offered bounties to such recruits as 
shall list on this occasion, yet they have very little success; for 
though the heads of that communion are in the interest of govern- 
ment, the lower class, who have not sagacity enough to make proper 
distinctions, are, to a man, attached to the Americans, and say 
plainly the Irish ought to follow their example. Even Lord Ken- 
mare, who on this occasion took the lead, had his recruiting party 
severely beat up in Tralee, and their drums broken to pieces. The 
renowned Captain Harlequin, whose success in this Town last 
war has encouraged him to renew hiis antic tricks here now, finds 
himself, with all his buffoonery, sadly disappointed, and several of 
those he had trepanned have already deserted. Many of the 
draughts that have come here to fill up the regiments ordered 
abroad, swear they will never draw a trigger against the Americans, 
among whom they all have relations. And most of the English 
and Irish soldiers that left this, last April and May, expressed so 
much repugnance to the service they were ordered on that I am 
fully persuaded if your army was not shut up in Boston, it must 
suffer severely by desertion." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 49 

The writer of this letter was surely a prophet, for 
events proved that many of the Irish soldiers in Eng- 
lish regiments did desert and went over to the Ameri- 
cans, and this is shown by the repeated advertisements 
printed in the New York newspapers of the year 1776 
from regimental and company commanders offering re- 
wards for the capture of deserters. Descriptions were 
given in these advertisements of the personal appearance 
of the men, and in most cases their nativity was stated, 
and a large proportion of these were said to be "na- 
tives of Ireland." General Howe wrote the Earl of 
Dartmouth from Boston on November 26, 1775, send- 
ing him an estimate of the number of recruits which 
he would need in the following spring, but stating that 
if these recruits were "chiefly composed of Irish Roman 
Catholics, they are certain to desert if put to hard 
work." ^^ This is also shown by a letter dated Sep- 
tember 5, 1779, to General Cleveland from General 
Pattison, commandant of the Royal Artillery, in which 
he said: "I must desire that no Partys may be sent to 
Ireland to recruit for my Battalion. I have more al- 
ready than I could wish from that country, and I am in- 
formed by Captain Chapman that forty-nine of the men 
enlisted there have deserted." ^^ The Royal Gazette of 
October 18, 1780, contained a proclamation from Gen- 
eral Sir Henry Clinton about "the several deserters from 
the British and Foreign Troops under my Command 

^^ American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. Ill, p. 1673. 

^® New York Historical Society Collections, year 1875, p. 105; 
see also references to the Irish "who deserted to the rebels" at 
page 190. 



50 A HIDDEN PHASE 

who are serving with the Enemy or are concealed in the 
rebel Country," and he offered them "a free and un- 
limited pardon" on their return. Among these deserters 
he mentioned "Daniel McCarty, a native of Ireland"; 
"James Torren, a native of Ireland" ; "Hugh McQuaid, 
born in County Down, Ireland" ; "Thomas Hynes, born 
in the Province of Munster in Ireland, and Bryan Con- 
ner, born in the Province of Leinster in Ireland" ; "John 
Gilly, John Kennedy, Daniel Denhany and William 
Ross," all "born in Cork"; "Richard Shay, James Mc- 
Munnigan, James Doherty, Jerry Fahane, David 
Crowley, John Murphy, John Collins, William Finley, 
and Edmund Ryan." 

There were numerous other similar instances, and 
these individual cases are pointed out merely to il- 
lustrate the statement that Irish soldiers in England's 
army had no heart in the fight against American liberty, 
and that many of them took advantage of their oppor- 
tunities to "desert to the enemy." 

From the regretful tone of the letter above quoted, 
as to the failure of the Irish to enlist to fight the Ameri- 
cans, it is quite clear that the writer was one of that class 
known in Ireland as "shoneens" and was himself a sup- 
porter of the government, which is all the more reason 
for accepting it as a truthful account of the situation. 
His reference to "the principal Romanists of Cork 
and Limerick" having formed associations and offered 
bounties to enlist, is verified to some extent by other 
newspaper accounts, although why the writer referred 
to them as "the principal Romanists" is very much of a 
mystery. A small coterie of Irish Catholic landlords 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 51 

seeking the favor of the King, representing nobody 
but themselves, but deriving energy from the impudent 
assertion that they reflected the sentiment of the entire 
population of Ireland, sought to persuade their country- 
men to enlist for the American service. This precious 
band of * 'anti-Irish Irishmen" were headed by Lord 
Kenmare. How successful was this craven element in 
their attempts to seduce Irishmen to fight against their 
own countrymen who had taken their stand by the side 
of their fellow Colonists, is seen from the results of the 
efforts of Lord Cahir, who "offered Administration to 
raise three thousand Irish Roman Catholics to support 
their plan against the Americans." ^"^ As in the case of 
Lord Kenmare, referred to in the letter above quoted, 
the hopes of "the noble lord" from the beginning were 
doomed to failure, and there is no record whatever of 
the existence of such troops. *^ 

To explain this more clearly. It had been the com- 
mon custom, when soldiers were wanted in Ireland for 
the English service, to commission the great landed 
proprietors to raise them among their tenants and labor- 
ers. They sent their agents among the farmers and 
through the villages offering bounties for recruits, and 
in the case of the laboring and artisan classes, where 
they were in any way dependent upon the landlords for 
employment and they refused to enlist, the landlords 

" iVew York Journal or General Advertiser, October 12, 1775. 

" The Earl of Kenmare and the Earl of Cahir both offered "a 
bounty of a half guinea to all volunteers enlisting with Major 
Roche," but when this Major Roche tried to raise recruits in Cork 
he was "driven from the City by an angry mob." He received no 
better treatment in Limerick. 



52 A HIDDEN PHASE 

discharged them from their employ. Arthur Young, 
an English scientist and agriculturist, who made a tour 
through Ireland in the years 1776 to 1779, paints a 
frightful picture of the misery of the small Irish tenant- 
farmers and of the slavishness of the poorer classes de- 
pendent for support on the word of the bailiff or the 
land agent. "A landlord of an Irish estate inhabited by 
Roman Catholics," says Young, "is a sort of despot who 
yields obedience, in whatever concerns the poor, to no 
law but that of his own will. He can scarcely invent 
an order which a servant-labourer or cottar dares to 
refuse to execute. A long series of oppressions, aided 
by many very ill-judged laws, have brought the land- 
lords into a habit of exerting a very lofty superiority, 
and their vassals into that of an almost unlimited sub- 
mission." ^® On this occasion the landlords caused the 
most strenuous and unscrupulous efforts to be made to 
secure recruits, and even formed "press-gangs" of their 
own, who forcibly dragged out of their beds at night the 
young Irishmen who had not fled to the hills, and 
brought them, "bound hand and foot," to the military 
depots, where they were kept in close confinement until 
the agents were ready to ship them off like cattle to the 
seaport towns. ^^ 

In September, 1775, a committee of landlords had the 

^^ A Tour in Ireland, with General Observations upon the Present 
State of that Kingdom, made in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 
1779, Part II, p. 29; London, 1780. 

^•^ Lecky says : "Recruits in Ireland came in very slowly, for 
there was no enthusiasm in Ireland for the war," and "the press- 
gangs met with an unusual resistance." (The American Revolution, 
p. 242.) 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 53 

audacity to say, in an address to the King: "We humbly 
presume to lay at your feet two millions of loyal, faith- 
ful, and affectionate hearts and hands, zealous, ready, 
and desirous to exert themselves strenuously in defence 
of your Majesty's most sacred Person and Govern- 
ment." They described "the Loyalty of the Irish Catho- 
lics" as "unanimous, constant, and unalterable," which 
sentiments "they well knew to be those of all their fellow 
Roman Catholic Irish subjects." And notwithstanding 
the record of the Irish, known to all the world, and their 
age-long fight against English oppression, Bancroft 
and other historians have allowed themselves to be en- 
trapped by such extravagant and false assertions ! 



CHAPTER IV 

EFFORTS TO CONCILIATE THE IRISH CATHOLICS 

Horace Walpole's Last Journals. Silas Deane's interesting sug- 
gestion. Extracts from speeches in the English Parliament. 
Funds collected in Ireland for the American patriots. The 
people of Cork sent provisions and clothing for Washington's 
army. The "Society of Free Citizens" of Dublin applaud the 
Americans. Testimony of Plowden and Barrington. "All 
Ireland America-mad." Powder shipped from Ireland to 
America. 

THAT the sympathies of the Irish, Catholic as well 
as Protestant, were almost wholly inclined toward 
the Americans, especially after they had proclaimed 
the principle of "no taxation without representation," 
which so aptly described the situation in Ireland, is ad- 
mitted by an English historian. As stated by Amherst, 
"Lord North was anxious to conciliate the Irish Catho- 
lics in order to unite the subjects of the King in Great 
Britain and Ireland and because he saw that the maxims 
of government, especially the one which was so loudly 
proclaimed in America, 'no representation, no taxa- 
tion,' applied rather awkwardly to the state of things on 
the other side of Saint George's Channel. ... It be- 
came, therefore, a matter of policy to conciliate Ireland 
in order to promote union at home, draw off the sympa- 
thy of the Irish for the Americans, and make the Irish 
more inclined to enlist in the regiments which it would 

64 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 55 

be necessary to send across the Atlantic." * Plowden 
verifies this when he says: "The British Minister sent 
positive orders that some Act of Legislature should be 
passed in that session of conciliatory tendency to the 
Catholics, and accordingly the Catholic Relief Act was 
brought in and passed both Houses without opposition." 
How the Irish Catholics viewed the "favours of Govern- 
ment," in its efforts to induce them to enlist to fight the 
Americans, is seen from the evidence already quoted. 

"It is certain that the Irish Roman Catholics cannot 
be tempted into the service," says a statement in Ameri- 
can Archives, ^ and Horace Walpole wrote in his Last 
Journals ^ that "the Government declined an oflTer made 
to them for raising Highland regiments, but attempted 
to raise a regiment of Irish Catholics, but these would 
not enlist, nor could they in the whole summer get above 
four hundred recruits in England." 

As to the racial composition of the regiments sent 
from Ireland to America, I question very much that 
they were comprised wholly of Irishmen, or that they 
were recruited only in Ireland. American newspapers 
contain several despatches from London indicating that 
among the twenty regiments in Ireland at the beginning 
of the war, there were English and Scotch as well as 
Irish troops, and in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 
19, 1776, there is a despatch from London, under the 

^ Amherst, History of Catholic Emancipation, p. 52. This sub- 
ject is also dealt with in Wilfred Ward's Life of Cardinal Wiseman 
and in Fagan's Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell. 

2 4th Ser., Vol. IV, p. 368. 

8 Vol. I, p. 472. 



56 A HIDDEN PHASE 

head of "House of Commons, March 26th," reading: 
"On the 17th inst. six sail of ships from Glasgow, with 
new raised recruits, and several transports from London, 
arrived at Cork, where they are to take in their lading 
of provisions and proceed to America under convoy." 
This is quoted as a sample of several similar accounts 
about the same time, but the fact that they '^came from 
Ireland" did not by any means make these soldiers 
"Irishmen," as some historians seem to think. 

In the same paper of May 31, 1775, 1 find an "address 
sent to Ireland for publication among the soldiers" in 
March of that year, which appealed to "the glory of 
British soldiers," saying "you are about to embark for 
America to compel your fellow-subjects to submit to 
Popery and slavery." This address ridiculed a former 
"attempt of King James to introduce the Roman Catho- 
lic religion into Great Britain"; told how English 
soldiers then "rebelled against the King," adding that 
"you gentlemen will soon have an opportunity of show- 
ing equal virtue by fighting against the establishment of 
Popery in America." Can any sane person imagine the 
foolhardiness of distributing such a document among 
Irish Catholic soldiers? And, why, if Irish Catholics 
were so eager, as historians assert, to enlist for the 
American war, did Silas Deane suggest "that some 
Priests be sent among the Irish 'Whiteboys' to em- 
barrass the English," * for it must be assumed that 

^ Deane Papers in New York Historical Society Collections, Vol. 
I, p. 396. See also Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence of the 
American Revolution, Vol. II, p. 213. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 57 

Deane considered them friendly to the American cause 
when he made such a suggestion ? 

That great national monument, the American 
Archives, compiled by Peter Force, the first of all 
students of our Revolutionary annals, furnishes much 
corroborative testimony. In a report of the debates in 
the English House of Commons on October 26, 1775, 
upon the "Speech from the Throne" relating to the 
American situation, a speech delivered by Governor 
George Johnstone is printed in full. In dilating upon 
"the universal report and opinion of all men with whom 
I have conversed from America," Johnstone said: "If 
any one disputes the truth of my assertions, I now 
defy him to bring any evidence to contradict me, and I 
now undertake to bring men of the best characters in 
support of what I aver. But, respecting general opin- 
ion, I shall go further. I maintain . . . that three to 
one in Ireland are on the side of the Americans, that 
soldiers and sailors feel such an unwillingness to the 
service that you will never find the same exertions 
in spirit in this as in other wars." ^ In the debates in 
Parliament on November 8, 1775, on objection being 
raised to Ireland contributing to the war, an Irish mem- 
ber exclaimed: "Let the American war cost what it will, 
Ireland should never be called upon to contribute a 
shilling toward defraying the expense." ^ The Duke 
of Richmond said on that occasion : "Attempts have been 
made to enlist the Irish Roman Catholicks, but the Min- 

^ American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 31. See also Parlia- 
mentary Register, Vol. Ill, p. 25. 

^American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 131. 



58 A HIDDEN PHASE 

istry know well that these attempts have proved unsuc- 
cessful," ^ all of which verified a "letter from Dublin," 
dated August 12, 1775, and published in the Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette of October 18th, which stated that "the 
regiments ordered abroad, which are to be augumented 
to seven hundred rank and file, with difficulty list a 
man, which is strange considering the prospect of pre- 
ferment that the American war presents to them." And 
the same letter refers to "a sloop from Dublin bound to 
Cork, with twenty-two recruits for the American service, 
put into Wicklow by stress of weather, where one-half 
of them deserted." The Providence (Rhode Island) 
Gazette, in its issue of February 24, 1776, announced 
"the arrival from Ireland, but last from Barbadoes, of 
the sloop New York Packet, Captain John Freers, who 
informs that the people in Ireland and Barbadoes are 
very warm in the cause of America." The same senti- 
ment prevailed all over Ireland, and in the Pennsylvania 
Packet of April 29, 1776, the news from Providence 
said: "Captain Cook from Belfast informs that recruit- 
ing parties had been beating up there from September 
till January, to reinforce the Ministerial army in 
America, but that they had only enlisted ten men." 

The attitude of the Irish people on this question was 
manifested in many ways. On the outbreak of the war, 
"the inhabitants of Belfast were the very first European 
community that gave open expression to their good 
wishes for the American cause. Public meetings were 
held throughout the country to encourage the trans- 

'' American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 131. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 59 

atlantic resistance, and as the contest went on, Ireland, 
catching inspiration from the example of the New 
World, took that noble attitude of resistance which 
gained for her, in 1782, under the guidance of Grattan 
and his patriot associates, the legislative and commercial 
independence which was destined to so short a life." ® 
Mooney declares that "meetings were held in many 
parts of Ireland to cheer on the Americans," and at 
meetings in Belfast approving of the resistance of the 
Colonists, "funds were collected and sent to the Ameri- 
can patriots." ^ "The people of Cork sent a vessel with 
provisions and clothing for Washington's army, which 
vessel got safely into Boston." ^" And in the Irish capi- 
tal, to the intense alarm of the government, the Com- 
mon Council in August, 1775, voted the thanks of the 
city to Lord Effingham "for having thrown up his com- 
mission in the army rather than draw his sword against 
the Americans." ^^ 

In the Pennsylvania Packet of October 9, 1775, there 
is an account, dated "Dublin, July 19th," of a public 
dinner given by the "Society of Free Citizens," presided 
over by James Napper Tandy, afterward one of the 
devoted leaders of the people in the Rebellion of 1798, 
and among the toasts drunk on that occasion we find 
such sentiments as these: "Prosperity to Ireland, and 
may it never submit to be taxed by the British Parlia- 

^ "The Irish in America," by James Boyd, in North American 
Review, January, 1841. 

^History of Ireland, by Thomas Mooney, p. 827; Boston, 1845. 

^° Ibid., p. 831. 

" Force's American Archives. 



60 A HIDDEN PHASE 

merit." "Our fellow-subjects in America, now suffering 
persecution for attempting to assert their rights and 
liberties." "The Continental Congress — unanimity to 
their councils and success to their resolves." "The 19th 
of April, 1775, and the memory of the brave Americans 
who fell in defending the liberties of their country." 

The Pennsylvania Gazette of August 16, 1775, con- 
tains an "extract of a letter from Dublin," saying that 
"the Post Assembly, which is to be held tomorrow for 
the purpose of considering an Address to the King on 
behalf of our oppressed American brethren, is likely 
to be the fullest meeting ever known." The Pennsyl- 
vania Evening Post of November 9, 1775, published 
an account of a meeting of the "Post Assembly" at 
Dublin on August 28th, comprised of the "Lord Mayor, 
Sheriffs, Commons and Citizens," sympathizing with 
"the injured inhabitants of that continent [America]," 
for whom they felt "the most poignant grief," and 
deprecating the action of the government in sending 
"our brave countrymen on the unnatural errand of 
killing their fellow-subjects." And an article in the 
Pennsylvania Gazette of October 30, 1776, contained 
a despatch from Dublin, dated July 29th, saying: "We 
hear that instructions from the Lords Commissioners of 
the Admiralty of Great Britain arrived here by the last 
packet for the condemnation of all American ships and 
merchandise, that may be taken by any ship of war or 
privateer, and brought into any port of this Kingdom, 
and confiscating the same as lawful prizes. It is not 
doubted but that many spirited merchants will fit out 
cruizers, to enrich themselves at the expense of our 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 61 

rebellious subjects, notwithstanding the prevailing fac- 
tious disposition of too many in Ireland who seem to wish 
success to the arms of their transatlantic friends. We 
also hear, in expectation of this event, the free citizens 
and other patriotic societies in Dublin are raising sub- 
scriptions for the use of such American crews as shall 
be confined in the gaols of this Kingdom, as they happen 
to be brought in." 

It is incidents like these, recorded by men who were 
actual observers of or participants in the affairs of 
the time, that reflect the true conditions, not the ex- 
parte statements of historians who wrote without full 
knowledge of the facts or whose work was tinctured by 
religious or racial prejudices. Walpole recorded in his 
JLast Journals ^^ that after "the Guild of Merchants at 
Dublin thanked Wilkes, Lord Effingham, and the Eng- 
lish Peers who opposed the American War, ... a re- 
monstrance was sent to the King against the war by the 
Common Council of Dublin." And "the great Horace" 
also recorded, under date of June, 1776, that "the Irish 
Parliament having expired, there were great contests 
at the new elections, and the American war was so 
unpopular in that country, that the Court met with 
sturdy opposition." ^^ And Plowden, the English his- 
torian, relates how "the Irish sympathized with the 
American ideas of freedom," and that "the government 
was seriously alarmed at the light in which the American 
struggle was viewed in Ireland." 

Sir Jonah Barrington, one of the leading members 

^^ Under date of August and September, 1775. 
^^ Walpole's Last Journals, Vol. II, p. 562. 



62 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of Ihe Irish Parliament during the period of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, in referring to the depressed condition 
of Ireland resulting from the operation of the penal 
statutes, shows in the following words how Ireland was 
affected by the American uprising: "The spirit of 
independence had crossed the Atlantic, and the Irish 
people, awakened from a trance, beheld with anxiety 
the contest in which they now began to feel an interest. 
They regarded with admiration the exertions of a colony 
combating for the first principles of civil liberty and giv- 
ing to the world an instructive lesson of fortitude and 
perseverance. . . . Ireland became every day a more 
anxious spectator of the arduous conflict ; every incident 
in America began to communicate a sympathetic im- 
pulse to the Irish people." ^* 

The numerous sources from which I have gathered 
information on this point indicate, without the shadow 
of a doubt, that from the moment the news of the revolt 
in America reached Ireland, that country was seething 
with enthusiasm, and when the "Address to the People 
of Ireland" was received from the American Congress 
we are told "the attention of the country was still more 
strongly aroused." "All Ireland is America-mad," 
wrote Horace Walpole to the Countess of Upper Os- 
sory on June 25, 1776.^^ And notwithstanding the fact 
that Ireland was suffering greatly in her trade by the 
stoppage of imports from the Colonies, her sympathy 
for America was maintained throughout the struggle. 

''^^ Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation, p. 31 ; New York, n.d. 
''^^ Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, Toynbee 
ed., Vol. IX, p. 380; Oxford, 1859- 




/faP^ODL/C£D By >J/V/V>! /^^/\^C£S IEV//VS 



JAMES DUANE 

MEMBER OF THE CONTINENTAL C0NGRES5,S0N OF ANTHONY DU.ANE 
OF COUNTY 6ALWAY, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 63 

John Mitchel says : "Nine-tenths of the people of Ire- 
land regarded the American cause to be Ireland's own 
cause," for "the very strong analogy which existed be- 
tween the American Colonies and the Irish was quite 
sufficient to occasion in the latter country not only an 
intense interest, but a deep sympathy also in the Ameri- 
can struggle." ^^ 

It is very evident that sympathy for the Americans 
prevailed among all classes in Ireland except the land- 
lords and their agents and those in government employ. 
And it was no mere lip service that they rendered to 
the American Revolutionists, for they gave earnest of 
their sincerity by committing themselves to such acts 
of unneutrality as the harboring and protection of 
American privateers, the succoring of American prison- 
ers of war, and the sale and shipment of supplies of 
powder and other warlike stores while the Revolution 
was at its height and when such acts were considered 
high treason to England. 

In the Minutes of the Committee of Safety of the 
Province of New York^'^ under date of January 4, 1776, 
I find this entry: "Mr. Thomas McFarran attending 
was called in. The Committee conversed with him on 
the subject of shipping flaxseed to Ireland to obtain 
gunpowder. Thereupon, a draft of a letter to the Con- 
tinental Congress was read and approved of." This 
letter stated that the committee had "engaged two ves- 
sels to despatch with produce to Europe for the purpose 

^^ History of Ireland, pp. 112, 119; Glasgow, 1866. 
^^Vol. I, p. 236. Published by the State of New York; 
Albany, 1842. 



64 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of procuring arms and ammunition. . . . As our safety- 
depends upon the country being well supplied with 
powder, we submit it to you whether the sense of Con- 
gress should not be taken without delay, on our export- 
ing two cargoes of flaxseed to purchase powder. The 
measure recommends itself by several considerations; 
there is the highest probability of procuring powder in 
Ireland at a moderate price." It would appear also 
from communications which passed between Marquis de 
Noailles, the French Ambassador to England, and 
Count de Vergennes, ^^ French Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, that shipments openly went from Irish to 
French ports and that they were reshipped to the "Island 
of Martinico" (Martinique), whence they reached 
America, and undoubtedly were intended for the use 
of the Continental army. 

So bitter were the patriots in Ireland against the 
British government that they sought by every means 
in their power to injure British trade by the application 
of the "boycott." In April, 1779, a great meeting was 
held in Dublin at which the people pledged themselves 
"not to purchase any goods manufactured in England," 
and Lord Buckingham, the Viceroy, when reporting this 
meeting to the English Ministry on April 29, 1779, said: 
"It concerns me greatly to mention that the discontent 
of this kingdom seems increasing, fomented, I appre- 
hend, by French and American emissaries." "The Irish 
have entered into combinations against purchasing 
English goods," wrote Horace Walpole to Horace 

^* Letters in Stevens' Facsimile Documents in European Archives 
Relating to America, 1773-1783. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 65 

Mann on May 9, 1779;^® and on June 16, 1779, in a 
letter to Henry Seymour Conway, he expressed "the 
fear that the Irish will be tempted to unite with America, 
which will throw all that trade into their convenient 
harbours." "« 

^^ Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, Toynbee 
ed.. Vol. X, p. 408; London, 1859. 



CHAPTER V 

HISTORY BY SUPPRESSION 

Army supplies destroyed in Ireland. American privateers succored 
in Irish harbors. Protest in the English Parliament against 
shipments of firearms and ammunition from Dublin to America. 
Ethan Allen's Narrative. His treatment by the citizens of 
Cork and Dublin an index to Irish feeling. 

ON several occasions when the commissary officers 
of the regiments about to embark from Cork pur- 
chased suppHes, the consignments were seized and de- 
stroyed by the angry populace/ A concrete instance 
of this was an incident reported in the Pennsylvania 
Packet of November 12, 1776, to this effect: "A private 
letter from Cork by the Endeavour arrived on Wednes- 
day in the river, the Master of which reported that a 
large body of people on horseback attacked several 
carriages which were coming to that place with pro- 
visions for the government ships, that they took all the 
horses out, and afterwards the provisions, sent the 
drivers back with the horses to tell their owners that if 
they ever met with them again carrying provisions off, 
they would murder them and their horses. They then 
set fire to the carriages and burnt them to ashes." 
What a contrast was this with the manner in which 

^ Arthur Young, in his Tour in Ireland, says that "when one 
Abraham Lane established a large manufactory for army clothing 
and shoes at Cork in 1777, it was burned down by a mob." 

66 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 67 

the officers of American privateers which put into Irish 
harbors were received by the people, for so strong was 
the sentiment in favor of the Americans that in several 
Irish seaport towns the people afforded shelter and 
furnished supplies to American privateers. In the 
Pennsylvania Gazette of March 5, 1777, I find a 
despatch from Dublin under date of October 19, 1776, 
to the effect that "an American privateer had anchored 
in the harbour of Newry, and demanded provisions, for 
which payment was off'ered"; and in the same issue of 
the paper there appeared an account from New London, 
Connecticut, dated February 13, 1777, that "Captain 
Salter who came out of Ireland informs that the Ameri- 
can privateer which put into Newry (as mentioned 
under the Dublin head) shipped a number of hands 
there, and that the Irish are universally in favour of the 
Americans, except a few placemen." A letter from 
Galway, Ireland, published in the Gazette of June 18, 
1777, said: "Two American privateers put in here to 
procure some fresh water and provisions. On being 
supplied with such provisions as they wanted, for which 
they paid in dollars, they weighed anchor and sailed, 
after being in the bay only twenty-four hours." And 
in the London news in the Gazette of May 14, 1777, 
there appeared a "Letter from Limerick, January 31st, 
1777," to the eff'ect that "a large American privateer 
put into the River Shannon and sent a boat on shore 
to procure some fresh provisions and fresh water, which 
they were readily supplied with, but sent the command- 
ing officer word that his stay there might be disagreeable, 
as some men of war from England were hourly expected 



68 A HIDDEN PHASE 

there, upon which the Captain of the privateer weighed 
anchor and sailed away." From England's point of 
view, this action was nothing short of high treason, yet 
the authorities of the city of Limerick were willing to 
run the risk of imprisonment and perhaps execution in 
order to aid the American sailors. To appreciate fully 
the risks incurred in thus giving *'aid and comfort to 
the enemy" we must bear in mind that the English 
charged the American privateers with "piracy," and that 
the government warned the authorities of all Irish sea- 
port towns that they should be treated accordingly and 
that they "should commit to prison any persons 
suspected of favouring America." ^ 

It is reasonable also to assume that on these occasions 
Irish sailors willingly joined the crews of American 
privateers, which were not always fully manned, and 
we have circumstantial evidence of this in a report dated 
March 27-28, 1777, relative to "American affairs," from 
Lieutenant-Colonel Smith ^ to his superiors at London, 
in which he said that the success of the American naval 
commander, Captain Lambert Wickes, in the Irish 
Channel, "induced the Irish and French to enter readily 
into any armed vessel against our Trade, so that num- 
bers of them will never be wanting to equip anything 
Franklin may wish to put to sea."* 

During the war merchants in Dublin carried on an 
illicit trade with American ports, and in their trading 
with the West Indies they adopted every pretext to 

^ Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. Ill, p. 394. 

' Smith was employed as a spy. 

* Document No. 670 in Stevens' Facsimiles. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 69 

carry stores to America. In a speech in the House of 
Commons on February 17, 1777, on a bill for suspend- 
ing the Habeas Corpus Act, Colonel Luttrell declared 
that "a ship loaded with fire-arms, warlike stores, and 
ammunition of all kinds, intended for America, was 
seized in the port of Dublin. The merchants who were 
the owners of the stores, and the actors in this treason- 
able transaction, were apprehended. Yet the traitors 
were bailed and permitted to escape with impunity. He 
wished sincerely, if they had not escaped beyond the 
reach of justice, that this bill might take cognizance 
of their crimes, and that they might meet that ex- 
emplary and condign punishment which they manifestly 
merited."^ But in March, 1780, Ireland's demand for 
free and unrestricted commerce with America and the 
West Indies was granted by the British Parliament, and 
the acts which prohibited carrying gold and silver coin 
into Ireland were repealed in the same year. Irish 
merchants immediately took advantage of the situation, 
and thereafter the American agents procured consider- 
able quantities of powder in Ireland; indeed, so brisk 
did this trade become, and so openly was it carried on, 
that Enghsh war-ships were sent to patrol the coasts 
of Ireland, and in the newspapers of the time several 
instances are narrated of the capture of valuable cargoes 
from Irish ports destined for "the American rebels." 

The attitude of the Irish people toward the Ameri- 
cans is well illustrated by an incident related in a letter 
from Cork, published in the Pennsylvania Packet of 
May 5, 1776. This letter reads in part: 

^Parliamentary Register, Vol. VI, p. 253. 



70 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"The following occurrence must give satisfaction to the friends 
of suffering America. When Colonel Ethan Allen, with about 
fifty other prisoners, arrived in the Solebay, two gentlemen went 
on board to enquire into their situation and to assure them of the 
disposition of several gentlemen in this City to alleviate their dis- 
tress. Colonel Allen was so affected with this instance of un- 
expected generosity, that the expression of his gratitude could hardly 
find utterance. His treatment on board the Solebay is far different 
from the barbarous and cruel usage he experienced in his passage 
from Quebec, being then handcuffed and ironed in the most dreary 
part of the vessel, and basely insulted with cruel and unmanly 
reflections by some officers of the ship, whom he challenged in 
Cornwall, without receiving any satisfaction. A subscription was 
begun this morning among some friends of the cause and near 
fifty guineas coUected to buy clothes for his men and necessaries 
for himself, and if liberty can be got of Capcain Williams to put 
live stock on board, I can assure you Colonel Allen will be exceed- 
ingly well provided. We this day sent a hamper of wine, sugar, 
fruit, chocolate, etc., on board for his immediate use, and to-morrow 
intend to prepare the sundry articles of which he sent a list. I 
enclose a rough copy of his answer to our letter. Should he have 
permission to come on shore, he will be entertained by some of the 
first gentlemen of this City. I have not been refused by a single 
person on the subscription." 

Colonel Allen's response is as follows: 

"Gentlemen : 

"I received your generous present this day, with a joyful heart. 
Thanks to God, there are still the feelings of humanity in the 
worthy citizens of Cork towards those of your bone and your flesh, 
who through misfortune from the present broils in the empire, are 
needy prisoners. 

"Dated Cove, January 24, 1776. E. Allen." 

The sympathy and good will which Ethan Allen ex- 
perienced in Cork and in other places from Irishmen is 
not in the least surprising, for it is one of the holiest 
traditions of the Irish race to lend a helping hand to all 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 71 

who are under the lash of tyranny. The city of Cork, 
in 1776, only repeated the action of the people of the 
capital city of Ireland one hundred years before, when 
they alone, of all Europeans, sent a ship-load of pro- 
visions to the famishing Colonists of New England in 
1676. This is known in history as "The Irish Dona- 
tion." Allen himself related the incident referred to 
in the letter just quoted in the narrative of his captivity, 
and as this fact receives no mention from American 
historians, I quote here Allen's own words : ® 

"It was soon rumoured in Cork that I was on board the Solehay, 
with a number of prisoners from America, upon which Messrs. 
Clark & Hayes, merchants in company, and a number of other 
benevolently disposed gentlemen, contributed largely to the relief 
and support of the prisoners, who were in very needy circumstances. 
Each man had bestowed on him a suit of clothes from head to foot, 
including an overcoat and two shirts." 

The gifts which he himself received were : 

"Superfine broadcloths, sufficient for two jackets and two pair 
of breeches, overplus of a suit throughout, eight fine holland shirts 
and stocks ready made, with a number of pairs of silk and worsted 
hose, two pairs of shoes, two beaver hats, one of which was sent 
richly laced with gold, by Mr. James Bonwell. . . . The Irish 
gentlemen, furthermore, made a large gratuity of wines of the best 
sort, old spirits, Geneva loaf and brown sugar, coffee, tea and 
chocolate, with a large round of pickled beef, and a number of fat 
turkies, with many other articles for my sea stores, too tedious to 
mention here. 

"As this munificence was so unexpected, plentiful, and, I may 

® From A Narrative of the Captivity of Colonel Ethan Allen, 
from the time of his being taken by the British, near Montreal, on the 
25th day of September, 1775, to the time of his exchange, on the 
6th day of May, 1778, written by himself and published at 
Burlington, Vermont, in 1779. 



72 A HIDDEN PHASE 

add, needful, it impressed on my mind the highest sense of gratitude 
towards my benefactors; for I was not only supplied with neces- 
saries and conveniences of life, but with the grandeurs and super- 
fluities of it. Mr. Hayes, one of the donators before mentioned, 
came on board, and behaved in the most obliging manner, telling 
me that he hoped my troubles were past: for that the gentlemen 
of Cork determined to make my sea stores equal to that of the 
Captain of the Solebay's. He made an offer of live stock and 
wherewith to support them ; but I knew this would be denied. And 
to crown all, did send me by another person fifty guineas, but I 
could not reconcile receiving the whole to my own feelings, as it 
might have the appearance of avarice; and, therefore, received but 
seven guineas only, and am confident, not only from the exercise 
of the present well-timed generosity, but from a large acquaintance 
with gentlemen of this nation, that as a people they excel in lib- 
erality and bravery. 

"All of the provisions were conveyed on board during the absence 
of the captain and by the connivance of a friendly lieutenant. . . ." 

He goes on to relate : 

"Two days after the receipt of the aforesaid donations. Captain 
Symonds came on board, full of envy towards the prisoners, and 
swore by all that is good, that the damned American rebels should 
not be feasted at this rate by the damned rebels of Ireland. He, 
therefore, took away all my liquors before mentioned, and all the 
tea and sugar, except some wine, which was secreted, and confiscated 
them to the use of the ship's crew. 

"Soon after this there came a boat to the side of the ship, and 
Captain Symonds asked a gentleman who was in it, in my hearing, 
what his business was. He answered that he was sent to deliver 
some sea stores to Colonel Allen, which, if I remember right, he 
said were sent from Dublin; but the captain damned him very 
heartily, ordered him away from the ship, and would not suffer 
him to deliver the stores. I was further informed that the gentle- 
men in Cork requested of Captain Symonds that I might be allowed 
to come into the City, and that they would be responsible I should 
return to the frigate at a given time, which was denied them. 

"We sailed from the Cove of Cork on the 12th of February, the 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 73 

prisoners having been distributed among the different war ships. 
The fleet consisted of forty-five sail, carrying several thousand 
troops, and their destination was the American coast. When we 
had reached Madeira and anchored, sundry gentlemen, with the 
captain, went on shore, who, I conclude, gave the rumor that I was 
in the frigate, upon which I soon after found Irish generosity was 
again excited, for a gentleman of that nation sent his dark on 
board, to know of me if I would accept a sea store from him, 
particularly of wine." ^ 

And so the evidence accumulates, for much more of the 
same character can be adduced, and from sources just 
as trustworthy as those here quoted. I submit that con- 
temporary accounts such as those here presented are 
far more worthy of credence than the theories of histor- 
ians, unsupported by facts or by any reasonable evidence 
as to their historic truth. Bancroft's method of treating 
the subject cannot but be regarded as exhibiting the 
case under a deceptive aspect; and as he selected the 
people of Ireland alone as the object of his abuse, it 
is evident that he had some ulterior purpose in so doing. 
His statements are impugned by the unimpeachable rec- 
ords of the time, and as all of these must have been 
accessible to the historian, it seems only fair to assume 
that he deliberately suppressed "the evidence in the 
case." From this "sin of omission" we see no way of 
exculpating him, nor can we regard as unprejudiced 
those other historians who have denied to the Irish in 
America the glory of the part they played in the War 
of the Revolution. 

^ The Diary of John Adams also mentions the hospitable treat- 
ment he received in Spain from two Irish merchants located in one 
of its maritime cities. 



CHAPTER VI 

IRELAND'S SHARE IN AMERICA'S FIGHT FOR 
FREEDOM 

The proportion of Irish soldiers in the Army of the Revolution. 
Statements of Galloway, Robertson, Clinton, and other English 
officers. Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of the war. 
Galloway's interesting testimony. "Deserters" from the 
American army. How the term "deserter" is misunderstood. 

IF a tabulation could be made showing the number 
of soldiers of Irish birth or descent who enlisted in 
the patriot army, and a comparison of the same were 
made with the other racial elements represented on the 
muster-rolls, it would form a much more striking and 
convincing exhibit of the contribution of the Irish to the 
achievement of American independence than all the 
literature that has been printed on the subject. But 
even if it be now impracticable to obtain exact data for 
the compilation of such figures, there is sufficient ma- 
terial available to enable us to form an estimate, with 
reasonable accuracy, of the importance of that contribu- 
tion. There are many sources from which much inter- 
esting and reliable information on this question can be 
procured, but none furnish it with so much "silent 
eloquence" as the letters from the English military com- 
manders in America to their superiors in England, the 
rosters of the American regiments, and other official 

papers of the Revolutionary period that have been 

74 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 75 

published by the different States, in addition to which 
we also obtain occasional glimpses of the activities of 
the Irish from local town and county histories and the 
publications of historical societies. 

For many years there have been "going the rounds" 
vague references to a statement said to have been made 
"before a loyalist commission" sometime "after the Rev- 
olutionary War," to the effect that "one-half of Wash- 
ington's army were Irish." There seems to be con- 
siderable misunderstanding as to what were the exact 
circumstances under which this assertion was made, and 
not all who make use of it are in agreement as to the 
time and place. Some printed versions of it that I have 
seen were more or less incomplete and confusing, and 
the proof that such a statement actually was made, in 
the manner in which it is usually quoted, has been very 
unsatisfactory; for, with one or two possible exceptions, 
apparently no one has been able to say that he had 
consulted an original source of information or could re- 
fer to an official copy of this remarkable utterance. 

Statements as to the racial composition of the Rev- 
olutionary army were made by several English officials 
and army officers. The one just referred to was part 
of the testimony given by Joseph Galloway, an Ameri- 
can Tory, before a Parliamentary inquiry held in the 
English House of Commons, not "after the Revolution- 
ary War," as has so often been stated, but during its 
fourth year, or, to be more precise, in the months of 
May, June, July, and August of the year 1779. While 
some historians have made use of portions of Galloway's 
testimony and have quoted passages from it in support 



76 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of certain historical facts, they have disregarded entirely 
that part of it relating to the racial elements constitut- 
ing the American army, — on the assumption, I suppose, 
that it was so exaggerated as to be unworthy of con- 
sideration. Some have cast so much doubt upon it 
that the general belief among students of American 
history is that no such statement was ever made, and 
even a well known historian with Irish sympathies not 
only attaches no importance to it, but has counselled 
against the continued use of a statement which, he said, 
"cannot stand the light of investigation." 

On the other hand, there are many Americans of 
Irish descent who, while believing there must have been 
some justification for Galloway's estimate, yet, never 
having seen any proof in support of it, have regarded 
it as a sort of tradition and one which, like other tradi- 
tional tales, has become distorted by time. Like others, 
I have been somewhat skeptical of the importance of 
the Galloway testimony, especially as we are told by one 
historian of probity and standing that Galloway, in 
making his estimate, had in mind only the Pennsylvania 
regiments of the Continental Line, and not the American 
army as a whole. But that idea is dissipated on examin- 
ing Galloway's testimony in full and other evidence 
that supports it. 

Some have said that the testimony was printed origi- 
nally in a "Government Blue Book," but if that be 
so, no one seems to have had the enterprise to search for 
it and publish the facts; so we have had to rely on the 
garbled versions that have been given to us from time 
to time by historical writers, or by orators on public 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 77 

occasions, who, we know, are not always reliable. On 
this account, I have been at some pains to find the true 
facts of the case. The few pages here presented give 
for the first time an explanation of the circumstances 
under which Galloway testified, and certain phases of 
the story, drawn from the best known sources of in- 
formation, are dealt with in more detail than heretofore. 
I shall present concisely certain facts tending to show 
that even if Galloway may not have been fully justified 
in his estimate of the numerical strength of the Irish in 
the Revolutionary army, he had good grounds for believ- 
ing he was right. 

If there is any "Government Blue Book" in existence 
containing this evidence, it is not in the Library of 
Congress, as far as I am able to ascertain, and a com- 
munication on the subject addressed to the British 
Museum failed to bring forth any response. I am of 
the opinion, however, that the publication is not an offi- 
cial "Blue Book," but a pamphlet printed at London, 
"for J. Wilkie, no. 71 in St. Paul's Churchyard, 
MDCCLXXIX," the full title of which is: "The Ex- 
amination of Joseph Galloway, Esq., Late Speaker of 
the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania, Before the 
House of Commons in a Committee upon the American 
Papers." As may be seen from other official publica- 
tions of the time, still extant, Wilkie was known as 
"the Parliamentary Printer," which fact supports the 
theory that there was no such thing as a "Government 
Blue Book," but that Wilkie's pamphlet was the official 
channel through which it was given originally to the 
people of England. 



78 A HIDDEN PHASE 

It now appears, however, that this was really the 
second appearance of Galloway's testimony as a printed 
document; for, strange though it may seem, I find that 
its first publication was in the city of New York. Re- 
cently, when examining some papers of the Revolution- 
ary period at the Library of Congress, I had the good 
fortune to find some original issues of the Royal Gazette 
published in New York in the year 1779, containing a 
copy of "The Examination of Joseph Galloway." The 
publisher of the Gazette seems to have lost no time in 
reproducing the testimony, for he began to print it only 
five weeks after the Parliamentary inquiry had ad- 
journed, or about the length of time that it took the 
packet ship to cross the Atlantic. He announced that 
it was printed from transcripts of the evidence given 
out by the committee, and that this was so is shown by 
the fact that two instalments are missing, which, the 
publisher explained, was due to the fact that "they did 
not arrive in the London mail." It is evident that Wil- 
kie's publication was printed from a duplicate of the 
same document, for on comparing the copy in the Royal 
Gazette with the pamphlet bearing Wilkie's imprint, I 
find they agree word for word, with the exception of the 
two instalments missing from the Gazette. 

Briefly, the history of the Parliamentary inquiry re- 
ferred to is as follows: In the year 1779 there was 
wide-spread dissatisfaction in England over the conduct 
of the war. Charges of laxity and incompetence were 
brought against the Commander-in-chief, Sir William 
Howe, and other officers, and so severely were they criti- 
cized in Parliament that the Premier of England decided 





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%he EXAMINATION »/ JOSEPH GALLO 

WAY, Efq\ late Speahr of the Houfe of Afimbly 

of Peftn/yli.'aMia, before the Ho u s i ^ C.'o M M o N s 

in a Committee en the American JPaPERS,-^—— 

(CoiUuittfiiJrem No, $it.) 

^H/iT VMS ilic encouragement held out to 
induce defcrters to come over to us ? 

A. A proclamr»tion was iflued by Sir WJHiara 
; Jlowe, oiyeiing thrm a pairagc home to Ireland or 
England, their native country, ar.d they were ge- 
nerally paid for tli«ir arms atd accoutrements. 

Q. That part of the rebel army that entitled in 
the fervicc of the Congrefs, were' they chiefly c«n>- 
poled of natives ot Amciica, or were the greatell 
part cf them Fnjjlifn, Scotch, and Irifli ? 

A. Tl.e names and places of their nativity being 
taken down, ] can aniwei the quefliion wiih pie- 
cifion. — There we.'C Icarcelv one-founh natives of 
Amerirai— abcut one-halt lnfli,---the other fouith 
Tvcre Eniclilh ar.d Scotch. • 

Q^ What is the charafler that the Provincials 
fcrvir.g in the Biitifli army bear ? Are they good 
trorpj., and have they behaved well when tmployed ? 

A. I have undeiitood, as iVon as thty are dif- 
nVlined they are veiy jrocd troops, and have always 
behaved well ; I know of no initance to the con- 
trary. That I ki ow to be the opinion of many of 
the mi'i»a»y gci.tlcnien. 

Q;^ Di-* y«u know any thing bf the army of the 
Rebels in gential, how that is ^ompoled, of what 
country people ? 

A. I judge of that by the dcferters that came orer. 

Q^ What was the Turn given as bounty money to 
a recruit tnlilting in our piovinci.il corps ? 
A. I have underltood five hard dollars. 



REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEV/fVS 

FACSIMILE OF PART Of'tHE EXAMINATION OF 
JOSEPH GALLOWAV'PUBLISHED IN THE ROYAL GAZETTE 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 79 

to appoint a joint committee of the Lords and Commons 
to inquire into the charges. They summoned home to 
England several of the military chiefs for the purpose of 
obtaining information from them at first hand. Gal- 
loway, who had arrived in England only a short time 
before, was one of the principal witnesses at this hearing, 
and his testimony reflected so severely upon the manage- 
ment of the war by Howe and some of his subordinate 
officers, and he so ably exposed that faculty of "English 
bungling" of which we witness so many striking instances 
even to the present day, that the government, to "save 
its face," decided to drop the investigation, and the 
officers who had been relieved from their American 
posts were permitted to return. 

The committee began its sittings in the House of 
Commons on the 5th of May, 1779, and the principal 
witnesses called before it, besides Galloway, were the 
Secretary of War (Lord George Germain) , Lord Corn- 
wallis. Sir Guy Carleton, Major-General Grey, Major- 
General James Robertson, and several regimental com- 
manders. Galloway's examination occupied three days 
in all. He was first called on the 16th of June, 1779, 
and began by describing, in answer to questions, his 
career in this country. On this point he said : "I have 
lived in America from my nativity to the month of 
October last, about forty-eight years. ... I have lived 
in the Province of Maryland, in the Delaware counties, 
and in the Province of Pennsylvania, chiefly in Phila- 
delphia. My public profession was that of the law. I 
practised in all the Courts of Pennsylvania, in those of 
the Delaware Counties, and in the Supreme Courts of 



80 A HIDDEN PHASE 

New Jersey. I was a member of the Assembly of 
Pemisylvania eighteen years, and Speaker of the House 
twelve. I was appointed by the Assembly of that Prov- 
ince to attend the American Congress which met on 
the 5th of September, 1774. During the last war,^ 
under appointment of the same Assembly, I was one of 
the Commissioners for disposing of the money granted 
to the crown and have been several times a Commissioner 
to treat with the Indians, and when Sir William Howe 
took possession of the City of Philadelphia, at his re- 
quest I undertook the office of Superintendent of the 
Police of the City of Philadelphia and its suburbs, of the 
Port and of the prohibited Articles." 

In answer to a question as to whether he "knew any- 
thing of the disposition of the other revolted Colonies" 
besides Pennsylvania, and as to whether, "from the suc- 
cesses of the British army, they were disposed to peace, 
or did they still remain sanguine in their hopes of main- 
taining their independence," Galloway said: "I had 
very good opportunities of knowing the state of the 
Middle Colonies, in which I include New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Delaware Coun- 
ties, and Virginia." Further, that "gentlemen of for- 
tune and integrity came to me [at Philadelphia] from 
all parts of these Colonies, from whom I made it my 
particular business to learn the state of the disposition 
of the people of those Colonies," adding that he was 
"informed by them all that the panic extended to all) 
those parts, and that at that time verj/few indeed enter- 
tained hopes of supporting the independence." And, 

^ The French and Indian War. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 81 

at another period of the inquiry, in answer to a question 
as to why he had not resigned from the Continental 
Congress, if he were, as he asserted, "opposed to a resolu- 
tion approving the opposition made by the inhabitants 
of Massachusetts Bay to the late Acts of Parliament," 
he stated that he "proposed to Mr. Duane to leave the 
Congress," and that "could I have prevailed on him to 
leave the Congress with me, or had not my friends 
unanimously advised me that my personal safety would 
be in danger, I should certainly have left the Congress." 
And, in the light of subsequent events, it may be re- 
marked in passing that this last quoted statement of 
Galloway's is an admirable tribute to the loyalty and 
devotion to the cause of American liberty of James 
Duane, son of the County Galway Irishman, Anthony 
Duane. 

These statements, of themselves, show that Galloway 
was particularly well qualified to testify on American 
affairs, especially as to the make-up of the Revolu- 
tionary forces raised south and west of the Hudson 
River, if not in all parts of the Colonies. In his an- 
swers to interrogatories of members of the committee, 
he referred to his having exchanged views from time to 
time on political affairs with his fellow members of the 
Continental Congress, and showed that, for a while at 
least, he had the confidence of the leading patriots and 
that he had an intimate knowledge of the conditions 
under which the American army was organized. The 
opportunities which he possessed of obtaining informa- 
tion, as shown by his own testimony, the facts stated by 
him, and the prominence with which his views were 



82 A HIDDEN PHASE 

published by writers in his own and later days, have 
made this "examination" a docmnent of much historical 
importance. 

The continued successes of the British arms through- 
out the year 1776 disheartened the Americans and caused 
several leading men in public affairs to waver in their 
steadfastness to the patriot cause, and after the dis- 
astrous defeat at the battle of Long Island on August 
28, 1776, and the capture of Fort Washington on 
November 16th of the same year, Joseph Galloway was 
one of the first of several prominent Americans who 
went over to the British. Galloway was a native of 
Maryland of English descent, and prior to the Revolu- 
tionary War he lived in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 
A loyal subject of England, and a highly talented and 
influential man, he labored zealously to destroy the spirit 
of sedition which, during the agitation over the Stamp 
Act, threatened to sweep all before it. At the time of 
the outbreak of the war he was reputed to be one of the 
wealthiest men in the Colonies, and as Speaker of the 
Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania he used all his 
influence to prevent the spread among his fellow mem- 
bers of the revolutionary movement when he discovered 
it had for its chief object the separation of the Colonies 
from England. He testified that he "came over to the 
royal army in the beginning of December, 1776, and 
continued with it until the evacuation of Philadelphia 
on the eighteenth of June last" (1778) . He then went 
to New York, thence to Connecticut, where he remained 
until October, 1778, and on the last day of that month 
he sailed for England, never to return. His estate in 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 83 

Bucks County was confiscated after he had been at- 
tainted for treason by the Pennsylvania Assembly. 

The Royal Gazette, beginning with number 311, or 
the issue of September 21, 1779, and concluding with 
number 326, or the issue of November 13, 1779, 
published the examination of Joseph Galloway, word 
for word, and in that portion of it printed in the issues 
of October 20 and 27, 1779, are the following questions 
and answers: 

Q. "What proportion of the inhabitants of the revolted Colonies, 
do you think, from principle and choice, supported the present re- 
bellion at any period? 

A. "I don't think that one-fifth part have supported the present 
rebellion. 

Q. "From your knowledge of the people of America, what pro- 
portion of the inhabitants, do you think, at this time would prefer 
a reconciliation with Great Britain, rather than assist in supporting 
American independence ? 

A. "From the experience which the people have had of the 
superlative and excessive tyranny of their new rulers y from the dis- 
tresses they have felt by the ravages of war and the loss of their 
trade ; from the old attachment and I believe an earnest desire to be 
united with this country, I think I may venture to say that many 
more than four-fifths of the people would prefer an union with 
Great Britain upon constitutional principles to that of independence. 

Q. "Were deserters from the rebel army frequent while Sir 
William Howe was in Philadelphia? 

A. "They were frequent — almost daily. I have known forty- 
nine to come in in a day — many days from ten to fifteen. 

Q, "What number do you suppose came into the army at Phila- 
delphia ? 

A. "The deserters were generally sent from headquarters down 
to me for examination ; from me they went to Mr. Story, the officer 
appointed to administer the oath of allegiance. He kept a regular 
account of their numbers, their names and places of nativity, and I 



84. A HIDDEN PHASE 

should think there were upwards of 2^300 qualified at his oflice, 
and I believe on good reason there might have been upwards of 
700 or 800 more qualified; for I often found, on seeing him in the 
evening, that the number I had sent down to him had not gone, so 
that I suppose at least 3000 came in. 

Q. "What was the encouragement held out to induce deserters 
to come over to us ? 

A. "A proclamation was issued by Sir William Howe, offering 
passage home to Ireland or England, their native country, and they 
were generally paid for their arms and accoutrements. 

Q. "That part of the rebel army that enlisted in the service of 
the Congress, were they chiefly composed of natives of America, or 
were the greatest part of them, English, Scotch, and Irish? 

A. "The names and places of their nativity being taken down, I 
can answer the question with precision. There were scarcely one- 
fourth natives of America; about one-half Irish; the other fourth 
were English and Scotch. 

Q. "What is the character that the Provincials serving in the 
British army bear.'' Are they good troops, and have they behaved 
well when employed? 

A. "I have understood, as soon as they are disciplined, they are 
very good troops and have always behaved well. I know of no 
instance to the contrary. That I know to be the opinion of many 
of the military gentlemen. 

Q. "Do you know anything of the army of the rebels in general, 
how that is composed, of what countrymen? 

A. "I judge of that by the deserters that came over." 

Replying to further questions, Galloway said: "The 
deserters were in a manner naked ; they were not clothed 
fit for the inclemency of the season. Some of them had 
linen garments on, and those very ragged and torn; 
some without shoes, very few with whole breeches or 
stockings; in short, they were objects of distress when 
they came down to me to be examined." 

I have had the accompanying photographs taken of 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 85 

the first and second pages of the Royal Gazette of 
October 27, 1779, containing Galloway's reference to 
the racial composition of Washington's army. I believe 
this is the first time that this interesting testimony has 
been reproduced in this way for the information of the 
general reading public, and, coming from such a source 
as the Royal Gazette, it may be accepted as a correct 
and authoritative version of this highly important state- 
ment. The Royal Gazette was published in New York 
by James Rivington, who was "printer to the King's 
Most Excellent Majesty" on this side of the water, and, 
as may be seen from the accompanying reproduction 
of part of one of its issues, it was an official gazette of 
the British government during the period that the enemy 
had possession of the city (1776 to 1783), and it was 
through this channel that the proclamations of the 
generals of the army and other official notices were con- 
veyed to the public. Regardless altogether of the cor- 
rectness or reliability of the assertion that "about one- 
half" of Washington's army were Irish, we can now say 
that the fact that such a statement was made, and that it 
was made under oath by a perfectly trustworthy witness, 
is entirely removed from the realm of conjecture, and let 
us hope that those living historians who have scoffed 
at the idea that testimony of this nature was ever given, 
or, if given, that it could possibly be correct, will have 
the good grace to retract. 

It will be observed from Galloway's testimony that 
his knowledge of "the army of the rebels in general" was 
based partly upon "the number of deserters that came 
over." That remark is one that is apt to be construed 



86 A HIDDEN PHASE 

in different ways by persons lacking knowledge of the 
historic facts, and in a general way, perhaps, to the dis- 
credit of a large number of the soldiers of the Revolution. 
The context shows that when making this statement, 
Galloway was referring to the time when large numbers 
of men left the ranks during the terrible winter of 1777, 
while the ragged remnants of the American army were 
encamped at Valley Forge, and the American cause, as 
Washington himself said, was "on the brink of destruc- 
tion." Thousands of these devoted patriots were shoe- 
less and in rags,^ and while starvation was staring them 
in the face, Continental paper money was all the pay- 
masters had to offer to purchase the necessaries of life 
from the surrounding farmers, most of whom were 
hostile to their cause and refused to accept anything 
but specie for their commodities. 

Galloway's testimony shows that at this time the 
British were "plentifully supplied with provisions," 
while "Washington's army was in extreme distress." 
Some of the American soldiers "had had furloughs to 
go out into the neighborhood to get provisions," but 
they found "the inhabitants were so averse to the meas- 
ures of Congress that they did not supply them."^ The 

^Lafayette says in his Memoirs: "The unfortunate soldiers 
were in want of everything; they had neither coats, nor hats, nor 
shirts, nor shoes; their feet and legs froze till they grew black, 
and it was often necessary to amputate them." (Memoires de 
Lafayette, Vol. I, p. 36.) The men slept on the frozen ground, 
and a committee of Congress, early in. 1778, reported that "sick 
soldiers had died in their huts for lack of straw on which to lie." 

^ While the farmers of the surrounding country voluntarily 
brought and sold their supplies to the British in Philadelphia, they 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 87 

city of Philadelphia, then in possession of the British, 
and only a comparatively short distance from the 
American camp, was an inviting haven in such terrible 
extremity, and thither many of the hmnan wrecks went 
in the guise of "deserters" and obtained temporary re- 
lief from their sufferings. Besides, men who had enlisted 
for three, six, or nine months were constantly coming 
and going as their terms had expired. They were paid 
off in Continental paper money, and many of them, 
being without currency or proper clothing, drifted into 
Philadelphia in search of employment or the wherewithal 
to keep body and soul together. The situation in Phila- 
delphia, however, was not favorable to any accession 
to the population. Many of the patriotic merchants 
and manufacturers had long since fled the city and busi- 
ness was in a chaotic state; so that, when the returned 
soldiers found no means of employment, they naturally 
resorted to the pretence of being "deserters from the 
rebel army." Galloway testified that "at least 3000" de- 
serters from Washington's army came into Philadelphia, 
and he estimated that "perhaps half as many more might 
have deserted into the country to their friends." But, 
in course of time, the majority of these men managed to 
find their way back to their former allegiance, for long 
before the summer days of 1778 had begun, a renewed 
hope sprang up in their breasts and Washington's army 
had again been recruited, largely by the return of the 

left the patriot army to starve, and the few provisions Washington 
had were obtained mainly by raiding the loyalist supply wagons on 
their way to Philadelphia. (See The True History of the American 
Revolution, by Sidney George Fisher, p. 236.) 



88 A HIDDEN PHASE 

very men whom the British had regarded as weaned 
away from the "rebel" cause. To a large extent, proof 
of this fact is obtainable, not only by comparison of the 
muster-rolls of the American army prior to its encamp- 
ment at Valley Forge with the same rolls as they existed 
just before the battle of Monmouth, but by the fact 
that when Howe evacuated Philadelphia in June, 1778, 
the "stragglers" of the previous winter from the Ameri- 
can camp did not accompany the British troops. 

Examinations of records of courts-martial, orderly 
books, and letters from commanding officers also indicate 
that at this time the abuse of the privilege of the furlough 
was a matter of considerable concern to the military 
chiefs ; and so grave did the situation appear to General 
Washington, that we find him writing to General Heath 
from Valley Forge on April 8, 1778, demanding that he 
"issue positive orders for every man belonging to the 
regiments of your State [Massachusetts] whose fur- 
loughs have expired to join their corps under pain of 
being treated as deserters." * As a rule, the records of 
courts-martial show that the "deserter" was accused of 
"absenting himself from his quarters without leave," but 
the crime of "desertion" as such was mentioned com- 
paratively seldom, and in the sentence imposed on the 
oiFender it was usually ordered "that the prisoner be 
returned to duty." And we even find many instances 
of men listed among the "deserters," but whose names 
at some later time appear in the records among the 
"killed" or "wounded" of the American army. 

* Washington's Letters to Heath, in Massachusetts Historical So- 
ciety Collections, Vol. IV, p. 84. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 89 

Numerous cases are recorded of "deserters" who re- 
turned to their commands after a lapse of time, and we 
find an example of this in a list of men, from the 
muster-roll of Captain Richard Brown's company of 
the First Battalion of Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regi- 
ment, who were reported by Lieutenant James Holms 
under date of October 1, 1776, in the following manner: 

"Michael McKittrick Desert'd and Returnt 

Hugh Henry Desert'd and Returnt 

Daniel Mclntire Desert'd and Returnt 

George Morris Desert'd and Returnt 

James Kelly Desert'd and Returnt 

John Dougherty Desert'd and Returnt 

Job Riley Desert'd and Returnt 

Michael Cowin Desert'd and Returnt" 

In the same report Lieutenant Holms included three 
other "deserters," but made no mention that they had 
"returnt," and in two of these cases it is clear that they 
did not return to Captain Brown's company, but later 
joined other units of the Pennsylvania forces. These 
men were thus recorded by Lieutenant Holms : 

"Mark Welsh Desert'd September 23rd 

Daniel McGuire Desert'd September 12th 

Miles Ryan Desert'd September 12th" 

The roll of Captain Brown's company as it stood at 
different dates is given in the Pennsylvania Archives, 
and in the very next muster following the one in which 
the foregoing entries were made the name of Mark 
Welsh appears, indicating that in the meantime he had 
returned to duty. As to Daniel McGuire, while there 



90 A HIDDEN PHASE 

is an unaccountable lapse of time in his record between 
September, 1776, and April, 1778, he is shown under the 
latter date as enlisting in his "home company," namely, 
the Sixth Company of the First Battalion of Cumber- 
land County Militia, as a substitute for one William 
Strain ; and on the muster-roll of Captain John Doyle's 
company of the Sixth Regiment of the Line, which was 
largely raised in Cumberland County, the same Daniel 
McGuire appears as an enlisted man under date of 
September 9, 1778. Under date of September 8, 1778, 
Miles Ryan reappears on the roll of Captain John Mar- 
shall's company of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, 
commanded by Colonel Walter Stewart. 

A list of "Desertions from the First Regiment of the 
Pennsylvania Line," in the American Historical Regis- 
ter (volumes 2 and 3), includes the following: 

Deserted Returned 

Names Where When Where When 

Matthew McAnnally James Isl. July 4 Philadelphia July 28 

Patrick McCarlin ditto July 1 

Charles Connor ditto July 4 

Thomas Doyle Elk July 30 

Edward Lyons Elk July 3 

In all cases the men who absented themselves from 
their commands were not put down as "deserters," for 
some appear under the head of "absent without leave," 
which was, in effect, th^ same thing. For example, we 
find such entries as this: "Michael Spelissey, absent 
without leave," so recorded by Lieutenant Bernard 
Ward of Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion, 



ditto 


August 


ditto 


August 


ditto 


August 


ditto 


July 28 



A. 1779- DEBATES. 

o_ W'.iui'.l you trufl the new conquells In Georgia to tuat 

.\. I w\i\i tlic committee would enquire of the honourable 
•nu';nrcr I have .'ijlutk-i! to. " 

'.K Might Halifax be truflccl"to tint dcfet\cc \vithout any 
Kin-'s troops r _ _ . 

A. The Provincials at Halifax arc very few ; the country 
is not firoir^ yer. 

(j^._ Do you, ns an cxpciiencec! niilitary innn, ant! know- 
in;; in the circuiivftanccs of that country, 'tliink that one con- 
f;.fcra'>!c place In Anic-rica, that was an objcft to the cncasy 
taatf;ick, could he liUVly entriiftcd to the now cxifting pro- 
sincinl troops in Bririfli pay, alone and unlupportcd i)y his 
M^jefty's-BritiCii orCicrinan troops ? 

A. 1 have a very good opinion of the provincial troop«, 

.-•nu iKiVc no reafon to doubt of tlieir tidelity or courage; 

«!,(.-! ever there is a fort that their nuiubcrs could properly 

occupy, I believe they would make a good defence. 

Q^ Would it be advik-able to cnmnut it to ihcir defence ? 

A. Tro(.ps on dilllrcnt eftab'.ilbmenfs a^'.ng together, 

create an emulation, and polTiiiiy would aft btft \vhen joined. 

Q^jcHion repeated. 

A, I have faid, a mixed body makes the heft garrlfon, and 
therefore I would take the bcfl n)el;5j)d. 
Q^ Could it be fafciy done r 

A. I have no fufpscion of \licm ; and if I was' under a 
rccciiity, 1 fhouid have no d:fnder,ce of them, but I Ihould 
t.'ke the mcalurc I thought bclh 

Qi How are the provincial corps compofcd ; whether 
«nc;ft!y of native Americans, o.- from emigrants from varioii* 
•'.ntioii^of Europe ? 

A. 5jo:nc of the corps confift moftlv of natives ; others, 
HkTicvc the greatcft number, arc cnlilled from fuch people 
tliai can be got in the country, and many of them may be 
emigrants: ortr force is not dtftincruiflicd from the rebels in 
'aat circun.ftance. I remember \icncral Lee telling me, 
that he believed half the rebel army were from Ireland ? 

Q^ ^^y file rebel a rmv, did Gener.il Lee mean the conti- 
ficntal army or miiiiia ? 
A. I mean the ooiitinontab army. 

Q; Arc the Provincials in the King's fcxvice generally 
cHiccrcd by Americans of prc^pcrty m that cduntry ? 

A. I remember great numbers : moft of tlic officers that 
«c put at the head of the rosnmcnts were men -of the heft 
^ '^ ^. intiuchce 



TESTIMONY' OF >IAJOR- GENERAL ROBERTSON 

FROM PARLIAMENTARY REGISTER OR PROCEEDINGS 
AND DEBATES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. VOLUME 2111 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 91 

under date of September, 1776, at which time the bat- 
talion was stationed at King's Bridge, New York. While 
it is apparent that Michael Spelissey was not as amena- 
ble to discipline as a good soldier ought to be, he was 
not unfaithful to his country, for his name appears 
on the roll of Captain Robert Gray's company of the 
Pennsylvania State Regiment commanded by Major 
Lewis Farmer, when mustered in at Red Bank, New 
Jersey, on May 9, 1777, and in a later certificate by 
"Ludovick Sprogell, Commissary General of Musters," 
he is recorded as "sick in Philadelphia." 

In some cases the record reads, "supposed deserted,'* 
an instance of this being the case of Dcimis Mahony, 
who was thought to have deserted from Captain Thomas 
Holland's company of Colonel David Hall's Delaware 
Regiment of the Line in July, 1777. It was found, 
however, that Mahony had actually been captured by 
the enemy "in the affair at Staten Island," so his name 
appears on the same company roll of the month of 
October, 1777, with this marginal notation: "missing 
on Staten Island, 22 August." The case of Private 
John Duffy of the same regiment furnishes another 
example. This man's name appears on the rolls all 
through the year 1777, when it was suddenly dropped, 
but reappears in Captain Kirkwood's return for the 
month of August, 1778, with an explanatory notation 
reading: "Returned from desertion, 3 August, 1778." 
Since there is no record of a court-martial or of any 
punishment meted out to Private Duffy for his delin- 
quency, it is clear that his superiors did not regard his 
absence as that of "desertion." 



92 'A HIDDEN PHASE 

In the Records of Service of Connecticut Men in the 
War of the Revolution^ several soldiers are down as 
"deserters." One entry under this head reads: "A 
number of men entered as deserters about December 1 
explained in petitions that they had no intention of de- 
serting, but believed that their term had expired. The 
Assembly ordered them to be paid for full time." Part 
of the record of Thomas Duffy, private in Captain 
Smith's Company, Eighth Regiment of the Connecti- 
cut Line, reads thus: "Enlisted April 18, 1777, for the 
duration of the war; deserted July 10, 1779; rejoined; 
discharged December 6, 1781." Private James Murphy 
of the Sixth Troop, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dra- 
goons, also belongs to the same category. His record 
reads in part: "Enlisted April 11, 1777, from the Town 
of Wethersfield; occupation, farmer; deserted and re- 
turned." Private Powers of the same troop "enlisted 
April 22, 1780; deserted and returned, 1781." 

John Barry of HoUiston, Massachusetts, who enlisted 
in Colonel John Vose's regiment in February, 1778, was 
reported "a deserter" on October 25, 1778, but his name 
appears on the muster-roll in the following month, and 
in April, 1779, he was reported "sick at Attleborough." 

In the muster-roll of Colonel Shepard's Fourth Mas- 
sachusetts Regiment, Private Charles Casey was thus 
entered: "Deserted January 15, 1777, at Peekskill; a 
foreigner," but the same man's name is on a "return of 
men enlisted into the Continental Army for Captain 
Nathan Hamilton's company of Colonel Converse's 

^ Compiled by authority of the General Assembly and published 
at Hartford, Connecticut, 1889- 



. i 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 93 

Fourth Worcester County, Mass., Regiment, sworn to at 
Brookfield, February 17, 1778." 

The record of Jeremiah Keefe shows that he enlisted 
"for the period of the war" from Londonderry, New 
Hampshire, in Colonel Joseph Vose's Massachusetts 
Regiment on January 1, 1777; "reported deserted, Octo- 
ber 17, 1778; returned September 26, 1779." 

David Kelley, of Colonel Ebenezer Sprout's Massa- 
chusetts Regiment, "reported deserted January 21, 
1777," again appears on the muster-roll of Captain Jo- 
seph Jenkins' company of Colonel Samuel Brewer's 
Massachusetts Regiment in a return dated "Camp near 
Valley Forge, January 23, 1778." 

John Ryan is "reported deserted June 7, 1777," from 
Colonel John Bailey's Massachusetts regiment, yet the 
same man's name appears on a return of Captain Jacob 
Allen's company of the same regiment, dated "Camp 
iValley Forge, January 24, 1778." 

On the record of Richard Ryan, who enlisted in Cap- 
tain Mills' company of Colonel Joseph Vose's regiment 
on January 1, 1777, there is an entry reading "reported 
deserted but returned." As the date of his discharge was 
January 7, 1783, and the cause "disabled by a rupture," 
it is seen that he actually served six years in the Revolu- 
tionary army after his "desertion." 

The record of Charles McCormick of Colonel John 
Bailey's Massachusetts regiment reads in part as fol- 
lows: "Reported deserted November 18, 1778, but re- 
enlisted for the war April 17, 1779, in Colonel Hazen's 
regiment." 

Daniel McBride was "reported deserted July 20, 



94 A HIDDEN PHASE 

1777," from a Massachusetts regiment, yet the very next 
day he is thus recorded: "Daniel McBride; rank, pri- 
vate; engaged July 21, 1777; term, three years," in 
Colonel William H. Lee's regiment, and the pay-rolls 
show that he served out his full term. 

John Cam, of the Fifth New York Regiment of the 
Continental Line, is thus recorded in the 31iUtary Reg- 
ister: 

"Enlisted, August 1, 1778; deserted December 1, 1778; rejoined 
and transferred to Sappers and Miners, August 1, 1780." 

In some cases "deserters" were so recorded through 
misunderstanding or through the keeping of improper 
records. For example, John Quin, a private soldier in 
Colonel John Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment of the 
Line, was reported "deserted" in June, 1777, yet in the 
record there also appears a certificate signed by Captain 
Crumpston of the same regiment that "said Quin was 
in the service on or before August 15, 1777, and had not 
been absent except by leave of proper authority." On 
the reverse of this certificate Mrs. Sarah Greaton certi- 
fied that "said Quin was a servant to Colonel Greaton 
and was on furlough until his return," and on the 
strength of this the Massachusetts Council of War, on 
February 24, 1779, allowed Private Quin "a gratuity." 

A similar case was that of Private Daniel Driskel, 
of Colonel John Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment, who 
was "reported deserted from Philipsburgh, N. J., July 
26, 1781" ; yet a later entry in the rolls shows that he "re- 
turned to regiment, was not deserted, but had his fur- 
lough lengthened by Col. Brooks." Another entry reads: 



m 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 95 

"Daniel Driskil, Ireland; reported furloughed for fifty 
days; also reported deserted February 28, 1781," but 
his name reappears on the roll for May, 1781, at West 
Point, New York. 

These are but individual instances of many similar 
ones which appear in the Revolutionary muster-rolls 
of the various States, and which justify the conclusion 
before arrived at, that the term "deserter," as used in 
the official records, was not always intended or meant 
in its modern sense. 

This does not mean, of course, that there were no 
deserters from the American army, for there were, just 
as there have been from all armies and at all times ; but 
the term "deserter" was not then always intended in its 
literal sense, and should not now be so construed. Fre- 
quently, when there was a lull in the fighting, soldiers 
detached themselves from their commands and returned 
to their families,® especially in the harvest time, and after 
bringing in the crops or repairing the ravages caused 
by the war to their homes, or attending to other family 
matters, they rejoined the army, but not always the same 
company or regiment. The official publication entitled 
New York in the Revolution furnishes an explanation 

® General Montgomery, in a letter to Robert R. Livingston of 
New York, dated Quebec, December 17, 1775, complained of "the 
universal rage for going home" on the part of the New England 
troops. See the Livingston MS. Letters at the New York Public 
Library. General St. Clair, in a letter to General Schuyler from 
Ticonderoga, June 13, 1777, in referring to the New Hampshire 
militia regiments, said: "The men go off whenever they please." 
(See Schuyler Papers in the New York Historical Society Collec- 
tions, Vol. for 1879.) 



96 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of this: "The word 'deserted' written after the name of 
a Revolutionary soldier must not be taken too seriously. 
Frequently the men absented themselves to gather crops, 
to attend a sick wife, or bury a child, but it is found that 
the soldier generally returned and was again taken up 
on the rolls." ^ And an explanatory note in the Pennsyl- 
vania Archives f relative to the number of men on the 
rolls who were recorded as "deserted," says: "Many, if 
not all, of those marked 'deserted' were simply 'absent 
without leave' and subsequently 'returned to duty'"; 
in the Archives, also, referring to "deserters," I find this 
foot-note: "The fact of a soldier being marked on one 
roll deserted, amounted to nothing, because they usually 
returned after a few months' absence." The same state- 
ment is made in the Archives of Maryland.^ 

This is best shown by a comparison of the names on 
the rolls at different dates, with short intervals between. 
One finds, for example, that a company muster-roll on 
a given date would comprise certain men, but when we 
examine the list of men in the same company as it stood 
some few months later, a number of names may be 
missing, and with nothing in evidence, such as a battle 
taking place in the meantime, to explain the apparent 
defection from the ranks. But in numerous instances 
there are means of identifying such men, especially in 
the case of odd or uncommon names, and it is a very 

' The Muster-Rolls of the New York Revolutionary Regiments, 
compiled by James Roberts, State Comptroller, from the Archives 
of the Secretary of State; Albany, 1898. 

« 6th Ser., Vol. II, p. 873. 

» Introduction to Vol. XVIII. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 97 

simple thing and requires only a little patience to trace 
the missing men and locate their whereabouts. Some- 
times we find these so-called "deserters" in another com- 
pany of the same regiment, or in another regiment of 
the same brigade, or perhaps in an entirely different 
regiment attached to another brigade which, at the time 
they reenlisted, may have been operating in the same sec- 
tion of the country. No one reading the extracts quoted 
from Galloway's testimony, therefore, need be shocked 
at his allusion to "deserters" ; for, as a rule, there is no 
discredit in this statement to the so-called "deserters," no 
matter of what nationality. On the other hand, no one 
should rail at these "deserters" without understanding 
what the term then meant. ^^ 

^° Every regiment had its "deserters." In an account by Colonel 
Donald Campbell of the operations in Canada, dated March 28, 
1776, he said that from Arnold's and Livingston's detachments, 
comprised respectively of New England and New York troops, "the 
soldiers are deserting by tens, twenties, and thirties." See Living- 
ston MS. Letters, fol. 171, at New York Public Library. 



CHAPTER VII 

FALSE STATEMENTS REFUTED 

Galloway antagonistic to the Irish. Henry Cabot Lodge's state- 
ments disproved. Major-General Robertson's examination be- 
fore the Parliamentary committee. Statement of General 
Charles Lee. The letters of Galloway, Clinton, and Serle. 
"The emigrants from Ireland our most serious antagonists." 
Diary of Major Joshua Pell. Illuminating testimony of the 
presence of large bodies of Irish in Washington's army. The 
American loyalists. 

ALTHOUGH the author of a statement that is 
highly creditable to the patriotism of the Irish, 
Galloway cannot be accused of Irish leanings. As a mat- 
ter of fact, he seems to have had a positive aversion to 
the Irish in America, for he associated them with what 
he called "the turbulent element," and more than once 
he publicly denounced the continual agitation of the 
Pennsylvania and Maryland Irish, not only in matters 
affecting "land rights" and their alleged encroachments 
upon the domains of the Indian tribes, but for their 
clamorous demand that the Colonies throw off all con- 
nection with what he called "the mother country." In 
one of his speeches he referred to them as "dangerous 
characters, responsible for the Stamp Act disturb- 
ances"; he ridiculed their "republican principles," and 
on another occasion he vehemently denounced in the 
Assembly the so-called "Paxton rioters," who, in the 

98 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 99 

year 1764, killed a number of Indians at Conestoga, in 
Lancaster County. And when we read the various ver- 
sions of this incident that are given to us by Pennsyl- 
vania historians, who tell us that the white settlers of the 
district were "Scotch- Irish," we see at once that Gallo- 
way, in his criticism, aimed particularly at the Irish. 
Henry Cabot Lodge, in his History of the English 
Colonies in America, makes some adverse criticism of 
those ante-Revolutionary Irish of Pennsylvania whom 
Galloway denounced, when he says: "They were an idle, 
quarrelsome, and disorderly class, always at odds with 
the Government." Why a gentleman of the standing 
and responsibility of Mr. Lodge should make such a 
sweeping and obviously false statement has never been 
understood. 

If the Pennsylvania Irish were "idle," we wonder how 
they thrived, for they did thrive; and we wonder still 
more at the temerity of those who wrote the county and 
town histories of that province, in which it is shown that 
the Irish built the roads, bridged the streams, hewed 
down the virgin forests, founded settlements and towns 
to which they gave their names and the names of their 
home places in Ireland, and, in many sections of Penn- 
sylvania, so changed the face of the country as to turn 
it from a howling wilderness into a place fit for man's 
abode. How such an indictment can be brought against 
a people whose men are industrious, whose women are 
virtuous, and whose sons blazed the trail of civilization 
in the days when only men of stout hearts and willing 
hands could survive, is beyond the comprehension of 
one who has examined the records of the period! 



100 A HIDDEN PHASE 

And the Irish were ''disorderly and at odds with tht 
Government"! The admission has since been forcec 
from Mr. Lodge ^ that that was simply his "opinion,' 
and an opinion not predicated upon the records nor upor 
any special study of the conditions under which thos( 
people lived. The Irish, it is well known, are a sturdy 
self-willed, and aggressive people. They are an inde- 
pendent, self-reliant people, too, when not laboring 
under adverse political conditions, as they were, and are 
to-day in their native land. In ante-Revolutionary dayi 
they were, doubtless, "at odds with the Government.' 
So were all good Americans in those days, for, be it re 
membered, the Irish immigrants brought with them t( 
this country bitter memories of English persecution 
and when the Revolutionary War came on they anc 
their children made England pay dearly for her oppres 
sions in Ireland. 

And well they proved their fidelity to the land o: 
their adoption, although historians like Mr. Lodge an 
unwilling to give them credit. When, for example, oi 
April 12, 1779, the Supreme Executive Council of Penn 
sylvania issued an order for the sale of the property o: 
all persons in that province accused of treason, the nam( 
of not one person who lived in Cumberland County ii 
found on the list ! The significance of this is that Cum 
berland County was peopled almost entirely by Irisl 
settlers, which statement can be verified by referenc< 
to the Colonial Records.^ 

"Disorderliness" in those days was very often synony 

* In a letter to the author. 
2 Vol. IX. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 101 

mous with antagonism to the British government. 
There wa^ a large and influential element among the 
people loyal to the crown who wanted no change from 
the existing form of government, and who looked upon 
the agitators as a "disorderly" class. Witness the thirty 
thousand or more loyalists who migrated to Canada, 
and those other thousands who returned to England. 
The restless Irish were among this "disorderly" element. 
They chafed under British domination in America, as 
they did in their native land. It was a hard matter to 
induce some to take part in "demonstrations" against 
the British. To be a patriot was not as popular as peo- 
ple nowadays are disposed to think, and in the begin- 
ning, before any fighting took place, it was principally 
those who, from previous environment, were opposed to 
the British under all circumstances, that had the temer- 
ity to take part in the agitation which led up to the out- 
break of 1775. And it is an historic fact that it was 
Charles Thomson,^ of the race that Mr. Lodge has de- 
famed, who was the first to raise his voice in Pennsyl- 
vania against the iniquities of the Stamp Act. 

Who could they have been who were so bitterly op- 
posed to the British? Who were the malcontents in 
Pennsylvania who were foremost in stirring up the strife 
which led up to the final resort to arms ? In short, who 
were they, above all other Europeans, that made the 
Revolution possible? Mr. Lodge knows but declines to 
give them credit. They were mainly "the disorderly 
Irish"! 

The Irisli were "an undesirable element," also says 

^ Thomson was a native of Maghera, County Derry, Ireland. 



102 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Mr. Lodge. Yet who were the schoolmasters of the 
Colonies? In the noble category of teachers of the 
Colonial youth, as can be proven by authentic records 
and early town histories, natives of Ireland predomi- 
nated in many sections of the country, and in some places 
the youth had no one to teach them their letters but im- 
migrant Irish schoolmasters! 

This was the class whom Joseph Galloway in the hey- 
day of his power despised, but to whom, when placed 
upon the witness-stand before an English tribunal, he 
paid the highest tribute that could be bestowed upon the 
patriotism of any single element of the Colonial popu- 
lation. 

The statement of Galloway as to the proportion of 
Irishmen in the Revolutionary army is supported by evi- 
dence given at the same inquiry by Major-General 
James Robertson, who had served in the British army 
in America for twenty years prior to the outbreak of the 
Revolution. The Royal Gazette did not print the testi- 
mony of General Robertson, but it is found in the official 
English publication. The Parliamentary Register^ or 
History of the Proceedings and Debates of the 
House of Commons} That there was no more com- 
petent witness to testify on American military af- 
fairs than General Robertson will be noted from 
the accompanying photographic reproduction of a por- 
tion of his testimony from the Parliamentary Reg- 
ister. Prior to his taking the stand. Lord George Ger- 
main announced that Robertson's "long residence in 
America, upwards of twenty-four years, his high and 

* London, 1779- 



Iifidtnet ^Maioa GENEt al RoiraTsoir 



Exan'ntil ly Mr, Jtrtrir, 

June 9'A^ 1779. 

Mr. Barkt. The Iwal Prorinc'.als in arms, amounted to between fire arid 

fix thoufaAd. He did not know the ntimber of the Rebels. 

The iova! Americans coniifted of corps,' fome of them moftljr 

compoied of native Americaut, fome moftly compofcd of emi- 

);rant» from Great Britain, Inlnud, and other parts of Europe. 

Half ttk« R«W He had heard that full one half of the rebel army was ccmpol^ 

■haj Xridk ej of irifl,. jfe did not believe, that if the roval troops wete 

withdrawn from within his own government, (New- York) that 

the loyal Provincial militaiy would be able to maintain: their 



ova Scotia was very weak m pomt « 
fence, fo would Rhode Ifland if evacuated. He could not 
ak of the Carolina:^, Georgia, Canada, &:c. but there were 
ftrcral Gentlemen, Members of that Houf?, who could give 
* full fatisfa(fhon-on thofe points. The loyalifts though more: 

numerous, were unarmed, and the powers of«governmcnt Hacj 
Ttro rfiirih sf been ufurped. Two thirds of the people, though well affefied 
thf Americans to the Britiih ^vemment, were not a match for the other third 
J»yiL if armed, and m poffeffion of the civil government. The loyal 

- Provincials were good troops, and well difciplined. He believ- 
. cd the Congrefs did ifiue orders for arming all the inhabitantsV 
but thofe who had the power in their hands, difarmcd every 
perfon whom they fulpedtcd. If one third were for Great Bri- 
tain, another for the Congrefi, and a third partly neutral, the 
Gongrefs part would prevail for the rcafon before affigned: not 
that Tie thought that an inferior number, and in every re/pe£t 
vpon equal terms with a fuperior number, could give law to the 
fuperior number. - 

Taxation was the caufe of the rebellion ; the people in gene- 
ral (hewing an averiion to be taxed. If taxation had been gi- 
->en up, no rebellion would ever have happened. The people 
-~ were zealoufly attached, before that claim was enforced, to the 
-- Britiih government. 
i»jA:kmKn^ Sir William Howe was earnef^, and took crery niethod to 
cans plonjcicd. prevent plunder, but plunder was committed. The loyal A* 
' mericaos were not properly protected, nor the neceflaryjneaas . 
taken for their fafety. The General had taken every means in 
his power to protcd them, but his.endeavoon had not always 
. proved fucceisfiil. _ - 



R£PRODUC£D BY A A/A/ A FRA/VCES L£V'/^S 

FACSIMILE OF PAGE FROM A VIEW OF THE EVIDENCE 
RELATIVE TO THE CONDUCT OF THE AMERICAN WAR, 
AS GIVEN BEFORE A COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF 
COMMONS LAST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT LONDONJ779. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 103 

deserved rank in the service, and his being present on 
the spot when the rebelhon broke out, furnished him 
with every reason to expect that his evidence would be 
accurate and important, and that he was in every way, 
from his long experience and local residence, enabled to 
give the most satisfactory information to the Commit- 
tee." And the testimony clearly shows that Robertson 
had excellent opportunities for obtaining a thorough 
understanding of the causes underlying the Revolution 
and of the class of people who upheld its principles and 
fought for its establishment and preservation. 

The official transcript of the evidence, as printed in 
the Parliamentary Register, shows that General Robert- 
son was examined on the 8th of June, 1779, and, in 
answer to a question by Lord George Germain, said 
that, in his opinion, "more than two-thirds of the people 
would prefer the King's Government to the Congress' 
tyranny." ^ Asked "whether the inhabitants of Amer- 
ica have shown a willingness to take up arms in the pres- 
ent contest, and if the Congress found it easy to recruit 
their armies," Roberston said: "I can only answer from 
observations I have made on other facts. The armies 
have not filled, and from publications I have seen, there 
is no doubt but that they have often threatened to 
draft their militia." ^ 

To Edmund Burke's inquiry, "How are the provincial 
corps composed; whether mostly of native Americans, 
or from emigrants from various nations of Europe?" 
General Robertson replied: "Some of the corps con- 

^ Parliamentary Register, Vol. XIII, p. 276. 
« Ibid., p. 276. 



104 A HIDDEN PHASE 

sisted mostly of natives ; and others, I believe the great- 
est number, are enlisted from such people that can be 
got in the country, and many of them may be emigrants. 
Our force is not distinguished from the rebels in that 
circumstance. I remember General Lee telling me that 
he believed half the rebel army were from Ireland." ^ 
Burke further asked, "By the rebel army, did General 
Lee mean the Continental army?" and Robertson re- 
plied, "I mean the Continental army." ^ 

I have had the accompanying photographs made of 
the title-page of the Parliamentary Register and of that 
part of it where this interesting testimony appears, as 
well as of some pages of a book printed in London in 
1779, entitled: "A View of the Evidence Relative to the 
Conduct of the American War under Sir William 
Howe, Lord Viscount Howe, and General Burgoyne, 
as given before a Committee of the House of Commons 
last session of Parliament." In this book the testimony 
is given in summary form only, but it will be observed 
that it agrees fully with the verbatim report printed in 
the Parliamentary Register. 

The Lee referred to by General Robertson was 
Major-General Charles Lee, second in command of the 
Continental army, who was appointed to that post im- 
mediately after the battle of Bunker Hill. For three 

^ Parliamentary Register, Vol. XIII, p. 305. 

® In the New York Colonial Manuscripts, Vol. VIII, p. 805, there 
is a long report from a spy to the English commandant at New 
York, dated September 4, 1780, in which he said: "The American 
army is certainly an army on which there can be no dependence. 
The Continentals are less than half of it, and one-half of them are 
Europeans." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 105 

years he was active in the operations through New Eng- 
land and the Middle and Southern Colonies, and having 
come in contact with the various divisions of the army, 
he undoubtedly had opportunities to form opinions of 
its personnel. Although a brilliant soldier, his career 
ended in obscurity, if not in shame; for after the battle 
of Monmouth in June, 1778, he was arrested by order 
of Washington for disobedience to his commands, and 
after trial by court-martial was suspended from the 
army. He removed to Philadelphia for a time, and no 
doubt it was there that Robertson met him, for the testi- 
mony shows that the latter was stationed in Philadelphia 
in 1778. 

We can only conjecture the reasons for Lee's inform- 
ing Robertson of the proportion of Irishmen in the 
American army. Between the two Englishmen there 
was a natural bond of sympathy, and as both had served 
several years in the British army in America, during 
the French and Indian War, it is more than probable 
that they were well acquainted, if not friends. When 
they met again in Philadelphia, the composition of the 
American army, as a matter of course, would be a nat- 
ural subject of conversation, and in discussing the prog- 
ress of the war and its probable outcome the English 
general would naturally inquire as to the character of 
the material comprising the opposing forces. But, in 
whatever way it came about, we may be reasonably sure 
that when Lee stated to Robertson that he "believed 
half the rebel army were from Ireland," he said what 
he believed to be the fact. And when considered with 
the testimony of Galloway, it is unquestionably very 



106 A HIDDEN PHASE 

flattering to Irish-American pride, and many will be 
disposed to accept it as "the last word" on the subject. 

It is to be assmned also that Robertson himself be- 
lieved that Lee's estimate was not overdrawn, for other- 
wise he would not consider it of sufficient moment to 
introduce at so important an inquiry. If by any pos- 
sibility the point should be raised that General Lee's 
statement was only a guess or was made without due 
consideration of its import, no one can gainsay the fact 
that all three, Galloway, Robertson, and Lee, were com- 
petent judges of the situation — Lee by personal con- 
tact with the personnel of the patriot army, and Gallo- 
way and Robertson by their observations of the dispo- 
sition of the people toward independence. 

While I believe that Galloway's estimate was to some 
extent exaggerated, yet there is in existence documen- 
tary evidence substantiating his and other similar state- 
ments that a large proportion of the "rebel army" were 
Irish ; and not only that, but that the Irish element were 
regarded by the English commanders as among their 
"most serious antagonists." This evidence is contained 
in official reports and letters from army officers and 
others in America to their superiors in London, written 
during the course of the war, which are on file in the 
archives of the Public Record Office in England, the 
Royal Institution, the Tower of London, the British 
Museum, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and 
some in private collections in the possession of titled 
families in England, and at the Bureau des Affaires 
Etrangeres in Paris. In this collection there are sev- 
eral thousand letters and reports bearing upon the Revo- 



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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 107 

lutionary War, mostly from the English standpoint, and 
in many of these references are found relating to Ire- 
land and to the Irish in America. 

One of these very interesting docmnents is an official 
report dated New York, September 25, 1776, from 
Ambrose Serle to the Earl of Dartmouth, the English 
Secretary of State. Serle was private secretary to Lord 
Dartmouth and was sent to this country in 1776 as con- 
fidential agent of the English cabinet, and his reports 
show that he accompanied the army for two years and 
was very busily engaged in gathering information about 
the state of the country and the condition of both armies. 
Joseph GaUoway, in a letter to Lord Dartmouth, dated 
June 21, 1778, referred to Serle's "unwearied attentions 
in securing first-hand information" and stated that "he 
had more knowledge of American affairs than any other 
person that I have ever known to have visited this coun- 
try." In Ambrose Serle's report of September 25, 1776, 
a facsimile of part of which is here reproduced, besides 
many other interesting sidelights on the Revolutionary 
War, will be noted the following passage: 

"Great Numbers of Emigrants, particularly Irish, are in the 
Rebel Army, some by Choice and many for mere Subsistence. They 
have also many transported Felons, who have exchanged Ignominy 
and Servitude for a Sort of Honor and Ease, by entering among 
them. This is a further Argument against the Transportation of 
such people from England in future. Confinement to hard Labor 
at Home might answer some valuable Purposes there, and would 
be a real Punishment to the Convicts. Here, they do Great Britain 
much Injury, by bringing over Numbers and Trades, and so adding 
strength, already too great, to the Force of America against her." 



108 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Mr. Serle's characterization of the Irish political refu- 
gees as "convicts," and his recommendation that those 
of the same way of thinking at home be subjected to 
"punishment," are not surprising. But that he unques- 
tionably knew his business is indicated by his advice to 
his government to exercise its authority by prohibiting 
the departure of any more Irishmen to America, where 
they would "do Great Britain much injury" by "adding 
strength to the force of America against her." His 
statement as to "the Irish in the Rebel Army" was cor- 
roborated by Joshua Pell, an English army officer, who 
recorded in his Diary under date of June 1, 1776, this 
significant though amusing entry: "The Rebels consist 
chiefly of Irish Redemptioners and Convicts, the most 
audacious rascals existing." * Pell's Diary shows that he 
was only a short time in America when he discovered 
this interesting fact; and in describing a brush with the 
"rebels" at Trois Rivieres he said: "The rebel Generals 
that commanded were Thompson ^^ and O'Sullivan." 
Thompson and Colonel Irwin,^^ another Irishman, with 
about twelve Officers of lesser note were amongst the 
prisoners." 

If it should be claimed that Galloway's statement be- 

^ Diary of Joshua Pell, an Officer of the British Army in America, 
1776-1777, reproduced from the original in the possession of James 
L. Onderdonk, the New York historian, in Magazine of American 
History for January, 1878. 

^^ General William Thomson, a native of Ireland, who com- 
manded a regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, is here referred to. 

^^ Pell undoubtedly meant General John Sullivan. 

^^ This was Colonel, afterward General William Irvine, who was 
a native of Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 109 

fore the parliamentary committee in 1779, as to the pro- 
portion of Irish in the American army, was based merely 
on his recollection, and that, as such, it is "not admissible 
as evidence," we have the evidence of his letters to the 
Secretary of State written from Philadelphia in the year 
1778, and at a time when he could give the matter mature 
thought, and when, as superintendent of police of the 
city of Philadelphia, he was in daily contact with the 
English army officers. These letters are also in the 
English archives. In a letter to Lord Dartmouth on 
January 27, 1778, Galloway said: "As a proof of the 
aversion of the natives of America to the present rebel- 
lion, the rebels are not one in ten of their whole army 
who are not either English, Scotch, or Irish, but by 
far the greater number of Irish." On March 4, 1778, 
he again wrote Lord Dartmouth: "From the beginning 
there has been a reluctance in the natives of America 
to enter into the regular service of the Rebellion. They 
have been forced out in the Militia by heavy fines for a 
few months only. The English, Scotch, and Irish, by 
far the most part of the latter, have principally com- 
posed the rebel regular army." 

Another very interesting document here reproduced is 
portion of a long letter from General Sir Henry Clin- 
ton to Lord George Germain, Secretary of War, dated 
New York, October 23, 1778. This letter related to the 
difficulty of carrying out "his Lordship's instructions to 
draw off from the American army the number of Euro- 
peans which constituted its principal force" ; and on this 
point Clinton remarked significantly: "The Emigrants 
from Ireland were in general to be looked upon as our 



110 A HIDDEN PHASE 

most serious antagonists. They had fled from the real 
or fancied oppression of the landlords. Through dread 
of prosecution for the riots which their idea of that op- 
pression had occasioned, they had transplanted them- 
selves into a country where they could live without op- 
pression and had estranged themselves from all solici- 
tude of the welfare of Britain." 

General Clinton's first attempt "to draw off from the 
American army the number of Europeans which con- 
stituted its principal force" was to organize two so- 
called "Irish" regiments, and in furtherance of this de- 
sign he sent his spies among the foreign-born soldiers 
with flattering inducements if they would "desert the 
rebel army," and, if they chose, they could have "free 
passage to England or Ireland." In an order to the 
troops at Valley Forge issued by Washington on April 
23, 1778, he warned against "the devices of the enemy 
to induce them to desert" and he addressed himself par- 
ticularly to the foreign-born troops, saying that if any 
of them "be deluded by the treacherous promises of the 
enemy, that under pretense of sending deserters from 
this army passage free to Great Britain or Ireland, there 
to be set at large," that, as a matter of fact, the enemy's 
purpose was "to confine them on ship-board with a view 
either to force them into their service as seamen, or 
transport them as recruits to some garrison." ^^ During 
the following year, emissaries from the enemy's camp 
again appeared among the American troops, but with 
no success, so far as is known. Yet, Clinton was not 

^' Revolutionary Orders of General Washington, edited by Henry- 
Whiting; New York, 1844. 



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REPRODUCED BY ANfVA FRANCSS L£S^/f</&, 



FACSIMILE OF FIRST PAGE OF A LETTER FROM GENERAL 
SIR HENRY CLINTON, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ENGLISH ARMY 
IN AMERICA,TO LORD GEORGE GERMAIN, SECRETARY OF WAR. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 111 

to be put off by these continued failures and early in 
1780 he caused to be distributed an "address to the 
American soldiers," in which he appealed especially to 
*'the old countrymen" to desert, on the ground that they 
no longer had any grievances against England, since 
"the affairs of Ireland are fully settled." In a letter 
from Washington to the President of Congress on May 
27, 1780, he enclosed what he described as "a small 
printed paper found in our camp, containing an address 
to our soldiers by the enemy to induce them to desert." 
This paper was read in Congress on May 31, 1780, and 
was as follows: 

"The time is at length arrived, when all the artifices and false- 
hoods of the Congress and of your Commanders can no longer 
conceal from you, the misery of your situation; you are neither 
Clothed, Fed nor Paid; your numbers are wasting away by Sick- 
ness, Famine, Nakedness, and rapidly so by the period of your 
stipulated Services being in general expired. This is then the 
moment to fly from slavery and fraud. I am happy in acquainting 
the old countrymen that the affairs of Ireland are fully settled 
and that Great Britain and Ireland are firmly united, as well from 
interest as from affection. I need not tell you who are born in 
America, that you have been cheated and abused, and you are both 
sensible that in order to procure your liberty you must quit your 
leaders and join your real friends who scorn to impose upon you 
and who will receive you with open arms, kindly forgiving all your 
errors. You are told that you are surrounded by a numerous 
militia. This is also false; associate them together, make use of 
your firelocks and join the British Army, where you will be per- 
mitted to dispose of yourselves as you please." 

To the American command, the disquieting feature 
of this insidious document was, that it stated the truth 
as to the condition of the American army at that time. 



112 A HIDDEN PHASE 

111 clad and ill fed, the soldiers had passed through the 
previous winter without a penny of their pay and with 
little prospect of any in sight the commissariat, "re- 
duced to an extremity for want of provisions," was help- 
less to supply their wants ; a large number of the people 
were insensible to their sufferings; the patience of the 
men was fast becoming exhausted and the general dis- 
satisfaction in the ranks at length resulted in a revolt 
among a large part of these soldiers of freedom. Of 
all this, Clinton was aware and in distributing this docu- 
ment, he took advantage of what he thought was the 
psychological moment to shake the morale of the Ameri- 
can troops, especially of those who were natives of "the 
old country." 

It cannot be supposed that these various Enghsh 
witnesses, as well as Generals Robertson and Lee, who 
were on the ground throughout the struggle, and who, 
having come in contact with Washington's army, learned 
to know the character, racial and otherwise, of its per- 
sonnel, could all have been mistaken. The statement of 
each was made independently of the others and all under 
different circumstances, and those who now make an 
impartial study of this testimony must assuredly admit 
that the Irish were an important part of the Army of 
Liberty. I have read statements of American historians 
that "the Irish showed no disposition to warm up to 
the cause," that "they remained indifferent to what 
was going on around them," and one well-known histo- 
rian, still living, who has occupied the highest place in 
the gift of the American people, has said that "the Irish 
were for the most part heartily loyal" to England, and 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 113 

that the Revolutionary war was *'a conflict between men 
of the same race and blood." I am wondering if he 
will be willing now to modify his views when he reads 
such a statement as that of Sir Henry Clinton, which 
proves absolutely "the claims of the Irish." 

A significant feature of General Robertson's testi- 
mony will be noted from the reproduction of page 50 of 
the book referred to, where he said: "The loyal Ameri- 
cans consisted of corps, some of them mostly composed 
of native Americans, some mostly composed of emi- 
grants from Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of 
Europe," and on the same page he states that the loyal- 
ists were "more numerous" than the "rebels," and that 
"two-thirds of the people" of America during the Revo- 
lution were loyal to the crown. In these statements we 
find the answer to a question raised in the United States 
Senate on July 25, 1916, during a debate on Senator 
James A. O'Gorman's resolution urging clemency for 
the ill-fated Sir Roger Casement. Senator O'Gorman, 
in speaking to the resolution, called attention to the debt 
that America owes to Ireland in return for the services 
rendered by Irish soldiers in the War of the Revolu- 
tion. Two of his fellow Senators disputed the state- 
ment and retorted by asking, "If it be accepted as a 
fact that fifty per cent, of the Continental troops were 
Irish, and if other races were given the credit which is 
claimed in their behalf, were there any Americans fight- 
ing in the Continental army?" Senator O'Gorman re- 
plied by informing his interrogators of the large num- 
ber of Americans who were in the employ of the British 
army, and that, if by "Americans" of that time they 



114 A HIDDEN PHASE 

meant immigrants of English ancestry, "the record 
shows that four-fifths of all the inhabitants of America 
during that period boasting of English ancestry re- 
mained loyalists and were the Tories of the Revolution." 
We see from the evidence now adduced that Senator 
O'Gorman was not far out in his reckoning, for General 
Robertson testified that "two-thirds of the Americans" 
remained loyal, and Galloway said that "many more 
than four-fifths of the people would prefer an union with 
Great Britain upon constitutional principles to that of 
independence." 

In so far as the Irish in America were concerned. Gen- 
eral Robertson's testimony goes to show that, to a certain 
extent, they, too, were divided on the question of separa- 
tion from England. We have always had "loyal Irish- 
men." There are some of them to-day in Ireland, and 
they are, and always have been, the class of men who 
have retarded the political aspirations of their more 
enlightened countrymen, and who look upon a possible 
separation from England as a calamity not to be en- 
dured. From time immemorial, men have been divided 
on political questions, even those affecting the best in- 
terests of their own country. And as it was in Ireland, 
so it was in America. While there is nothing on record 
to indicate what proportion of the American Irish were 
loyal to the crown, they were unquestionably of little 
moment; but no matter what their numbers may have 
been, their strength and influence were overwhelmingly 
nullified by the large numbers of their countrymen who 
enlisted under the banner of Washington and fought 
and suffered in the cause of American liberty. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 115 

Various authorities say that upward of thirty thou- 
sand loyalists fled to Canada during the first few years 
of the war. ^^ All through the Revolution they were leav- 
ing the country by thousands, and it has been estimated 
that "even up to one hundred thousand of them left with 
Sir Guy Carleton when he evacuated New York/* So 
numerous were the English loyalists who returned direct 
to England in the year 1775, that the question of pro- 
viding for them became a serious one in that country. 
Writing in his Diary under date of March 2, 1776, 
Thomas Hutchinson, the last royal governor of Massa- 
chusetts, said: "The refugees from America, scared 
from their ruined homes, had taken flight across the 
Atlantic, and were pitching down upon England like 
rooks upon a corn-field to see what grain they could 
pick up ; but so numerous were the flocks becoming, that 
the custodians of the granaries in the old country had 
great difiiculty in finding a few grains each for all the 
hungry mouths." ^^ Sabine ^® mentions by name, all 
told, 4,542 loyalists among those who took refuge in the 
Canadian provinces, and of this number I find 251 Irish 

"See The Loyalists of America and their Times, by Egerton 
Ryerson, Vol. I, p. 184-; Toronto, 1880. 

^* Sidney George Fisher, The True History of the American 
Revolution, p. 234; Philadelphia, 1902. See also New York in the 
Revolution, by Justice Thomas Jones, Vol. II, p. 504. 

^^ Diary and Letters of his Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., 
Captain-General and Governor in Chief of His late Majesty's 
Colony of Massachusetts Bay, compiled from original documents 
by Peter Orlando Hutchinson, Vol. II, p. 286; Boston, 1886. 

^° Loyalists of the American Revolution, by Lorenzo Sabine, Vol. 
I, pp. 70-71; Boston, 1864. 



116 A HIDDEN PHASE 

or of Irish descent and the remainder English, with some 
scattering French, German, and Dutch ; so that, assum- 
ing that this proportion prevailed throughout, it ap- 
pears that not less than ninety per cent, of the loyalists 
who deserted the country in her hour of trial were of 
English descent. Sabine further says: "It may not be 
possible to ascertain the number of loyalists who took 
up arms, but from the best evidence I have been able 
to obtain, I conclude that there were at the lowest com- 
putation 25,000 Americans who took up arms against 
their country and in aid of England." 

Sabine admits that this estimate of the number of 
loyalists who joined the King's forces was "far too low," 
judging by the large numbers of them recorded among 
the killed and wounded. He states that in the battles 
and skirmishes fought chiefly in the South, "more than 
six thousand Tories were killed," and "at the time of 
Cornwallis' surrender, a portion of his army was com- 
posed of native Americans and his Lordship evinced 
great anxiety for their protection." In an address pre- 
sented to the King in London in 1779, it was said that 
their countrymen then in His Majesty's army "ex- 
ceeded in number the troops enlisted [by Congress] to 
oppose them, exclusive of those who were in the service 
in private ships of war," ^^ and in a similar document 
addressed to the King and Parliament in 1782, it was 
asserted that "there are many more men in his Majes- 

^^ According to Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence (Vol. I, 
p. 86), more than seven thousand American loyalists served in 
English privateers during the Revolution. 



I 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 117 

ty's Provincial regiments than there are in the Conti- 
nental service." ^* 

Such statements, combined with those of Galloway, 
Robertson, and other English officers, must come as a 
great shock to those who like to believe, as they have 
been told by historians, that the Revolutionary conflict 
was "a contest between brothers," and that "the com- 
batants were of the same race and blood," meaning by 
these assertions that the soldiers who won our independ- 
ence were generally English or of English origin. I 
imagine that the historians who claim that the soldiers 
of the Revolution were "mainly of English blood" ar- 
rived at that conclusion by the same strange method of 
reasoning that has led them to say that the pioneer set- 
tlers of this country were chiefly English, for they in- 
cluded under the head of "English" all immigrants of 
the Colonial period who embarked at English or Irish 
ports, regardless entirely of the places of their nativity 
or their racial origin. 

^* Wharton, Vol. I, p. 72. General Sir Henry Clinton reported to 
the English Minister that "there were in the King's service more 
American loyalists than there were rebels in Washington's army." 
(See Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambeau relative to 
the War of Independence, p. 52; Paris, 1838.) 



CHAPTER VIII 

IRISH NAMES IN AMERICAN MUSTER-ROLLS 

Facts furnished by American records in support of the testimony 
of Galloway, Robertson, Clinton, Serle, and other English 
officers. The muster-rolls of the Continental Army. Changes 
in Irish surnames. Some examples of the racial composition 
of American regiments. In some units the Irish proportion 
was as high as seventy-five per cent. The average Irish pro- 
portion was thirty-eight per cent. 

AFTER all that has been iwritten on the subject of 
the American iRevolution, tending to show that 
the participants on both sides were mainly of English 
blood, there is a large class of Americans who will not 
be convinced of the fact that much of the real truth of 
history has been suppressed by historians, and that 
among the fighting forces that achieved the liberties of 
this country were representatives of several European 
races. And, above all, they will not believe that any 
injustice has been done to those of Irish blood who con- 
tributed so much to that glorious end. ' 
Many students of American history, therefore, will 
claim that neither the statement of Galloway nor that 
of Robertson furnishes conclusive evidence on the ques- 
tion of the racial composition of the Revolutionary army, 
and the onus of proving the case is thus thrown on those 
who have brought into the "court of public opinion" 
nothing more than this unsupported testimony. That 

118 



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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 119 

point of view would be entirely natural under the cir- 
cumstances, and it is one that must be met. Indeed, it 
is a perfectly fair position to take by persons who have 
no other means of information than the standard his- 
tories of the United States, for each item of historical 
evidence that comes to us must be sifted carefully so 
as not to give it more weight than it is fairly entitled 
to. But while the testimony of Galloway and Robert- 
son is subject to scrutiny, it is not, as some assert, to 
be rejected entirely, for there is no reason for supposing 
that these witnesses had any ulterior motive in so testi- 
fying and thus giving the Irish a place in American his- 
tory to which they were not entitled. 

It will not do to say merely that Galloway, Robertson, 
and Lee were contemporary witnesses of the events 
of the time, nor that, from the nature of the case, they 
were impartial and competent witnesses, and that on 
this account their testimony should be acceptable to aU. 
For it is obvious that Galloway's "about one-half" could 
only have been an estimate based on his observations 
prior to and during the first three years of the war ; and 
while General Lee had perfectly good grounds, as I shall 
later show, for "believing" that "half the rebel army was 
from Ireland," yet it will be pointed out that Lee's state- 
ment to Robertson, after all, was nothing more tangible 
than an expression of his "belief." Further proof than 
this will be demanded, and such proof must come from 
some other source, — such, for example, as the muster- 
rolls of the Revolutionary army. 

Obviously, the solution of the question must begin 
there, but any person who undertakes the task of 



120 A HIDDEN PHASE 

furnishing proof from this source that will be uni- 
versally satisfactory, that "one-half" the American 
army were Irish, will have a very difficult problem on his 
hands. It is true that the muster-rolls, or most of them, 
of the regiments which comprised the Continental army 
and the militia are on file at the War Department, and 
for those who cannot examine the originals, official cop- 
ies are available at leading libraries and historical socie- 
ties. Independently of the testimony furnished to us 
by Galloway, Robertson, Clinton, Pell, Serle, and other 
English officers, I have devoted much time to an exami- 
nation of the muster-rolls in an effort to determine the 
proportion of Irish who served in the Revolution, but 
find in the names of the men and the lack of detail as 
to their antecedents or nationality what seems to be an 
insuperable difficulty. 

With the Continental Line, in some cases, the captains 
or recruiting officers took down the "nativity" of each 
man, in addition to such particulars as his name, age, 
occupation, residence, and the date and period of enlist- 
ment. But there were other bodies of armed men, such 
as local militia, "partisan" soldiers, and frontier fight- 
ers, who, while not subject to the same discipline as 
the soldiers of the "Line," rendered valuable service 
throughout the war, especially in warding off attacks 
by Indians and Tories, protecting the settlements, and 
guarding supply trains. But in most of these cases the 
rosters are incomplete, and in many cases they are miss- 
ing altogether, and the nativity of the men, as a general 
rule, was not recorded. Besides this, cases are noted 
where a man would enlist for, say, "three months" or 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 121 

thereabouts, and after his discharge, perhaps after the 
lapse of several months, the same man would return 
and his name would reappear on the roster of an entirely 
different regiment. One of the difficulties referred to 
will be understood at once when this point is fully 
considered. 

But it is in the names of the men that the greatest ob- 
stacle is found. In the regimental muster-rolls and in 
ante-Revolutionary records many natives of Ireland 
bearing non-Irish names are recorded, — such, for in- 
stance, as those formed after colors, like White, Black, 
Brown, and Gray; or occupations, as Butler, Steward, 
Clarke, Mason, Hunter, Miller, Carpenter, and Smith; 
or names like Rivers, Mountain, Stone, Steele, Wood, 
and various other forms; and it is known that numbers 
of Revolutionary soldiers of those or similarly formed 
names, whose places of nativity were not recorded, were 
Irish. There are some who may be inclined to dispute 
the propriety of classifying people bearing such names 
as "Irish," or, at any rate, who will claim that even if 
they were born in Ireland, they should be classified as 
"Anglo-Irish" or "Scotch-Irish," thus by implication 
denying to the plain "Irish" the credit of furnishing such 
soldiers to the Revolutionary cause. But on that point 
we know there has always been a great deal of misunder- 
standing on the part of people unacquainted with the 
history of Ireland. For there are numerous Irish fami- 
lies so named who are just as Celtic in blood and origin 
and ideals as any bearing the old clan names with the 
familiar prefix "O" or "Mac." 

American historians, as a rule, do not understand this; 



122 A HIDDEN PHASE 

so, in the absence of knowledge as to the origin of the 
names of many of the immigrants, they invariably wrote 
them down as "English," as long as the names were of 
apparently English sound or formation. Other his- 
torians did not make any distinction at all, even where 
the nationality was known, and all through their work 
they display total ignorance of the racial distinctions 
that exist between Englishmen and natives of other 
countries under English rule. Indeed, only a short time 
ago I heard a college professor dilating upon this sub- 
ject, and he made the bald assertion that "all people 
under the English flag, regardless of race or color, are 
necessarily English" ! 

The fact that many Irish families bear names of other 
than Irish origin has been explained so often by accurate 
and scrupulous antiquarians, that it is only necessary to 
refer here to those acts of the English Parliament by 
which certain Irish families were forced to change their 
names. In the reigns of the Henrys and Edwards, many 
penal acts of Parliament were passed compelling the 
ancient Irish families to adopt English surnames and 
the English language, dress, manners, and customs. 
While these statutes could be enforced only within that 
part of Ireland called "The Pale," that is, within the 
then military jurisdiction of England, it is known that 
many of the Milesian Irish in those times took English 
surnames to protect their lives and estates, as otherwise 
they forfeited their properties and were liable to be 
punished as Irish enemies. In the quaint language of 
the time, and in the usual spirit exhibited by English 
writers toward the Irish, Edmund Spenser, author of 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 123 

The Faerie Queen, in his View of the State of Ireland 
thus refers to one of these acts of the English Parha- 
ment: 

"For the better breaking of these [Irish] heads and septs, which 
was one of the greatest strengthes of the Irish, mee thinks it should 
bee very well to renewe that ould statute which was made in the 
raigne of Edward the Fourth in Ireland, by which it was com- 
maunded, that whereas all men then used to be called by the name of 
their septs, according to the severall nations, and had no surnames 
at all, that from thenceforth each one should take upon himselfe a 
severall surname, either of his trade or facultie or of some quality 
of his body or minde ; or of the place where he dwelt, so as every one 
should be distinguished from the other, or from the most part where- 
by they shall not onely depend upon the head of their sept, as now 
they do, but also in time learne quite to forget his Irish nation. 
And herewithall would I also with all the O's and the Mac's which 
the heads of septs have taken to their names, to bee utterly forbid- 
den and extinguished. For that the same an ordinance first made by 
O'Brien for the strengthening of the Irish and abrogating thereof 
will as much enfeeble them." 

The act referred to by Spenser, which was passed in 
the fifth year of the reign of Edward IV, specifically 
mentioned the counties comprising "The Pale," and 
reads as follows: 

"At the request of the Commons, it is ordeyned and established 
by authority of the said Parliament that every Irishman that dwells 
betwixt or amongst Englishmen in the County of Dublin, Myeth, 
Uriell and Killdare shall goe like to one Englishman in apparell> 
and shaveing off his beard above the mouth, and shall be within one 
yeare sworne the liegeman of the King in the hands of the lieutenant 
or deputy, or such as he will assigne to receive this oath for the 
multitude that is to be sworne, and shall take to him an English 
surname of one towne as Sutton, Chester, Trym, Skryne, Corke, 
Kinsale, or colour, as White, Blacke, Brown, or arte, or science. 



124 A HIDDEN PHASE 

as Smith, or Carpenter, or office, as Cooke or Butler, and that he 
and his issue shall use this name under payne of forfeyting of his 
goods yearely till the premises be done, to be levied two times by 
the yeare to the King's warres according to the discretion of the 
lieutenant of the King or His Deputy." ^ 

Thus it is seen that the Irish who came within the pur- 
view of this act were compelled to change their names 
arbitrarily and adopt English names. Some families 
Anglicized their names by the simple dropping of a pre- 
fix or an affix, or by the transposition of letters or syl- 
lables, but a great many effected the change by a literal 
translation of their names into what they meant in Eng- 
lish. Herein we find an explanation of the Irish origin 
of certain distinguished men in America in Colonial 
and Revolutionary times. For example, James Smith, 
a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, who com- 
manded a regiment of the Pennsylvania Line in the 
Revolutionary War, was a native of Dublin, Ireland. 
He was descended from a family named MacGowan in 
County Meath. In the Irish language, "Mac" means 
"the son of" or "descendant," and "Gow" means a 
"smith" or "blacksmith," and under the operation of the 
English laws referred to, the branch of the MacGowans 
from which James Smith sprang changed their name to 
"Smith." It is known also that Sir William Johnson, 
Governor of the Indians from the Hudson to the Mis- 
sissippi River, was descended from the Irish family of 
MacShane. This name means literally "the son of 
John," from "Mac" and "Shane," Irish for "John." 

^ Rot. Pari. ca. l6. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 125 

Sir William Johnson was also a native of County Meath, 
Ireland. 

Some very strange name transformations were 
brought about in this way, and a striking instance of this 
is the name Whitcomb. This is an English name, but 
there is also an Irish family of Whitcombs, descended 
from the Kirwans or MacKirwans, a branch of this 
family, under compulsion, having translated the name 
into what the Irish words from which Kirwan was de- 
rived mean in English. The name Kirwan is derived 
from the two Gaelic words, dor bhan (pronounced 
keer waun) meaning literally a "white comb," i.e., a 
man with a white tuft of hair on his head. But the name 
"Whitecomb" was not euphonious, so at some period or 
other they dropped the "e" and called themselves "Whit- 
comb." On the other hand, MacTiernan, which means 
"the son of the master," became "Masterson"; some 
of the O'Neills and MacNeills became "Neilson"; the 
O'Donnells and MacDonnells, "Donelson"; MacFer- 
gus, "Ferguson," and so on, these changes being but 
literal translations from the originals. We can also see 
how simple it was for the ancient O'Heas to change their 
name to "Hayes"; the O'CuUiens or O'Culanes, to "Col- 
lins"; the O'Neachtan or O'Naghten family, to "Nor- 
ton"; the O'Creehans, to "Creighton," and the 
O'Clerys, to "Clarke," for in the Irish language O'Clery 
means literally "the grandson of a clerk" or of some per- 
son who occupied the position of secretary or amanuen- 
sis. Likewise, the Irish name, O'Knavin, meaning liter- 
ally a "small bone," in some instances became "Bowen"; 
O'Muloghery, signifying in Gaelic "early rising," be- 



126 A HIDDEN PHASE 

came "Early"; MacRory became "Rogers," because 
"Roger" was assumed to be the English Christian name 
corresponding to the Irish "Rory." The Irish family 
of Ford derived their name from the original Mac- 
Connava, on the erroneous assumption that "ava," the 
final syllable of the name, meant a "ford," and in the 
same way the Irish family of "King" formed their 
name from the original MacConry, on the assumption 
that the "ry" is derived from "righ," a king. 

Numerous similar instances can be quoted, and those 
who may be interested further in the subject are referred 
to the Topographical Index in Dr. Geoffrey Keat- 
ing's History of Ireland (written in 1618), as trans- 
lated from the original Gaelic manuscripts by John 
O'Mahony, and to such genealogical works as John 
O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees and Dr. John O'Donovan's 
well-known work. Tribes and Customs of Hy Fiach- 
racli, published by the Irish Ai-ch^eological Society. 

An illustration of the difficulty in determining the 
number of Irish soldiers listed on the rolls, in those cases 
where the "nativity" of the recruits was not taken down, 
is the following company muster-roll from Colonel Will- 
iam Thompson's regiment of South Carolina Rangers 
in 1775. Among the names of the enlisted men, besides 
a number bearing obvious Irish names, who were re- 
corded by the recruiting officers as having been "born in 
Ireland," I find: 

James Brown Richard Brown Alexander Gaston 

John Bell Peter Burns John Hunter 

William Boyd James Davin Andrew Hannah 

James Buchanan Hugh Gaston William Harbison 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 127 

Thomas Jackson John McLain John Warnock 

Robert Martin William McGraw Michael Warnock 

John Montgomery Andrew McElvene William Wilson 

Thomas Miller John Russell Thomas Wood 

James McElwee Jeremiah Simmons Robert White 

Dennis MeCarty John Steel Henry Wyley 
John Surginer 

There are several on this roster whom one would never 
suppose from their names were natives of Ireland, if 
the fact were not so stated. In addition to these there 
were in the regiment, some in the same company as the 
above, enlisted men named Burke, Boyle, McGuire, 
Farrell, Gill, Cochran, Welch, Lynch, Laferty, Mon- 
aghan, Hogan, McGlahan, Sexton, Duggin, two Con- 
ners, two Murphys, three McDaniels, three McGraws, 
three McMahons, and four McKinneys, the places of 
whose nativity were not taken down, and a pay-roll of 
the same regiment in 1779 contained such names as Con- 
nors, Demsey, Gillen, McCafferty, McCune, McCabe, 
Hayes, Crowley, Mulherrin, McDowall, McCormack, 
Powers, McGee, Dogherty, McRoy, Kelley, O'Harra, 
and O'Neal. 

Another illustration of the same point is the follow- 
ing roll from Colonel Thomas Proctor's regiment of 
Pennsylvania artillery as it stood in 1779. Among 
those recorded as "born in Ireland" were: 

Officers : 

Thomas Proctor, Colonel William Adams, Surgeon 

Nathaniel Maguire, Major Thomas Douglass, Lieutenant 

Patrick DuiFey, Captain Robert McConnell, Lieutenant 
Isaac Craig, Captain 



128 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



James Fitzsimmons 
Patrick Smith 
Thomas Jennings 
William Hayes 
William Hannah 



Gunners : 

Daniel Fennell 
Michael McNulty 
Thomas Mayberry 
Thomas Tweedy 
John Cooney 



James Barns 
Thomas Dunlap 
Timothy Lane 
William Blair 
Barry Cunningham 
"Patt" Crawford 
David Reed 
Thomas Mullen 
William McCoombs 
William Crowley 
William Mooney 
John Moloney 



Matrosses : 

John Nugent 
Michael Joyce 
Robert McNeal 
James Gill 
John Redmond 
John Carter 
"Patt" Gough 
William Mayberry 
Michael Bowers 
Robert Young 
Edward Toole 
William Talbott 



William McMullen 
Hugh McDonald 
Henry Lose 
Edward Callahan 
John Dunn 
Christopher McDonald 
William McMahon 
Thomas Johnson 
Thomas McCook 
"Patt" Dever 
Thomas Lane 
"Archey" Hannah 



Richard McEvitt, Sergeant 
F. Donnelly, Sergeant 
James Patterson, Q.M. Sergeant 
George Henderson, Sergeant 
William Clark, Corporal 
Robert Davidson, Corporal 
William McMullen, Corporal 



James Grimes, Corporal 
John Molony, Clerk 
Michael Thurston, Musician 
William Norton, D, M. 
John Stafford, Bombardier 
Henry Gavan, Bombardier 
George Chase, Drummer. 



Of these sixty-seven officers and men, only twenty- 
two of them named the parts of Ireland whence they 
came, and among the counties represented are Armagh, 
Antrim, Cork, Dublin, Down, Derry, Fermanagh, Gal- 
way, Kerry, Limerick, Longford, Meath, Tyrone, 
and Waterford. So we may assume that Ireland 




GEORGE READ 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.SON OF JOHN READ OF DUBLIN, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 129 

as a whole was fairly well represented among 
Proctor's artillerymen, for the colonel was from 
Longford, the major from Fermanagh, the sur- 
geon from Dublin, one captain was from Munster 
and another from Ulster. Other enlisted men 
in the regiment at this time were named Farrell, Fegan, 
Gibbons, Daly, McCoy, Murphy, Connelly, and Ma- 
hony, recorded as "born in America," and before the 
close of the war several other natives of Ireland appear 
on the rolls. Of the entire regiment, forty per cent, 
were Irish, forty per cent, native Americans, eleven per 
cent. Germans, five per cent. English, two per cent. 
Scotch, and one per cent, each Welsh and Canadians.^ 
In the State Archives^ especially those of Pennsyl- 
vania and the Southern States, may be found lists of 
men recruited for the various regiments, also pay-rolls, 
company rosters, bounty warrants, and various "re- 
turns" by company commanders, and these lists in some 

^ Proctor's Artillery was one of the most effective units of the 
Continental army and had the distinction of being the first artillery 
regiment raised in Pennsylvania. It distinguished itself in several 
engagements, especially at Fort Washington, New York, November 
16, 1776. It was here that the Irishwoman Margaret Corbin (nee 
Cockran) immortalized herself by taking her fallen husband's place 
and serving the gun until severely wounded. This Irishwoman 
had the distinction of being the first of her sex to receive a pension 
from the government of the United States for services in the War 
of the Revolution. See description of this heroine's career in 
Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIV, and 
in the publications of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation 
Society. Next to General Knox, Colonel Proctor was the most dis- 



130 A HIDDEN PHASE 

cases refer to the "country of nativity" of the men. For 
example, in the Delaware Archives ^ there are copies 
of thirty-eight returns made in 1780 by recruiting offi- 
cers for Colonel Henry Neill's Delaware Regiment. In 
all these cases the nativity of the men was recorded, and 
of these exactly one-half are down as "Irishmen." 
From the names of some of these men, which follow, one 
would never suppose them to have been Irish : 

Edward Delany Patrick Connelly 

John Ryrns Andrew Crawson 

Robert Kennedy John Rodgers 

John Gass Angus Martin 

John' Devan Mark Lego 

John Russell Andrew Cunningham 

Alexander Patten James Lilley 

Cornelius Lary Robert Caskey 

Joseph McDowell Samuel Mclntire 
James Musgrove 

In a "Muster-Roll of Men raised in Orange and 
Ulster Counties, New York, in July, 1775, for the Com- 
panies commanded by Captains Denton, Johnston, and 
Hasbrouck of the Third Regiment of the Continental 

tinguished artillery officer in the Revolution. In 1790 he became a 
member of the Hibernian Society and of the Society of the Friendly 
Sons of Saint Patrick of Philadelphia. He was satirized by Major 
Andre in his famous poem, "The Cow Chace": 
"Sons of distant Delaware 
And still remoter Shannon, 
And Major Lee with honor rare. 
And Proctor with his cannon." 
'Vol.1 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



131 



Army," ^ the following soldiers are recorded as "born 
in Ireland": 



Stephen Dunn 
Connelly Ferran^ 
Cain Mahony 
Samuel Early 
Richard Dean 
James Howard^ 
•William Little 
John Hickey 
Daniel Clansy 
Alexander Richardson 
William Anderson 
Samuel Reed 
James Gillaspy 
(John King 
John Harden 
John Hennessee 



John McVay 
Edward Cone 
Edward Warren 
David Condun 
John Steurt 
Thomas Alver 
Thomas Hart^ 
Owen Madden^ 
Alexander Lemmon 
Thomas Sharkey 
John McOwen 
James McDonald 
John Cilly 
James Foran 
Barney Fitsammons 



Among the troops enlisted for the Rhode Island regi- 
ments of the Continental Line similar instances are 
found, such as the following list of soldiers recruited 
at Providence and Newport, all of whom are recorded 
as natives of Ireland: 



Name 
James Bishop 

William Parker 
John Wilson 
Dennis Hogan 
Tobias Burk 



Place of Birth 
Dublin, Ireland 

Water ford, Ireland 
Kilkenny, Ireland 
Limerick, Ireland 
Limerick, Ireland 



Recruited for 
Col. Thomas Church's 
Regiment 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 



* New York State Archives, compiled by Berthold Fernow, Vol, 
I, pp. 166-167 and 170-171. 

^ It is of interest to note that these men, Ferran, Hart, Howard, 
and Madden, were schoolmasters in Orange County. 



132 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Name 


Place of Birth 




Recruited for 


William Crou 


Waterford, Ireland 


Col. 


Thomas Church's 
Regiment 


Philip Doolinty 


Kileaney, Ireland 




ditto 


Peter Morrison 


Ireland 


Col 


;. Israel Angell's 
Regiment 


«ames Madden 


Ireland 




ditto 


John Mahony 


Ireland 




ditto 


John Burk 


Ireland 




ditto 


John McClanen 


Ireland 




ditto 


Peter Nagle 


Ireland 




ditto 


Edward Murfey 


Ireland 




ditto 


James McCase 


Ireland 


Col. 


Crary's Regiment 


Charles McAfferty 


Londonderry, Ireland Col. 


Greene's Regiment 


Daniel Monks 


Ireland 


Newport Company 


Edward Fitzgerald 


Tipperary, Ireland 




ditto 


Michael Killey 


Limerick, Ireland 




ditto 


Lawrence McLouth 


Ireland 


Col. 


Crary's Regiment 


Daniel Miller 


Ireland 


Providence Company 


John Smith 


Ireland 




ditto 


Charles Watson 


Ireland 




ditto 


James Foster 


Dublin, Ireland 




ditto 


John Huzzy 


Armagh, Ireland 




ditto 


Michael Wright 


Mountmellick, Ireland 


ditto 


Mark Barns 


Waterford, Ireland 




ditto 


Andrew Boyd 


Antrim, Ireland 




ditto 


James Hayes 


Cork, Ireland 




ditto 


Cornelius Driskell 


Kinsale, Ireland 




ditto 


James King 


Dublin, Ireland 




ditto 


Matthew Hendley 


Limerick, Ireland 




ditto 


Peter Burns 


Ireland 




ditto 


Michael Doharty 


Donegal, Ireland 




ditto 



These examples are similar to many others I have 
found, and they will probably help to make clear my 
previous statement as to the difficulties encountered in 
any effort to determine the exact number of Irishmen 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 133 

or their sons whose names appear on the muster-rolls of 
the Revolutionary army. Among a vast number of 
names of "immigrants from Ireland" during the Colo- 
nial period that I have collected from various original 
sources, I have noted many names which were derived 
in the manner just described; in fact, the Colonial Rec- 
ords contain some of the strangest "Irish" names imag- 
inable, and there cannot be the slightest question that 
a number of those Irish immigrants or their sons joined 
the Revolutionary forces ; but where the country of their 
nativity was not taken down, it is obviously impossible 
now to say what proportion of them were Irish. 

In this connection, an important fact that cannot be 
overlooked is that much of the warfare in the frontier 
States was of the guerrilla order, in which the patriots 
had to contend not only with the British regulars, but 
with organized bands of Tories and their savage allies. 
In the border States, especially in Pennsylvania and 
the Carolinas, bodies of so-called "partisans" were 
formed who held themselves in readiness for any emer- 
gency, and who divided their time between battling with 
the country's enemies, defending their homes and fami- 
lies, tilling the soil, or reaping the harvest, but whose 
rifles were at all times at the service of the country. I 
have noticed numerous cases where the names of these 
partisan fighters do not appear among the "enlisted 
men" of their localities ; and as we have unquestionable 
proof that many of the Irish who came over a few years 
before the outbreak of the war settled on the frontiers, 
we can safely conclude that a good percentage of these 
partisan bodies were composed of Irishmen and their 



134 A HIDDEN PHASE 

sons. There appears to be nothing left for us, there- 
fore, but to determine what percentage the soldiers who 
were recorded as natives of Ireland, and those who, 
while not so recorded, had unmistakably Irish names, 
bear to the total number of enlistments. 

Even in this apparently simple proposition we en- 
counter some difficulty. Many of the men — that is, 
those who reenlisted — are recorded more than once; 
and as this applies to native Americans as well as to 
Europeans of racial origins other than Irish, I have 
not made any calculation as to the ratio of Irish names 
or those of other races so recorded. In the absence 
of exact figures under this head, I have assumed that 
these ratios were about the same, although in doing so 
I know I am not giving full credit to the Irish element, 
for there is plenty of evidence to show that the Irish 
were among the most eager of all to enter the fight. 

I have not examined all of the muster-rolls, but have 
selected a number indiscriminately from each of the 
original Thirteen Colonies. On the basis before ex- 
plained, I have made a careful calculation, ( 1 ) by count- 
ing the total number of soldiers in each unit, and (2) 
by a separate count of those of undoubted Irish birth 
or descent. In some companies I find the extraordinar- 
ily high percentage of seventy-five per cent. Irish, while, 
on the other hand, it must be said that in other companies 
the percentage runs as low as ten, and in some New Eng- 
land regiments and some of those raised in the old Dutch 
districts of New York and the German settlements in 
Pennsylvania, no Irish names at all appear. But, 
on averaging them all up, I have determined that 35.83 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 135 

per cent, of the soldiers of the Revolutionary army were 
Irish. To this must be added some small percentage 
for those of non-Irish names, and not recorded as Irish ; 
and it is proper also to consider the Irish proportion of 
those scattering bodies not attached to the regiments 
of the Line. If we take the conservatively low figure 
of two per cent, as representing these elements, we ar- 
rive at a total of 37.83 per cent., or substantially thirty- 
eight per cent. 

If I have erred at all in this method of computation, it 
is on the side of conservatism alone. But if thirty-eight 
per cent, be accepted as the correct proportion, we can 
at once understand how our three witnesses, Galloway, 
Robertson, and Lee, thought that "one-half" of the 
American army were Irish. For thirty-eight per cent, 
of enthusiastic sons of Ireland, enlisted in a fight against 
their hereditary enemy, assuredly would be enough to 
make any observer believe that easily "one-half" of the 
army were of the same class ! And although historians 
of the time not only fail to give credit to the contribution 
of the Irish, but claim, some by positive assertion and 
others by implication, that the patriots of the Revolution 
were mainly of English descent, it must be admitted by 
all impartial readers that the percentage arrived at was 
extraordinarily large for a little country like Ireland. 
I cannot find where any of the historians have shown 
that they made a computation such as I have, and there- 
fore I present these figures in partial support of the 
testimony given before the Parliamentary committee in 
1779 by contemporary and unbiased witnesses. 



136 A HIDDEN PHASE 

As an illustration of the racial character of some of the 
regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, one has only to con- 
sult the names of the 506 non-commissioned officers 
and privates on the muster-rolls of the Seventh 
Regiment. ^ The commanding officer of the regiment 
was Colonel William Irvine, a native of Enniskillen, 
County Fermanagh, Ireland, and its lieutenant-colonel 
in 1779 was Morgan Connor, — or O'Connor, as the name 
is sometimes spelled in the records, — who was a native 
of Kerry. This regiment took part in several bloody 
battles of the Revolution and on account of its losses 
in killed, wounded, and prisoners, it was much reduced 
in numbers toward the close of the war, and at the time 
these returns were made the total strength of the regi- 
ment was 802 enlisted men. Some few of the names on 
the official muster-rolls are more common among the 
Scotch than the Irish, and doubtless, these men were 
Irish-born descendants of Scotch settlers; but I have 
not excluded these names from the count, since the regi- 
ment was recruited in districts of Pennsylvania where 
the vast majority of the settlers were from Ireland, 
so there can be no doubt that the regiment as a whole 
was preponderatingly Irish. That this is a perfectly 
reasonable conclusion is seen from the numbers of Irish- 
men who are shown on some of the company rolls of 
the regiment. In only a few of the companies is the 
nativity of the men stated, and the following examples 
indicate the proportion of Irishmen in those companies : 

®See Penna. Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. Ill, pp. 205-301. 




fiEPPODUCED BY A //A/A /^/7A//CSS /.EY/A/S 



GENERAL AV^LEIAM IRVINE 

OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN COUNTY FERMANAGH. IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 137 

In Company commanded hy Percentage of natives 

of Ireland 

Captain John McDowell , 16% 

Captain Jeremiah Talbot ., 70% 

Captain Samuel Montgomery 69% 

Captain William Alexander 64% 

In four companies of the Eleventh Regiment of the 
Pennsylvania Line the nativity of some of the men was 
recorded, and among the Europeans the proportions of 
men "born in Ireland," exclusive of several bearing Irish 
names who probably were native Americans, were : 

Company commanded hy Proportion of Irishmen 

Captain Andrew Walker 65% 

Captain Isaac Sweeny 58% 

Captain Henry Carberry 55% 

Captain Jeremiah Jackson 40% 

In other Pennsylvania companies, where the nativ- 
ity of the men was not recorded, the following are the 
proportions of Irish names on the muster-rolls : 

Percentage 
Regiment Company Commander of Irish 

names 
Fifth Captain Benjamin Bartholomew 56% 

Fourth Penna. 

Battalion in 1776 Captain Persifor Frazer 45% 

Fourth Penna. Captain Thomas Church ...... 46% 

Battalion in 1776 
Magaw's Penna. 

Battalion in 1776 Captain John Richardson 53% 

Sixth Penna. 

Battalion in 1776 Captain Samuel Hay . 56% 

Sixth Penna. 

Battalion in 1776 Captain McClane 50% 



138 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Regiment 

Sixth Penna. 
Battalion in 1776 
Sixth Penna. 
Battalion in 1776 
Sixth Penna. 
Battalion in 1776 
Sixth Penna. 
Battalion in 1776 
Farmer's Penna. State 

Regiment in 1777 
Seventh 
Seventh 
Seventh 

St. Clair's Battalion 
Ninth 
Ninth 
Tenth 
Eleventh 
Eleventh 
Thirteenth 



Percentage 
Company Commander of Irish 

names 

Captain James Wilson 40% 

Captain Robert Adams 50fo 

Captain Abraham Smith 43% 

Captain Talbot . ., 40% 



Capta 
Capta: 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 
Capta 



Robert Gray 43% 

Robert Wilson ,. .,. 68% 

John Alexander 52% 

Moses McLean . .i 44% 

Stephen Bayard 52% 

Thomas B. Bowen . . . . 50% 

John Erwin 43% 

Robert Patton ........ 40% 

Lawrence Keene . .. . . 45% 

Edward Burke S3V^% 

Matthew Scott ........ 56% 



No doubt the majority of the men bearing Irish names 
listed in the rosters of these companies were native Irish- 
men, so that, when we keep in mind the fact that there 
must have been a number of others bearing non-Irish 
names, we can readily conclude that the proportions of 
Irish in these companies were higher than the figures 
above shown. These companies belonged to the regular 
army of the Revolution, i.e., the Continental Line, but 
similarly high percentages are found in some of the 
muster-rolls of the militia. For instance, in the Penn- 
sylvania Archives' there are copies of the "enlistment 

' 5th Series, Vol. VII, pp. 658-682. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 139 

papers" of seventy of the enlisted men of Captain John 
Boyd's regiment of militia raised in Lancaster County, 
Pennsylvania, in 1777. The following is an example of 
these "enlistment papers": 

"I Patrick Connally, aged twenty-eight years, five feet seven 
inches high, sandy hair, fair complexion, born in Ireland, do volun- 
tarily agree, to serve as a Substitute in the Room and Stead of 
Andrew Bird in the First Class of Captain John Slaymaker's Com- 
pany of Colonel John Boyd's Regiment of Militia, in the County 

of Lancaster, for and in consideration of during the 

space of two months, as agreed with 

"James Crawford, 
"Sub-Lieutenant for the County of Lancaster. 
"Witness my Hand, this Third day of September, 1777 

his 
"Patrick X Connally." 
mark 



Of the seventy men thus recorded, forty-eight were 
certified in the enlistment papers as having been "born 
in Ireland"; eighteen, "born in America"; three, "born 
in Germany"; and one, "born in Scotland," so that the 
Irish proportion of this entire roll was sixty-nine per 
cent. The chief significance of this is found in the fact 
that the majority of the residents of Lancaster County 
were Germans and that the muster-rolls of its militia 
regiments show a preponderance of Teutonic names, al- 
though it is probable that this particular regiment was 
raised in a section of the county where Irish settlements 
were established. 

An illustration of the racial composition of the regi- 
ments of the Line is the following from a "Size Roll of 



140 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the First Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot," covering 
eight companies of the regiment: 

Born in Ireland i. . .1 315 

America ,. . ., 1 218 

" England 1. . .1. 66 

" Germany ■ 51 

Scotland ...>........,... 1. 18 

France 3 

Holland ., 2 

Wales I 2 

Canada 1. ... . 1 

at sea ..>... ,. 4 



Total , 680 

In the Eighth Company of Foot of Colonel David 
Hall's regiment, of the Delaware Line, twenty-eight 
men are recorded, of whom thirteen are down as "born 
in America," thirteen "born in Ireland," and two "born 
in England," or an Irish proportion of forty-six per 
cent. ^ 

In the Pennsylvania Archives there are also copies 
of the rosters of the men who served on the ships of 
the Navy of the Revolution, and the following list 
shows the percentages of Irish names included in the 
year 1776: 

Name of Vessel Percentages of Irish names 

Terror 69% 

Brimstone > 64% 

Burke 55% 

Ranger Galley 54% 

Effingham 50% 

^Delaware Archives, Vol. II. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 14.1 

Name of Vessel Percentages of Irish names 

Tormentor r. .>. 50% 

Experiment 40% 

Bull Dog , 40% 

Montgomery 40% 

Camden 40% 

Colonel Daniel Morgan's Regiment of Riflemen at 
all times had a goodly proportion of Irishmen in its 
ranks. This was, perhaps, the most famous regiment of 
the Continental Line and it distinguished itself on 
many of the Revolutionary battlefields. No complete 
muster of the regiment seems to be obtainable, but the 
following list shows its mmierical strength and the Irish 
percentage of each company, as of November 30, 1778, 
at a time when it was much depleted in numbers : 

Total Irishmen Irish Percentage 

Company No. 1 ..... . 33 

Company No. 2 60 

Company No. 3. .... . 44 

Company No. 4 57 

Company No. 5 25 

Company No. 6. .... . 38 

Company No. 7 52 

Company No. 8 46 

Company No. 9- •!• • • • 60 

Total 415 162 39% 

In the "Charleston, South Carolina, Volunteer Com- 
pany of Rangers," organized in September, 1775, and 
in "Captain Heatley's Company of South Carolina 
Rangers," organized about the same time, exactly one- 
half the names were Irish; in "Captain William 



14 


43% 


16 


27% 


38 


87% 


24 


42% 


7 


28% 


11 


30% 


23 


44% 


12 


26% 


17 


28% 



142 A HIDDEN PHASE 

McClaughlin's Company of the Colleton (S. C.) Regi- 
ment of Foot," in 1775, forty-three per cent, were Irish; 
in the second "Charleston Company of Foot," also re- 
cruited in 1775, the Irish proportion was forty per cent., 
and between June and November, 1775, the Irish pro- 
portion of the entire "First Regiment of Provincial 
Troops of South Carolina" was forty per cent. In 
Captain Purvis' Company of South Carolina Rangers, 
organized in 1775, fifty per cent, of the men were Irish. 
To some units of the Maryland Artillery the Irish 
also furnished respectable proportions, as the following 
examples taken from the Maryland Archives^ will 
show: 

Company Roster Total Enlisted Born in Proportion of 

in 1776 strength Ireland Irishmen 

Captain Furnwall 46 26 51% 

Captain Nathaniel Smith . 98 45 ^Q% 

Captain Nathan Smith ... 102 42 42% 

In only very few cases, comparatively, the places in 
Ireland whence the men came are recorded, but in those 
cases it is seen that various parts of Ireland were rep- 
resented. For instance, the birthplaces of the forty-five 
Irishmen who enlisted in Captain Nathaniel Smith's 
company of Maryland Artillery were thus recorded: 

Dublin 12 

Cork 8 

Ireland 8 

North Ireland . .,. .i. .,. . 5 

Kerry . . . . . . ... ... ..... 3 

Armagh i 2 

» Vol. XVIII. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 143 

West Ireland, Limerick, 
Munster, Athlone, Down, 
Leinster and Waterford 
one each ,. ., 7 

Total 45 

In a similar "Enrollment of a Company of Matrosses 
for the Maryland Artillery," raised in the City of Balti- 
more in February, 1776, there was a total of 101 men. 
Of these, forty-seven were born in Ireland, thirty-seven 
in America, eight in England, five in Canada and two 
each in Germany and Scotland. The places of nativity 
of the forty-seven Irishmen are thus recorded in the 
muster-rolls : 

Dublin 12 

Ireland 9 

Cork 7 

Kerry S 

North of Ireland 3 

Armagh 3 

Antrim, Athlone, Tyrone, 
Limerick, Donegal, Wa- 
terford, Newry, Munster, 
Leinster and West of 
Ireland, one each 10 

Total 47 

It should not be assumed that these examples repre- 
sent all of the data that are available as to the places of 
nativity of Irish soldiers of the Revolution ; the records 
contain other similar examples, but it is not thought 
necessary to give all the details and in any event the 
repetition of statistical data does not usually appeal to 



144 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the average reader. In many cases the rolls which I have 
examined contain only the names of the men surviving 
at the close of the war, so that the names and places of 
nativity of those who were killed, wounded and taken 
prisoners and those mustered out during the war are 
not obtainable from these rolls. But in some of these 
instances, the remnants that are left of the company 
rosters contain the names of a number of soldiers who 
were Irish either by birth or descent, and it may also be 
remarked that where the men are recorded as "born in 
Ireland" the surnames plainly indicate a large repre- 
sentation of the old native stock. However, the fact 
should not be lost sight of that this does not apply to all 
of the muster-rolls, since several of them contain no 
Irish names at all. 

In Captain William Dorsey's company of Maryland 
Artillery in 1778, the proportion of Irish names is fifty 
per cent. ; in Captain Thomas Ewing's battalion of the 
Maryland "Flying Camp" in 1776, there were eighty 
men, of whom thirty-six are recorded as "born in Ire- 
land," or an Irish proportion of forty-five per cent. ; in 
"A representative List of Non-commissioned Officers 
and Soldiers" of the Sixth Maryland Regiment of the 
Line in 1778, the Irish names are seventy-five per cent, 
of the total ; in a similar list of men raised for the Fifth 
Maryland Regiment in the same year, the Irish propor- 
tion is forty-five per cent., and in a later list of men of 
the same regiment they are sixty per cent. In a "Pay- 
roll of Captain Robert Harris' Company of the Sixth 
Maryland Regiment in 1776," the Irish names are sixty 
per cent, of the whole; in a "List of Voluntary Enlist- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 145 

ments for the Seventh Maryland Regiment on December 
3, 1776," sixty-seven per cent, of the names are Irish, 
and in "A Return of Recruits raised in Harford 
County in 1780," exactly one-half of the names are Irish. 
Among "Enlistments in Baltimore, Cecil, and Har- 
ford Counties in July, 1776," I find 

Enrolled by Proportions of Irish Names 

Captain William Reily 75% 

Lieutenant Edward Tillard 75% 

Lieutenant Andrew Porter . .,. .i. .1. 70% 

Lieutenant Miles ............' 60% 

Captain Robert Morrow .1. . 50% 

Ensign Lewis > ,. ., 47% 

Lieutenant Hall :..;..,..,..... 45% 

Lieutenant Hollyday . .1. ,. , 44% 

With many of the regiments it is not possible to de- 
termine the Irish proportion, because of the fact that 
the rolls are missing or incomplete, and this is true as 
much of regiments which were raised in those parts 
of the country where the Irish settled in large num- 
bers as it is of those sections where they were compara- 
tively few. It is known, for example, that Colonel 
Smallwood, of JVIaryland, recruited many Irislimen for 
his regiment, but, of its entire strength of twelve com- 
panies, a record of only five remains. On the rolls of 
these five companies there are 210 Irish names, or an 
average of forty-two to a company, and if this propor- 
tion prevailed throughout, we may assume that at least 
one-half of Smallwood's men were Irish or of Irish de- 
scent. "This famed regiment, composed of the flower of 
Maryland youth, both Catholic and Protestant, was 



146 A HIDDEN PHASE 

recruited principally in the Lower Counties and tKe 
Eastern Shore, It was the Tenth Legion of the Amer- 
ican army, marched into Philadelphia in 1776 eleven 
hundred strong, was cut to pieces at the battle of Long 
Island, gallantly struggling for victory against an over- 
whelming foe, and at the close of the memorable cam- 
paign of 1776, at the battle of Princeton, mustered sixty 
men, commanded by Governor Stone, then a Captain; 
the prison ship and the grave had all the rest !" So wrote 
George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of 
G€neral Washington. ^^ 

These illuminating facts, furnished to us by the offi- 
cial records, at once afford the impartial reader unim- 
peachable evidence that the Irish proportion of the 
American army of liberty was far greater than historians 
have been willing to admit, and enable him to understand 
why observers like Galloway, Robertson, and Lee con- 
cluded that "one-half" the army was Irish. If the 
complete muster-rolls were available, it is entirely prob- 
able that the percentage would prove to have been even 
higher than thirty-eight, because the States where their 
incompleteness is most apparent are Pennsylvania and 
the Southern States, — in other words, those sections 
of the country which attracted the greatest number of 
Irish immigrants, and where, naturally, the recruiting 
officers had a more extensive field from which to draw 
for the kind of fighting material most desirable for the 
warfare of the time. That this is not merely the per- 
sonal opinion of the author is shown by the fact that 

"Letter dated June 10, 1855, to Revd. Charles White; in Shea 
Collection, Riggs Library, Georgetown College. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147 

"although Pennsylvania furnished 4,500 troops for the 
so-called 'Flying Camp,' it has been impossible to find 
the names of more than 500 officers and men," ^^ and by 
the subjoined remarks by the compilers of the Pennsyl- 
vania Archives y in referring to the incompleteness of 
the rolls : 

"This roll of the Pennsylvania Line falls far short of doing 
justice to the patriotism of Pennsylvania. It is, in fact, a mere 
roll of the Line as discharged in January, 1781. The hundreds 
■who fell in all the battles of the Revolution, from Quebec to Charles- 
ton, are not here; the wounded, who dragged their torn limbs home 
to die in their native valleys, are not here. The heaths of New 
Jersey, from Paramus to Freehold, by a line encircling Morristown 
and Bound Brook, were, in the summer of IT^l, dotted with the 
graves of the Eighth and Twelfth Pennsylvania. These regiments, 
from the frontier counties of the State, Westmoreland and Northum- 
berland, were the first of the Line in the field, though they had to 
come from the banks of the Monongahela and the head-waters of 
the Susquehanna. At Brandywine the Pennsylvania troops lost 
heavily, the Eighth and Twelfth and Colonel Hartley's additional 
regiment, in particular, in officers and men, and Colonel Patton's 
additional regiment, after the battle of Germantown, could not 
maintain its regimental organization. We have no regimental re- 
turns of the regiments after they were reduced to six, January 1, 
1781, and re-enlisted. These, with the rest of the records of the 
Pennsylvania Line, were placed beyond the reach of historical 
research by the fire ^^ before alluded to, and the torch of the 
British in 1814." " 

^^Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. VII, p. 17. 
*^ A fire which consumed the records of the War Department in 
the year 1800. 

"^^Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. II, p. 562. 



CHAPTER IX 

THE FRIENDLY SONS OF SAINT PATRICK 

Irishmen who sowed the seeds of Revolution. An Irishman saved 
General Washington from capture or assassination. The Irish 
schoolmasters mingled their teaching of the rudiments of learn- 
ing with a sound American patriotism. Remarkable tribute 
to the Irish in the Revolution by Marquis de Chastellux, Major- 
General of Rochambeau's army. Lord Mountjoy declared 
"America was lost by Irish emigrants." Paul Jones and Ethan 
Allen mistaken for "Irishmen." Extracts from American 
newspapers. Annual celebrations of Saint Patrick's Day by 
the American troops. General Washington and other dis- 
tinguished officers attended the banquets of the Society of the 
Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick. 

THE idea prevails, and is much dwelt upon by 
New England historians, that the men who were 
most prominently identified with the outbreak of hos- 
tilities in 1775 were the instigators of the Revolution, 
or, at any rate, that its beginning was the destruction 
of the tea in Boston harbor the year before. To a large 
extent this is true, yet these men only gave concrete 
expression to the dream of independence which was cher- 
ished in the popular mind long before its national exist- 
ence was clearly apparent. For revolutions are not born 
over night, and it is manifest that the sentiment of lib- 
erty was not a sudden inspiration of individual leaders, 
for it was already deep-seated and had vigorous roots in 
the minds of many of the Colonists who were opposed 

148 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 149 

to the political control and regulation of their affairs by 
a government three thousand miles away, whose inter- 
est in their welfare was measured only by the amount 
of revenue obtainable from its foreign possessions to 
support an oligarchy. 

The pages that follow, on the subject of emigration 
from Ireland before the Revolution, prove beyond ques- 
tion that the Irish were here in large numbers, and local 
records show that in many places they formed little 
communities of their own, so that, before the country 
was in the throes of actual revolution, it is not surpris- 
ing that their voices were heard amid the storm of discon- 
tent. It was natural for the Irish, already "rebels" at 
heart, to sympathize with their fellow Colonists, and in 
Pennsylvania especially they were in no way fearful of 
incurring the penalties of treason by proclaiming their 
opposition to the government. They were used to being 
called "rebels," and they gloried in the title. They had 
struggled for the freedom of their native land, and in 
the process of transplantation to America they lost none 
of their devotion to the eternal principles of liberty. 
They required no urging, and from the beginning there 
were no more ardent supporters of the "rebel" cause 
than the Irish and their American-born sons, for nothing 
could better stimulate their ardor or activity than the 
promise that a successful revolt in America would have 
a like result in Ireland. 

The Stamp Act may be said to have been the first 
disturbing factor in the relations between England and 
her Colonies, and the agitation which sprang up after 
its passage intensified the feeling against England, and 



150 A HIDDEN PHASE 

we may be sure that in these circumstances the Irish 
element were not slow to add fuel to the smoldering 
fire, which may be the explanation for Mr. Lodge's 
statement that "the occupants of the jails of Pennsyl- 
vania were mainly the disorderly Irish" ! The Irishmen 
who championed the Colonists in the English Parliament 
had their prototypes in America, and they were effective 
propagandists. In voicing the complaints of the Colo- 
nists, they were in their natural element from the be- 
ginning, and this is shown by the individual instances of 
Irishmen throughout the country who were active in 
the agitation which preceded the Revolutionary conflict. 
In New York we have the example of Hercules Mulli- 
gan, the man who prevailed upon Alexander Hamilton 
to join the organization of the "Sons of Liberty," and 
who, with William Mooney, Isaac Sears, and other citi- 
zens of New York, led in that famous act of disenthrall- 
ment, the destruction of the statue of the English King 
on the 9th of July, 1776. Throughout the Revolution, 
with a faithfulness and zeal unequalled by any other 
American patriot, Hercules MuUigan served the im- 
mortal Washington in the city of New York as his chief 
source of information concerning the movements and 
intentions of the enemy forces, and on one occasion, at 
least, he saved the beloved patriot leader from capture 
and possible assassination by the enemy. ^ In Pennsyl- 

^ It was with Hercules Mulligan's family that Alexander Hamilton 
first made his home when he came to New York in 1772. After 
the British army took possession of the city in 1776, Hamilton 
induced Washington to appoint Mulligan "confidential correspondent 
to the Commander-in-chief," and he is known to have furnished 
Washington at various times with "most important military intelli- 




/fEPfifODUC£0 By A,VNA /^/fAA'C^'S l£V//yS 



CtEOROE BRYAN 

PATRIOT OF THE REVOLUTION AND GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 151 

vania, the Irishman Charles Thomson was an active 
patriot long before opposition to Great Britain became 
popular in America, and his historic reply to the letter 
which Franklin wrote him from London on the very 
night the Stamp Act was passed, is to-day incorporated 
in American annals as one of the prophetic utterances 
of that historic time.^ His countryman, George Bryan,^ 
*Vas among the earliest and most active and uniform 

gence." Mulligan became a member of the Committee of One 
Hundred of the City of New York in 1775, and was also a member 
of the New York Revolutionary Committees of Correspondence and 
Observation, and in this work he was associated with the leading 
patriots of the city. On the morning of Evacuation Day, November 
25, 1783, when the American army triumphantly entered the city, 
it is related that "Washington showed his approbation and respect 
for Mr. Mulligan by taking his first breakfast there with him." 
There are several excellent authorities for these statements, among 
them: History of the Republic of the United States of America, as 
traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton, by John C. Hamilton; 
Life of Alexander Hamilton, by the same author; Life and Epoch 
of Alexander Hamilton, by Chief Justice Shea of the New York 
Marine Court; Narrative of Hercules Mulligan, the original of 
which is among the Papers of Major-General Alexander Hamilton 
at the Library of Congress; Recollections and Private Memoirs of 
Washington, by George Washington Parke Custis; Life of Major 
John Andre, by Winthrop Sargent, and the New York newspapers 
of the Revolutionary period. 

^Franklin, in despair, wrote Thomson: "The sun of liberty is 
set, the Americans must now light up the candles of industry and 
economy," and Thomson replied that he "was apprehensive that 
other lights would be the consequence." Thomson was Secretary 
of the Continental Congress, and he occupied that post for so 
many years that he became known as "the perennial Secretary of 
Congress." 

' Bryan was born in Dublin in 1731. In 1788 he became Gov- 
ernor of Pennsylvania. 



152 A HIDDEN PHASE 

friends of the rights of man before the Revolutionary- 
War. As a member of the Assembly of Pennsylvania 
and of the Congress of New York in 1765, and as a 
citizen he was conspicuous in opposition to the Stamp 
Act and other acts of British tyranny in America." * 

It is well known that there was no more fearless advo- 
cate of the cause of the Colonists than Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, whose letters over the nom de plume, "The 
First Citizen," spread like wildfire through the country 
and prepared the people for the Revolution which was 
to follow; and we have the atithority of a Pennsylvania 
historian for the statement that John Dickinson of Dela- 
ware, famous as "the Penman of the Revolution," caught 
his argumentative and convincing style of writing from 
his Irish tutor, William Killen. ^ Matthew Lyon, "the 
Hampden of Congress," was an unflinching champion 
of the rights of the Colonists ; ^ and in Connecticut we 
have the example of John McCurdy, the Irishman be- 
fore mentioned, who, at great personal risk, published 
in New England the Virginia Resolutions of 1765 and 
the famous speech of Barre on the Stamp Act. In 

* From the inscription on George Bryan's tombstone in the burial- 
ground of the Second Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia. 

® William Killen emigrated from Ireland in 1737. He taught 
schools in Delaware and Pennsylvania for several years, and in 
course of time became first Chancellor and Chief Justice of Dela- 
ware. (See Biography of John Dickinson in Pennsylvania Maga- 
zine of History and Biography.) 

® Lyon was a native of Wicklow, Ireland, and emigrated to the 
Colonies in 1765. (See Life of Matthew Lyon, by J. Fairfax 
McLaughlin.) 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 153 

South Carolina, William Thomson, ^ afterward general 
in the Continental army, and brother of Charles Thom- 
son, openly espoused the patriot cause; and the Rut- 
ledge brothers, John and Edward, were among the most 
intelligent exponents of the rights of the people in the 
days when the Revolution was only aborning. In Mas- 
sachusetts, Thaddeus McCarty, of Worcester, for sev- 
eral years before the outbreak of the Revolution, was a 
powerful factor in moulding public opinion in the right 
direction; ^ and no man of the time exercised a greater 
influence over the minds of New England youth, in 
inculcating the doctrine that "resistance to tyrants is 
obedience to God," than John Sullivan, the schoolmas- 
ter of Maine and New Hampshire. At a period when 
it required more than ordinary courage openly to op- 
pose British interests in America, we find an Irishman, 
Captain Daniel Malcom of Boston, occupying a promi- 
nent position in the business and political life of that 
town and taking an active part in the agitation over the 
Stamp Act. Malcom was a trader and importer, and 
his store on Fleet Street, Boston, became "the resort 
of many of the more energetic of the patriots and a con- 
stant menace to the peace of the King's officers." ^ Here 
the questions of the hour, which culminated in 1775 in 
the resort to arms, were discussed by Hancock, Adams, 

' Thomson was a native of Maghera, Ireland. 

* Thaddeus McCarty was a native of Boston and was a grandson 
of an Irish immigrant of the same name. 

* The Story of the Irish in Boston, by James B. Cullen; Boston, 
1859. 



154 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Ward, Otis and other leading citizens, and that Malcom 
took part in these historic deliberations is indicated by 
the inscription on his tombstone in Copp's Hill burial- 
ground at Boston, which says: "He was a true son of 
Liberty, a Friend to the Publick, an Enemy to Oppres- 
sion and one of the foremost in opposing the Revenue 
Acts of America." The statement of Drake, ^° the New 
England antiquarian, that Malcom was an Irishman ^^ 
is confirmed by the membership list of the Charitable 
Irish Society of Boston, of which he became a member 
in 1766 and during the next three years was its vice- 
president. ^^ 

James Duane of New York, William O'Bryan ^^ of 
Georgia, and Cornelius Harnett ^^ of North Carolina, 

" Samuel Gardner Drake, The History and Antiquities of Bos- 
ton, p. 737; Boston, 1856. 

^^ A new England historian, ignorant of the origin of the name, 
but supposing that Daniel Malcom was of Scotch descent, refers 
to him as "a Scotch-Irishman." As a baptismal name, Malcom is 
popular among the Scotch, but, as all Irish scholars know, the name 
had its origin in that of the celebrated Irish saint, Columbkill, being 
derived from the Gaelic words, Maol and coluim, literally 
"the disciple, or servant, or devotee of Saint Columbkill." See 
"Celtic Surnames" in The Tongue of the Gael, by Tomas O'Flann- 
ghaile, Dublin, 1907; also O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees, Vol. I, p. SQL 

^^ The membership of the Charitable Irish Society was comprised 
of "gentlemen of the Irish Nation residing in Boston." The so- 
ciety was founded on Saint Patrick's Day in the year 1737. 

^^ William O'Bryan was known to the British as "the Rebel 
Treasurer of Georgia." He was one of the first patriots in that 
section of the country to suffer imprisonment for his pre-Revolu- 
tionary activities. 

^* Cornelius Harnett was a native of Dublin, Ireland. He was 
a wealthy merchant at Cape Fear, took a prominent part in political 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 155 

were all active patriots long before the shot was fired that 
was "heard around the world"; and while other Irish- 
men or sons of Irishmen may also be included in this 
galaxy of American patriots, the fact must not be 
overlooked that some of their countrymen, occupying 
more humble positions in society, were also active in 
preparing the way for the conflict with English power 
and arrogance which they knew was inevitable. As a 
plant is trained by expert hands to grow, so also the 
Irish schoolmasters in various parts of the Colonies 
trained the American youth under their care; and as 
many of these teachers had been driven out of Ireland 
and consequently had no love for England, they lost 
no opportunity of inculcating in the minds of their 
pupils a spirit of antagonism to the British government. 
The seeds of revolution planted in the minds of Ameri- 
can youth by their Irish tutors fructified in time, and 
it is a notable fact that Dr. Francis Allison of Donegal, 
Ireland, master of an academy at New London, Penna., 
had in his school at one time three boys who became dis- 
tinguished as Signers of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. ^^ And Lossing declares that "Allison's chief claim 
to honor among men is that he was the tutor of a large 
number of Americans who were conspicuous actors in 
the events of the Revolution that accomplished the inde- 
pendence of the United States." In county records, 
town histories, and the like may be found references to 
Irish schoolmasters against whom complaints were made 

affairs in North Carolina, and was one of the representatives of 
that province in the Continental Congress. 

^^ James Smith, George Read, and Thomas McKean. 



156 A HIDDEN PHASE 

in town meetings that they were "teaching sedition to 
the children," and it must be said also that during the 
decade of years between 1774 and 1784, many rural com- 
munities served by Irish schoolmasters were entirely 
without the services of a tutor, for the "master" had 
dropped the ferule for the rifle and marched forth with 
his neighbors to fight in the cause of independence, and 
thenceforward it is on the rosters of the patriot forces 
that one must look for their names. ^^ 

I have said that the Irish exhibited an uncommon 
eagerness to enter the fight, and I hardly think this 
assertion can be successfully contradicted. For the Irish 
had a double incentive in joining the American army, 
one being the opportunity it gave them to avenge the 
wrongs their country had suffered at the hands of the 
British government, the other the inherent love of lib- 
erty which ever dwells in an Irishman's heart and his 
sympathy for all people struggling for that inestunable 
privilege. On this point we have many contemporary 
witnesses, and an instance referred to by the noted 
Frenchman, Marquis de Chastellux, major-general of 
Rochambeau's army in America, in the account of his 
American travels in the years 1780-1782, furnishes 
one of the most interesting examples. In referring to a 
traveler whom the Marquis and his companions had 
overtaken on their journey through the Blue Ridge 
Mountains in Virginia, he says: "He was an Irishman 
who, though but lately arrived in America, had made 

"Ample proof of this assertion may be found in the rosters of 
the military companies where the occupations of the enlisted men 
were taken down. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 157 

several campaigns and received a considerable wound in 
his thigh by a musket ball, which, though it could not 
be extracted, had not in the least affected either his 
health or gaiety. He related his military exploits and 
we enquired immediately about the country which he 
then inhabited. He acquainted us that he was settled 
in North Carolina, upwards of eighty miles from Ca- 
tawba and . . . three hundred from the sea." This 
incident gave rise to the following observations by one 
of the Marquis' party, an Englishman named Kent, 
who also translated the American Travels: 

"An Irishman, the instant he sets foot on American ground, be- 
comes ipso facto an American; this was uniformly the case during 
the whole of the late war. Whilst Englishmen and Scotsmen were 
regarded with jealousy and distrust, even with the best recom- 
mendation of zeal and attachment to their cause, a native of Ireland 
stood in need of no other certificate than his dialect; his sincerity 
was never called in question; he was supposed to have a sympathy 
of suffering, and every voice decided, as if it were intuitively, in 
his favour. Indeed, their conduct in the late Revolution amply 
justified this favourable opinion, for whilst the Irish emigrant was 
fighting the battles of America by sea and land, the Irish merchants, 
particularly at Charles-Town, Baltimore and Philadelphia, laboured 
with indefatigable zeal, and at all hazards, to promote the spirit 
of enterprise, to increase the wealth and maintain the credit of 
the country; their purses were always open, and their persons de- 
voted to the common cause. On more than one imminent occasion. 
Congress owed their existence, and America possibly her preserva- 
tion, to the fidelity and firmness of the Irish. I had the honour 
of dining with The Irish Society ,^^ composed of the steadiest Whigs 
upon the continent, at the City Tavern in Philadelphia, on Saint 
Patrick's Day; the members wear a medallion suspended by a 

^' This doubtless refers to the Society of the Friendly Sons of 
Saint Patrick, organized at Philadelphia in the year 1771. 



158 A HIDDEN PHASE 

riband, with a very magnificent device, which has escaped my 
memory, but was so applicable to the American Revolution, that 
until I was assured that it subsisted prior to that event, and had a 
reference only to the oppressed in Ireland, by her powerful sister, 
I concluded it to be a temporary illusion. General Washington, 
Mr. Dickinson and other leading characters are adopted members 
of this Society, having been initiated by the ceremony of an exterior 
application of a whole bottle of claret poured upon the head, and 
a generous libation to liberty and good living, of as many as the 
votary could carry off." ^* 

So much for the observations of the French travellers. 
Let us now consult an Englishman of letters, Samuel 
Smiles. In commenting on the patriotism of the Irish 
during the Revolution, Smiles says: "Of the Irish Colo- 
nists in America, a large proportion everywhere stood 
foremost on the side of the patriots. It seemed as if 
Providence had mysteriously used the victims of Brit- 
ain's cruelty to Ireland, the men whom her persecution 
had banished from the bosom of their own land, as the 
means of her final punishment and humiliation on a for- 
eign soil. As the Irish Brigade struck down the British 
power at Landen and Fontenoy, so did the refugee Irish 
in the ranks of the American patriot army contribute to 
pluck from the haughty brow of Britain the palm of 
empire. 

Certain it is that in England itself the impression 
prevailed throughout the war that the exiled Irish were 

^® Voyages de M. le Marquis de Chastellux dans L'Amerique 
Septentrionale dans les Annees 1780, 1781 et 1782, Vol. II, p. 36; 
Paris, 1786 (English translation, London, 1787). 

^* Samuel Smiles, History of Ireland and the Irish People, p. 331 ; 
London, 1844. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 159 

chiefly at the bottom of her misfortunes. For these were 
portentous days for England, and the united Irish had 
everywhere shown evidence of their strength. The walls 
of Parliament vibrated as never before with the thun- 
derous eloquence and ominous prophecies of Burke, 
Barre, Conolly, and Sheridan; from across the Channel 
the tremendous philippics of Grattan sounded like the 
death-knell of the empire; the Irish Volunteers were 
arming and drilling, and in the American Colonies Irish- 
men had been in the forefront of the agitation over the 
Stamp Act and now were fighting by the side of their 
fellow Colonists to emancipate themselves from foreign 
rule. And in confirmation of that we have the historic 
remark made in Parliament by the Honorable Luke 
Gardiner, afterward Lord Mount joy, "America was 
lost by Irish emigrants," an outburst analogous to that 
of George II on another occasion, when he. said, in re- 
ferring to the victories achieved by the Irish Brigade in 
the service of France: "Cursed be the laws that deprived 
me of such subjects!" 

In the published Parliamentary Debates Gardiner's 
speech is recorded under date of April 2, 1784, and reads 
in part as follows : "America was lost by Irish emigrants. 
These emigrations are fresh in the recollection of every 
gentleman in this House. I am assured, from the best 
authority, the major part of the American army was 
composed of Irish, and that the Irish language was as 
commonly spoken in the American ranks as English. 
I am also informed it was their valour determined the 
contest so that England had America detached from her 
by force of Irish emigrants." I imagine that Gardiner's 



160 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"authority" for the statement as to the extensive use of 
the Irish language among American soldiers must have 
been an English officer who came in contact with the 
Pennsylvania or Maryland regiments only, for, with the 
exception of some of the regiments raised in those two 
States, there is no evidence of any sort to justify its 
application to the American army as a whole. A large 
proportion of the Irish emigrants to the Colonies spoke 
the Irish language, and doubtless many of them knew 
no other tongue. In American newspapers, for sev- 
eral years prior to the Revolution, may be seen adver- 
tisements oiFering rewards for "runaway" Irish redemp- 
tioners, and one of the several means of identifying the 
Irish "runaways" was stated in some of these advertise- 
ments to be the fact that "they speak English," a clear 
indication that the Irish language was the ordinary 
means of intercourse between many of the Irish immi- 
grants of those times. -" 

Indeed, so widespread was the belief in England, even 
among government officials, that "the rebel army" was 
comprised very largely of Irish, that the mere name of 
"Irishman" became a sort of bogy in English minds, 
and it is amusing to find Hutchinson writing in his 
Diary, under date of October 27, 1779, about "an ac- 
count from Lewes that Paul Jones, an Irishman in 
the French service^ had taken a 40 gun and a 20 gun 

^° See statement at page 259, quoted from John D. Rupp, the 
Pennsylvania historian, that in the settlements in the counties west 
of the Delaware River the Irish language was used so extensively 
that it was necessary for the Catholic priests to oflSciate in that 
language. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 161 

ship off the Humber with a number of colliers." ^^ 
While we recognize in this incident the celebrated fight 
between the English war-ship Serapis and the Bon 
Homme Richard under the command of the gallant 
Scotchman, Paul Jones, the curious thing about Hutch- 
inson's remark is that a former English governor of 
Massachusetts assumed that Jones was an "Irishman." 
Colonel Ethan Allen told a similar story in the narra- 
tive of his captivity. When a prisoner in England in 
1776, Allen said that the people of Falmouth accused 
him of being "an Irishman," and he related this incident 
as if it were a perfectly natural thing that in England 
an American soldier should have been mistaken for an 
Irishman ! 

Among the people of Ireland, too, it was generally 
believed that the American army was comprised largely 
of emigrants from that country, as will be seen from 
the following despatch dated "Dublin, April 11, 1783," 
which was published in Loudon's New York Packet of 
June 19, 1783: 

"The next parliament will have the happiness of meeting what 
has never been experienced by their ancestors, a free constitution 
and a liberated trade. The great object which we have to look up 
to for our commerce, is America ; and this will not appear improbable, 
when it is considered that three parts of the American army were 
absolutely Irish, that the Congress contains many of the same 
nation, and that a predilection for our country prevails through all 
America from the familiarity we lately bore to their constitution. 

" Diary and Letters of Governor Thomas Hutchinson, Vol. II, 
pp. 286-287. Governor Hutchinson's grandson, who edited and 
published the Diary, says: "By association, Jones was sometimes 
accounted an Irishman." 



162 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Add to this, our being the nearest part of the old world to the 
new, and no doubt remains but we must be the greatest gainers 
by their independence." 

Of course it was not correct to say that "three parts 
of the American army were absolutely Irish," and the 
only value that can be attached to such a statement is 
that, having been written while the Revolutionary War 
was still being waged and published in one of the organs 
of the American patriots, it serves as an indication of 
the idea which then prevailed in Ireland that a very high 
percentage of America's fighting forces was Irish. At 
that time people living in Irish seaports had unusual 
opportunities for acquainting themselves with the prog- 
ress of the Revolution, and indeed there are many 
evidences that in Ireland there was very close familiarity 
with American affairs of the period. The New York 
and Philadelphia newspapers throughout the Revolu- 
tion, and for many years prior thereto, regularly 
published news despatches from Ireland, and they also 
show that there was constant communication between 
Irish and American ports. So there can be no doubt 
that the news that "three parts of the American army 
were absolutely Irish," exaggerated though it was, was 
brought to Ireland by the masters or officers of these 
vessels, who, while in American ports, formed the notion 
that the Irish were a preponderating element among 
the American "rebels." 

The publication of the Packet, in which the Dublin 
despatch was printed, was begun in the city of New 
York on January 4, 1776, by Samuel Loudon, a native 
of Belfast, Ireland. Like John Holt's famous paper, 




Tbc next parliament wiJlhavc the happineft 
of meeting what has never been cxpericncc<l by 
thelranccflors, a free cnsftiiatioD and a libera- 
ted trade. The grt;at obje<::l w^hich wc ha.ve-to 
look up ;o for our conDmeree, is America; and 
thie will not appear improb-iblcjWheu it is con(i- 
dcrerl th jt -three pa;t» of the Anitritan army were 
abrvii'j'cly Iri(h; thai ilit C\jt)grcr& contaios ma- 
r.y of the fame naticn, and ihat a prcdile<J^ion 
for our country, prevails through ail America 
from iht fMillaiity v%e luicly bore to their cou- 
liiiutlon : Ar.d lo this, our being the nearcrt o( 
part of the old woi ki lo the new : And no doubt 
rctnains but we mult be the greatell gaineis by 
their Icd^pcndince. 



The volunteer* of Ireland arc preparing a 
conijratulatoj) addrefs to his Excellency Gene- 
ral Waftiington, on the glorious emancipatioo 
of America, from Britifh tyranny. To that re- 
nowned Chief, and the viituoua ilrugglcs i)f the 
American army, they, in a great mtaturr, 
aicribe their own happinrfa and indcpcudct.ee, 
and arc thetefore determined to pay their tribute 
of gratitude. 



REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEVJNS 



FACSIMILES OF DESPATCHES FROM DUBLIN AND PHILADELPHIA 
(N NEW YORK PACKET, JUNE 19,1783. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 163 

it was the mouthpiece of the patriots; but when the 
British army took possession of the city in 1776, Loudon 
was compelled to leave, and thereafter he continued the 
publication of his paper at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson until 
Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. Loudon was an 
ardent Irishman and he published regularly in the 
Packet despatches from Ireland containing accounts of 
"Grattan's Volunteers," and printed many editorial 
comments encouraging the Volunteer movement. It is 
with considerable interest that we read in the same is- 
sue of the Packet which contained the despatch from 
Dublin above quoted, the following news from Ireland, 
forwarded from Philadelphia: 

"The Volunteers of Ireland are preparing a congratulatory 
address to his Excellency, General Washington, on the emancipation 
of America from British tyranny. To that renowned Chief and 
the virtuous struggles of the American Army, they, in great measure, 
ascribe their own happiness and independence, and are therefore 
determined to pay their tribute of gratitude." 

That American newspapers of the time recognized 
the fact that the Irish actively espoused the patriot 
cause, is seen from occasional references in their columns 
to the struggle for independence in Ireland, and an 
example of this is the following extract from an article 
in the New Jersey Journal of March 8, 1780: ^^ 

"It is impossible not to admire the spirit which animates the 
speakers in the Irish Parliament, so daringly pointed and so ex- 
pressive of Liberty and Independence; or not to wish Ireland a 
similar station among the Nations as that we enjoy. And it is not 
now to be doubted, but that a people so long oppressed, and so 

^^ See also Archives of Nero Jersey, 2d Ser., Vol. IV, p. 237. 



164 A HIDDEN PHASE 

ardent in their love of Liberty, will use the present moment to 
recover their freedom, especially as they can have from the most 
powerful confederacy ever formed against England (as her King 
expresses it), every assistance they may want." 

The same paper, in its issue of March 15, 1780, 
pubHshed an account of a celebration held in the Ameri- 
can camp at Morristown over some news just received 
from Ireland, in which not only the Irish soldiers took 
part, but also many of the native-born officers. This 
account reads : 

"A number of our last papers, containing an account of the late 
proceedings in Ireland, being sent to the army by his Excellency 
[General Washington], gave them the greatest satisfaction and 
fanned the glorious flame of Liberty in their breasts. As elegant 
a collation as the shortness of the time would permit was provided 
by the officers of Colonel Jackson's regiment. A number of toasts 
were drank and the night concluded with music, and a new cotillon 
called the Duke of Leinster. The following toasts were drank: 

"1 — Saint Patrick. 2 — The Duke of Leinster. 3 — Lord Shan- 
non. 4 — Mr. Grattan. 5 — Mr. Ogle. 6 — Mr. Edward Newenham. 
7 — The Recorder. 8 — Mr. Flood, 9 — The Memory of Dr. Lucas. 
10 — The Volunteers of Ireland. 11 — May the cannon of Ireland 
bellow till the Nation is free! 12 — The King of France. 13 — 
General Washington and the Army." 

Two days later, the annual celebration of Saint Pat- 
rick's Day was to be held in the American camp, and in 
anticipation of the event, Washington, on March 16, 
1780, issued the following "General Orders": 

"Headquarters, Morristown, l6th March, 1780. 
"The General congratulates the Army on the very interesting 
Proceedings of the Parliament of Ireland, and the Inhabitants of 
that Country, which have been lately communicated, not only as 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 165 

they appear calculated to remove those heavy and tyrannical op- 
pressions on their Trade, but to restore to a brave and generous 
People their ancient Rights and Freedom, and by their operation 
to promote the Cause of America. Desirous of impressing on the 
minds of the Army Transactions so important in their Nature, the 
General directs that all Fatigue and Working Parties cease for 
to-morrow, the 17th, a day held in particular Regard by the People 
of that Nation. At the same time he orders, that as a mark of the 
Pleasure he feels on the occasion, he persuades himself that the 
Celebration of the Day will not be attended with the least Rioting 
or Disorder. The Officers to be at their Quarters in Camp, and 
the Troops of each State Line, are to be kept within their own 
encampment." ^' 

The following order, which has been attributed to 
Colonel Francis Johnston of the Pennsylvania Line, was 
issued on the same day : 

"The commanding officer desires that the celebration of the Day 
sbould not pass by without having a little rum issued to the troops, 
and has thought proper to direct the commissary to send for the 
hogshead which the Colonel has purchased already in the vicinity 
of the camp. While the troops are celebrating the bravery of Saint 
Patrick in innocent mirth and pastime, he hopes they will not 
forget their worthy friends in the Kingdom of Ireland, who, with 
the greatest unanimity, have stepped forward in opposition to the 
tyrant Great Britain, and who, like us, are determined to die or 
be free. The troops will conduct themselves with the greatest 
sobriety and good order." 



The camp parole on the 17th of March, 1780, was 
"Saint" and the countersign, "Patrick" and "Shelah. 



»' 24 



^^ Published in the New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury of 
April 24, 1780. The original order is among the records of the 
War Department at Washington. 

^* One of the historic personifications of Ireland. 



166 A HIDDEN PHASE 

It is said that "the day was ushered in with music and 
hoisting of colors exhibiting the thirteen stripes, the 
favorite harp, and an inscription, 'The Independence of 
Ireland.' " ^' 

The national festival of Ireland was celebrated by 
the American army before and after this time. On 
March 17, 1776, the day the British evacuated Boston 
and the Americans marched in and took possession, 
General Washington, in the camp at Cambridge, author- 
ized as the parole for the day, "Boston," and the counter- 
sign, "Saint Patrick," and he appropriately appointed 
General Sullivan "the Brigadier of the day." ^® And 
according to an account given by Colonel McLane of 
the Continental army, Saint Patrick's Day in 1778 was 
celebrated by the American troops. ^'^ In the Diary of 

^^ Gaine's New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, April 24, 
1780. Gaine's correspondent, who sent this account to the paper, 
evidently was a Tory because he expressed the thought that "the 
Sons of Saint Patrick who had been seduced into the service of the 
Congress would go off in a body on Saint Patrick's Day" as a protest 
against their sufferings. He sought to ridicule the celebration by 
saying: "The simple hearted Teagues, charmed with the sight of 
the Harp, forgot their sufferings and dropped their complaints, and 
seemed perfectly happy for the Moment, though not a Drop of 
Whiskey or Taffe was to be seen in the Camp, unless in the Tents 
of the Contrivers of this dry and unusual Way of celebrating the 
tutelar Divinity of England's fair and jolly Sister, the Kingdom 
of Ireland." 

^® Force's American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. V, p. 421. 

^^ Colonel McLane's account was reproduced in the Collections 
of the Pennsylvania Historical Society (Vol. I, p. 141), and is 
as follows : 

"When Washington and his army lay at Valley Forge in 1778, 
some of the Pennsylvania Germans made a Paddy, and displayed 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 167 

Colonel Israel Angell of the Second Rhode Island Regi- 
ment may be read the following interesting entry under 
date of March 17, 1781 : "Good weather ; a great parade 
this day with the Irish, it being Saint Patrick's. I 
spent the day on the Point ^® and tarried with the offi- 
cers." And in the Journal of Lieutenant William Felt- 
man ^^ of the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, 
under date of March 16, 1782, is found a similarly inter- 
esting entry reading : "This morning received an invita- 
tion from Lt. Smith to spend Saint Patrick's Day with 
him tomorrow in company with Lt. North, Lt. McCol- 
1am, Lt. Reed, Dr. McDowell, Ensigns Van Court and 
Cunningham. We rode to a Mr. Kennedy's about 15 
miles from camp at a place called Rantholes on Stoneo 
River, about twelve miles from Charleston, and spent 
the day and greater part of the night very agreeably." 
The celebration, according to Lieutenant Feltman, 
continued through the next day, for he describes in his 

it on Saint Patrick's Day to the great indignation of the Irish 
in the camp. They assembled in large bodies under arms, swearing 
for vengeance against the New England troops, saying they had 
got up the insult. The affair threatened a very serious issue; none 
of the officers could appease them. At this, Washington, having 
ascertained the entire innocence of the New England troops, rode 
up to the Irish and kindly and feelingly argued with them, and 
then requested the Irish to show the offenders and he would see 
them punished. They could not designate anyone. 'Well,' said 
Washington with great promptness, 'I, too, am a lover of Saint 
Patrick's Day and must settle the aflPair by making all the army 
keep the day.'- He therefore ordered extra drink to every man of 
his command and thus all made merry and were good friends." 

" West Point, New York. 

^^ Published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1853. 



168 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Journal, under date of the 17th, how the officers 
"dined very sumptuously upon codfish, Irish potatoes, 
asparagus, fowls, etc., and after dinner we surrounded a 
large table which was decked with good Nantes brandy, 
excellent spirits. We then went to work in form, chose 
a President and proceeded to business, spending the 
afternoon and greater part of the night very agreeably." 
In the language of the Minutes of the Society of the 
Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick of Philadelphia, Wash- 
ington himself was "unanimously adopted a member of 
the Society" on December 18, 1781, and his reply to a 
letter from the President tendering him the badge of 
the Society is still preserved among its papers. ^° It 
reads : 

"I accept with singular pleasure the Ensign of so worthy a 
fraternity as that of the Sons of St. Patrick in this City, a society 
distinguished for the firm adherence of its members to the glorious 
cause in which we are embarked. Give me leave to assure you, Sir, 
that I shall never cast my eyes upon the badge with which I am 
honoured but with a grateful remembrance of the polite and affec- 
tionate manner in which it was presented." 

On the 1st of January, 1782, Washington attended 
a dinner of the Society, and on the 18th of March of the 
same year he was present at the Saint Patrick's Day 
banquet of the Friendly Sons, accompanied by some of 
the most distinguished officers of the American and 
French armies. On the membership roll of this famous 
Irish society at this time are found the names of Generals 

^° See A Brief Account of the Society of the Friendly Sons of 
Saint Patrick, by Samuel Hood; Philadelphia, 1844. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 169 

Wayne, Butler, Hand, Irvine, and Moylan, and a num- 
ber of other officers of the army and navy, as well as 
some of the leading merchants of the city of Phila- 
delphia. Indeed, the Society was "composed for the 
most part of men of fortune, who were associated on 
terms of familiarity, friendship, and equality with the 
first men of the Province; many of them occupied the 
highest and most responsible stations in the army, navy, 
cabinet, and in Congress," and they supported the cause 
of the country "with a zeal, ardour, and ability unsur- 
passed in those days of intense patriotism." ^^ 

When the historians who have denied to the Irish a 
place in American Revolutionary history read of such 
incidents as these, we can imagine that the facts must 
be rather disturbing to their consciences, for we cannot 
for a moment suppose that such celebrations would be 
permitted were it not for the fact that the Irish element 
wielded considerable influence and that the native Amer- 
ican officers and soldiers fully recognized the aid re- 
ceived from Ireland's sons in their struggle for liberty. 
But it was not the native Americans alone who sym- 
pathized with Ireland at that time, for it was the great 
Frenchman, Lafayette, who proposed the toast, "May 
the Kingdom of Ireland merit a stripe in the American 
standard !" at a banquet given by the officers of General 
Sullivan's forces in the Wyoming Valley on September 
25, 1779, celebrating the announcement that Spain had 
joined the Franco- American alliance. ^^ 

^^ Brief Account, etc., by Samuel Hood; Philadelphia, 1844. 
^^ A strong sentiment in favor of Ireland prevailed in America, 
especially in the army, at the time of the Revolution, doubtless 



170 A HIDDEN PHASE 

American military officers watched with considerable 
interest the course of events in Ireland, as far as they 
could be learned from the Irish newspapers brought 
into the American camps. General Henry Knox se- 
lected an appropriate date, March 17, 1780, to write 
General William Heath from INIorristown to the effect 
that "the affairs of Ireland will be a pretty addition to 
the embarrassment of England, and will, I hope, pro- 
duce a speedy peace for America." General Robert 
Howe also mentioned affairs in Ireland in a letter to 
Heath from the Highlands on April 9, 1780; and again, 
in a letter from Heath to Howe, dated Roxbury, April 
25, 1780, England's difficulties in Ireland were the sub- 
ject of discussion between these American officers of 
high rank. ^^ 

It is also with considerable interest that we read in 
The Correspondence of George Washington several 

because of the help which, it was known the sons of Ireland had 
given the American cause. For example, one of thirteen toasts 
drunk at a celebration of the "Sons of Saint Tammany" of Phila- 
delphia on May 1, 1783, was: "The Friends of Liberty in Ireland: 
May the Harp be tuned to Independence and be touched by skilful 
hands," and in the report of the celebration in the Philadelphia 
Freeman's Journal of May 7, 1783, it said, "at the giving of each 
toast cannon were fired and the whole company gave three cheers, 
but when 'General Washington and the Army' was named, they 
swelled spontaneously into thirteen, and upon naming 'The Friends 
of Liberty in Ireland' and the 'tuning of the Harp to Independence,' 
the Sons of Saint Tammany, anticipating the day in which the brave 
sons of Saint Patrick shall be free and happy as ourselves, burst 
into thirteen shouts of joy and the band struck up 'Saint Patrick's 
Day in the Morning.' " 

^^ These letters are among the Heath Letters reproduced in the 
Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 7th Ser., Vol. V. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 171 

letters in which the affairs of Ireland were discussed. 
For example, a possible "insurrection in Ireland" was 
commented upon in General Sullivan's letter to General 
Washington of August 7, 1777; ^* to Count de Rocham- 
beau, Washington wrote on August 26, 1780, expressing 
his satisfaction at "the intelligence respecting the Irish 
Militia's driving the English out of the forts," saying 
"it must be embarrassing to the British Ministry;" ^^ 
and two days later, in a letter to John Mercereau of 
Woodbridge, N. J., he referred to "the disturbances 
in Ireland." ^« In a letter of October 5, 1780, to Gen- 
eral John Cadwalader, Washington referred to the fa- 
vorable aspect of affairs in Europe, among which were 
the continuance of "the Irish claims and English dis- 
turbances," which "formed an opinion in his breast that 
the hour of deliverance was not far distant, for that 
however unwilling Great Britain might be to yield the 
point, it would not be in her power to continue the con- 
test" ; ^" and in a letter from General Heath to Wash- 
ington on January 25, 1783, he also spoke of "a ru- 
moured revolt in Ireland." These letters indicate that 
American army officers must have had instructions to ob- 
tain all available information with regard to Irish affairs 
and that the Commander-in-Chief himself considered it 
a matter of sufficient importance to be kept informed 

^* Correspondence of George Washington, p. 391; Library of 
Congress, 1915. 

^^ The Writings of George Washington, collected and edited by 
Worthington C. Ford; Vol. VIII, p. 408; New York, 1890. 

^^ Correspondence of George Washington, p. 1 379. 

^^ The Writings of George Washington; Vol. VIII, p. 467. 



172 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

of the trend of political agitation in Ireland, knowing 
that the success, or even the continuance, of the move- 
ment for the redress of Irish grievances would have the 
effect of weakening England's conduct of the war. 



^>;,..;^v.. ' c/y ,^^.^^. 








REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEVINS 

FACSIMILES OF SIGNATURES OF GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON 
AND EDWARD HAND, ADJUTANT GENERAL OF THE CONTINENTAL 
ARMY TO THE MEMBERSHIP ROLL OF THE SOCIETY OF THE 
FRIENDLY SONS OF SAINT PATRICK OF PHILADELPHIA. 




CHAPTER X 

"THE LINE OF IRELAND" 

Lossing's description of Morgan's celebrated Rifle Corps. Four 
regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, commanded by Irish 
officers, covered the retreat from Long Island. General Henry 
Lee described the Pennsylvania Line as "the Line of Ireland." 
Gallantry of Irish soldiers. The New England soldiers. Their 
quality as fighting men. Washington's characterization of 
them. The "mutiny" of the Pennsylvania Line. Its causes. 

WHEN we study the testimony of Galloway and 
Robertson and compare it with the many other 
evidences that are furnished to us by American records 
of the large number of Irishmen and their sons who, 
early in the contest, eagerly flocked to the standard of 
Washington, we need not wonder at Lossing's de- 
scription of Morgan's celebrated rifle corps. In allud- 
ing to General Washington's organization of the army 
at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in July, 1775, Lossing 
says: "Some riflemen from Maryland, Virginia, and 
Western Pennsylvania enlisted under the order of Con- 
gress, and led by Daniel Morgan,^ a man of powerful 

^ In biographical sketches of Colonel Daniel Morgan it is stated 
that he was born in New Jersey and that his father was a Welsh- 
man. However, the late "Richelieu" Robinson, editor of the Irish 
World, claimed that Morgan was born in County Derry, Ireland, 
and that his father, Peter Morgan, also a native of Ireland, emi- 
grated to America in 1742 with his seven sons, one of whom was 
Daniel. In the Catholic Encyclopcedia it is also claimed that Morgan 

173 



174 A HIDDEN PHASE 

frame and sterling courage, soon joined the camp. 
Upon their breasts they wore the motto 'Liberty or 
Death/ A large proportion of them were Irishmen 
and were not very agreeable to the New Englanders. 
These men attracted much attention, and on account of 
their sure and deadly aim they became a terror to the 
British. Wonderful stories of their exploits went to 
England, and one of the riflemen, who was carried 
there a prisoner, was gazed at as a great curiosity." ^ 

The esteem in which Morgan's Rifle Corps was held 
by General Washington is shown by his letter to Gov- 
ernor Clinton on August 16, 1777, informing Clinton 
that he had ordered Morgan to join the army under 
General Gates, then operating in the vicinity of Albany, 
In that letter Washington said: "They are all chosen 
men, selected from the army at large, well acquainted 
with the use of rifles and with the mode of fighting 
which is necessary to make them a good counterpoise 
to the Indians, and they have distinguished themselves 
on a variety of occasions since the formation of the Corps 
in skirmishes with the enemy. I expect the most eminent 
services from them, and I shall be mistaken if their 
presence does not go far towards producing a general 
deserting among the savages."^ 

Of all the provinces by far the greatest number of 

was an Irishman, but no authority for this statement is given. While 
the question is in doubt, it is certain that Daniel Morgan exhibited 
many of the well-known characteristics of an Irishman. 

^ Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. I, p. 565 ; New 
York, 1851. 

' Sparks' Writings of Washington, Vol. V, p. 30. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 175 

Irishmen enlisted in Pennsylvania, which was to be 
expected in view of the large settlements of Irish people 
in that province, which continued for half a century- 
prior to the Revolution. In referring to the racial 
elements in America at the time of the outbreak of the 
war, Dr. David Ramsay, himself a participant, says: 
"The Irish in America, with few exceptions, were 
attracted to independence, for they had fled from 
oppression in their native country and could not brook 
the idea that it should follow them."* And in his chap- 
ter on the Pennsylvania Line, Ramsay says: "The 
common soldiers enlisted in that State were for the 
most part natives of Ireland, but though not bound to 
America by the accidental tie of birth, they were inferior 
to none in discipline, courage, or attachment to the cause 
of independence."^ 

The Pennsylvania Line comprised approximately 
twenty thousand men and is generally admitted to have 
been one of the most effective fighting arms of the Rev- 
olutionary forces, and, as an admiring officer once said 
of them, "they served everywhere and surrendered no- 
where." What finer compliment could be bestowed on 
the prowess of any body of troops than their selection 
by Washington to cover the retreat of the American 
army after the disastrous defeat at Long Island on 
August 28, 1776? For we are told that "the Pennsyl- 

*^ History of the American Revolution, by Dr. David Ramsay, 
Vol. Ill, p. 6; Trenton, 1811. 

^ Ibid., Vol. II, p. 280. This statement is also made in History 
of America from the Earliest Discovery to the Present Day, edited 
by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp (Library of American History Series, 
Vol. II, p. 28; New York, 1856). 



176 A HIDDEN PHASE 

vania troops were done great honour by being chosen the 
corps de reserve to cover the retreat. The regiments 
of Colonels Hand, Magaw, Shea, and Haslett were de- 
tailed for that purpose.'"' And it is a remarkable fact 
that all four of the commanding officers of these regi- 
ments were natives of Ireland. 

General Henry Lee, afterward Governor of Virginia, 
in his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Depart- 
ment^ makes the following reference to General Wayne 
and the Pennsylvania Line: "Wayne had a constitu- 
tional attachment to the decision of the sword, and this 
cast of character had acquired strength from indulgence, 
as well as from the native temper of the troops he 
commanded. They were known by the designation of 
the Line of Pennsylvania, whereas they might have 
been, with more propriety, called the Line of Ireland. 
Bold and daring, they were impatient and refractory, 
and would always prefer an appeal to the bayonet to a 
toilsome march. . . . The General and his soldiers 
were singularly fitted for close and stubborn action, hand 
to hand in the centre of the army." 

Throughout the Revolution the soldiers of the Penn- 
sylvania Line maintained on many a battle-field that 
reputation for gallantry which Ireland's martial sons 

® Account of the Retreat from Long Island, by Lieutenant-Colonel 
James Chambers, in Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. II, p. 6 12. 
See also letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Chambers to his wife, dated 
September 3, 1776, quoted in Chambersburg in the Colony and the 
Revolution, by Lewis H. Garrard, published by the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 1856. 

^ Vol. II, p. 203; New York, 1808. (See also Pennsylvania 
Archives^ 5th Ser., Vol. II, p. 566.) 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 177 

have ever enjoyed, and they furnished to the military 
annals of America a chapter as glorious as that which 
the famous Irish Brigade contributed to the arms of 
France. While the heroism, devotion, and fidelity of 
that renowned corps, in supporting and defending the 
cause they espoused, constitute for it imperishable claims 
to the respect and admiration of posterity, their story is 
comparatively little known to the American people, for 
no literary trumpet has sounded their praises. What 
a field has existed for a romantic writer in the traditions 
that have lived, but are gradually becoming dimmed by 
time, among the descendants of those gallant men in 
the mountains and valleys of Pennsylvania! But, alas 
for the Irish in America, in this, as well as in many other 
phases of American history, they have neglected their 
opportunities and no writer has sought to keep alive their 
memory, and their story is now found only in the prosaic 
official records of the Revolution. What more gallant 
spirits figure in American military annals than Cap- 
tain John Brady, the Revolutionary scout and frontiers- 
man; or Timothy Murphy, the hero of Saratoga; or 
Major John Kelly, who destroyed the bridge at Stony 
Brook on the retreat from Trenton, thereby saving the 
American troops from capture; or Lieutenant James 
Gibbons, who led the forlorn hope at the storming of 
Stony Point; or Captain William O'Neill and his gal- 
lant band, who held in check a British force at the battle 
of the Brandywine? These and many other equally 
gallant soldiers were attached to regiments of the "Line 
of Ireland," but no one except the student of history 
now recalls their services to their country. 



178 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Much stress has been laid upon the part played by 
the New England States in the Revolutionary conflict, 
— so much, indeed, that one would be compelled to con- 
clude, in the absence of other evidence, that to New Eng- 
land is due the independence of the United States. Some 
few years ago, I received from Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge 
a copy of a pamphlet prepared by him containing com- 
parative statistics of the number of soldiers who enlisted 
from each province or State, and purporting to show 
that by far the greatest number enlisted from Massa- 
chusetts, and that New England furnished more men 
to the Revolutionary army than all the other Colonies 
combined. Mr. Lodge pointed to this as "proof" of 
the statements of the historians that the New England- 
ers were a preponderating element in the Revolution. 

Now, without questioning the authenticity of Mr. 
Lodge's figures, a thought that naturally arises is that 
in making such comparisons the quality of the soldiers 
as fighting material is a very important factor, — indeed, 
just as important as their relative numbers. For we 
know that in every sphere of human activity the quality 
and capacity of men in the particular calling in which 
they may be engaged varies in a greater or lesser degree 
according to circumstances and conditions, and to no 
class more than to soldiers does this apply. Bruce at 
Bannockburn, with ten thousand men, decisively de- 
feated an English army of thirty thousand ; which proves 
that it is not numbers alone that conquer in battle, but 
the quality and determination of "the men behind the 
guns." 

When we compare the New England troops with 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 179 

those who came from other sections of the country, what 
do we find? On the one hand, General Richard Mont- 
gomery, writing to General Washington on October 5, 
1775, of the personnel of his command during the 
Canadian campaign, said: "The New Englanders are 
the worst stuff imaginable for soldiers. They are home- 
sick. Their regiments are melted away, and yet not 
a man dead of any distemper. There is such an equality 
among them, that the officers have no authority, and 
there are very few among them in whose spirit I have 
any confidence. The privates are all generals, but not 
soldiers, and so jealous that it is impossible, though a 
man risque his person, to escape the imputation of 
treachery. I don't see amongst them that zealous attach- 
ment to the cause I flattered myself with, but indeed 
they are homesick." ^ And Washington himself wrote 
on January 31, 1776, on receiving Montgomery's letter: 
"The account given of the behaviour of the men under 
General Montgomery is exactly consonant to the opinion 
I have formed of these people, and such as they will 
exhibit abundant proof of in similar cases whenever 
called upon. Place them behind a parapet, a breast- 
work, stone wall, or anything that will afford shelter, 
and from their knowledge of a firelock, they will give 
a good account of the enemy ; but I am as well convinced 
as if I had seen it that they will not march boldly up 
to a work, nor stand exposed in a plain." ^ 

Bancroft informs us that "Montgomery's troops de- 

^ Robert R. Livingston MS. Letters, fol. 57, at New York Public 
Library. 

^Washington's Works, Vol. Ill, pp. 277, 285. 



180 A HIDDEN PHASE 

serted in such numbers [in Canada] that only eight 
hundred remained"; and Lecky says, in referring to the 
soldiers engaged in Montgomery's operations in Quebec 
in 1775 : "They were turbulent, insubordinate, and half 
trained, and they had enlisted for so short a period and 
were so unwilling to renew their contract that it was 
necessary to press on operations as quickly as possi- 
ble." ^^ In fact, we find Washington's letters full of 
complaints of the conduct of the New England troops. 
In a letter to General Joseph Reed, dated Cambridge, 
November 28, 1775, he complained about their "dearth 
of public spirit, and such want of virtue, such stock- 
jobbing and fertility in all the low arts to obtain ad- 
vantages of one kind or another, that I never before saw, 
and pray God's mercy that I may never be witness to 
again." "Such a mercenary spirit," wrote Washington 
in another place, "pervades the whole, that I should not 
at all be surprised at any disaster that may happen. , . . 
Could I have foreseen what I have experienced, and am 
likely to experience, no consideration upon earth should 
have induced me to accept this command." *^ "No 
troops," he wrote in another letter, "were ever better 
provided or higher paid, yet their backwardness to enlist 
for another year is amazing. It grieves me to see so 
little of that patriotic spirit which I was taught to 
believe was characteristic of this people." ^^ Washing- 
ton's opinion of the New England troops is further 

^*W. E. H. Lecky, History of the American Revolution, pp. 
215-216. 

"Washington's Works, Vol. Ill, p. 179- 
^"^ Ibid., p. 181. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 181 

shown by his letter of August 20, 1775, from Cambridge, 
Mass., to Lund Washington, in which he said: "The 
People of this Government have obtained a character 
which they by no means deserved ; their officers general!}^ 
speaking are the most indifferent kind of people I ever 
saw. I have already broke one Colonel and five Cap- 
tains for Cowardice, or for drawing more Pay and Pro- 
visions than they had Men in their Companies; there 
is two more Colonels now under arrest and to be tried 
for the same offences; in short, they are by no means 
such Troops, in any respect, as you are led to believe of 
them from the accounts which are published, but I need 
not make myself enemies among them by this declara- 
tion, although it is consistent with truth. I dare say the 
men would fight very well (if properly officered), al- 
though they are exceeding dirty and nasty people." 

General Philip Schuyler also made considerable com- 
plaint against the Connecticut and Massachusetts mili- 
tia,^ ^ and General Trumbull, in a letter to Washington 
in December, 1775, spoke of his "grief, surprise, and 
indignation" at the conduct of the New England troops. 
Lecky states: "The term of enlistment of the Connecticut 
troops expired in December, 1775, and the whole body, 
amounting to some five thousand men, positively refused 
to re-enlist," and " it was vainly represented to them 
that their desertion threatened to bring absolute ruin 
to the American cause." ^* Neither Mr. Lodge nor any 

^^ Letter from General Schuyler to Congress, August 10, 1777, in 
Schuyler MSS. at New York Public Library. 
^* History of the American Revolution, p. 228. 



182 A HIDDEN PHASE 

other New England historian takes any of these facts 
into consideration. 

Contrast all this with the statement of Lee, that the 
soldiers of the famous corps whom he called "the Line 
of Ireland" were the type of men who were always ready 
to meet the enemy under any conditions. They were 
"singularly fitted," says Lee, "for close and stubborn 
action, hand to hand in the centre of the army," and 
"always preferred an appeal to the bayonet to a toil- 
some march," — the kind of soldiers best qualified for 
the warfare of that time. Men of that calibre were 
immeasurably superior to the type whom Montgomery 
and Washington described, for they required the pro- 
tection of neither "parapet, breastwork, nor stone wall" 
to prop up their courage, and their most cheerful mo- 
ments were when grappling with the enemy "hand to 
hand in the centre of the army." For individual initia- 
tive, physical endurance, grim determination, dash and 
courage, and all those qualities that were necessary to 
the efficient soldier of that time, no single aggregation 
of men in the Revolutionary army equalled the soldiers 
of the Pennsylvania Line; for they were "born soldiers," 
their lives having been spent largely in savage warfare 
against the Indians or in conquering the forces of nature 
in the wild country which they or their fathers had 
settled. 

Nothing better illustrates the character of these men 
than the outbreak which occurred in their ranks in the 
winter of 1780-81, the result of the "nakedness and 
famine which were their daily companions." ^^ This 

^^ Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. I, p. 312. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 183 

outbreak is known in history as "the Mutiny of the 
Pennsylvania Line." The celebrated Matthew Carey 
gave a graphic account of this movement and of the 
sufferings and fidelity of the "mutineers": 

"During the American Revolution a band of Irishmen were em- 
bodied to avenge, in the country of their adoption, the injuries of 
the country of their birth. They formed the major part of the 
celebrated Pennsylvania Line. They fought and bled for the 
United States. Many of them sealed their attachment with their 
lives. Their adopted country was shamefully ungrateful. The 
wealthy, the indolent, and the luxurious, for whom they fought, 
were rioting in all the comforts and superfluities of life. Their 
defenders were literally half-starved and half-naked. Their 
shoeless feet marked with blood their tracks on the highway. They 
bore their grievances patiently. They at length murmured. They 
remonstrated. They implored a supply of the necessities of life, 
but in vain. A deaf ear was turned to their complaints. They felt 
indignant at the cold neglect, at the ingratitude, of that country for 
which so many of their companions in arms had expired on the 
crimsoned field of battle. They held arms in their hands. They 
had reached the boundary line beyond which forbearance and sub- 
mission became meanness and pusillanimity. As all appeals to the 
gratitude, the justice and generosity of the country had proved un- 
availing, they determined to try another course. They appealed to 
its fears. They mutinied. They demanded with energy that redress 
for which they had before supplicated. It was a noble deed; I 
hope in all similar cases similar measures will be pursued. 

"The intelligence was carried to the British camp. It there 
spread joy and gladness. Lord Howe hoped that a period had 
arrived to the 'rebellion,' as it would have been termed. There 
was a glorious opportunity of crushing the half-formed embryo of 
the Republic. He counted largely on the indignation and on the 
resentment of the natives of the Emerald Isle. He knew the iras- 
cibility of their tempers. He calculated on the diminution of the 
strength of 'the rebels,' and the accession to the numbers of the 
royal army. Messengers were despatched to the mutineers. They 
had carte blanche. They were to allure the poor Hibernians to 



184 A HIDDEN PHASE 

return, like prodigal children, from feeding on husks to the plen- 
tiful fold of their roj'al master. Liberality itself presided over his 
offers. Abundant supplies of provisions, comfortable clothing to 
their hearts' desire, all arrears of pay, bounties, and pardon for 
past offences were offered. There was, however, no hesitation 
among those poor, neglected warriors. They refused to renounce 
poverty, nakedness, suffering and ingratitude. 

"The splendid temptations were held out in vain. There was 
no Judas, no Arnold there. They seized the tempters. They tram- 
pled on tlieir shining ore. They sent them to their General's tent. 
The miserable wretches paid their forfeited lives for attempting 
to seduce a band of ragged, forlorn, and deserted, but illustrious 
heroes. We prate about Roman, about Grecian patriotism. One- 
half of it is false. In the other half there is nothing that excels 
this noble trait, which is worthy tlie pencil of a West or a Trum- 
bull!" ^« 

Washington, writing to Rochambeau on January 20, 
1781, relative to "the late disturbances in the Pennsyl- 
vania Line," said : "The causes of complaint of this Line, 
mostly composed of foreigners, and having even some 
British deserters, must in great part be known to your 
Excellency. The absolute want of pay and clothing, 
the great scarcity of provisions, were too severe a trial 
for the men, a great proportion of whom could not be 
deeply impressed with the feelings of citizens. It is 
somewhat extraordinary that these men, however lost 
to a sense of duty, had so far retained that of honour, 
as to reject the most advantageous propositions from 
the enemy"; ^^ and Lafayette, in a letter to Vergennes, 
French Minister of Foreign Affairs, said: "Some 
Pennsylvania troops, almost wholly composed of for- 

^^ The Olive Branch, 10th edition; Philadelphia, Pa. 
^^ Ford's Writings of Washington, Vol. IX, p. 115. 




r /-- V.:^ vC/f iv Br-A^/Z/A A'fy 



COLONEL ^V^\LTER STEWART 

OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LINE, CONTINENTAL ARMY. 
BORN !N DONEGAL, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 185 

eigners, and stationed at Morristown, had revolted." ^* 
As further illustrating the character of the men of 
the Pennsylvania Line, after the mutiny was settled 
Wayne wrote to Washington in January, 1781, that 
"the disbanded soldiers were as importunate to be re- 
enlisted as they had been to be discharged; a reclaimed 
and formidable Line was the result in the spring." *^ 
General Rochambeau also touches upon this incident 
in his Memoirs, where, referring to the march of the 
"mutineers" to Philadelphia to appeal to Congress for 
redress of their grievances, he says: "I should here men- 
tion a most extraordinary trait of patriotism in these 
times of rebellion. General Clinton, the Commandant 
at New York, within whose reach these men had to pass, 
sent off emissaries to beg them to join the American 
refugees who were serving in his army, offering at the 
same time to pay the arrears which were due to them. 
The sergeant who commanded them exclaimed: 'Com- 
rades, he takes us for traitors; but we are brave men, 
who demand justice of our country.' He hanged the 
spies sent by Clinton and proceeded on." ^^ 

^® Document No. 1632 in Stevens' Facsimiles. 

^^ Border Wars of the American Revolution, by William L. Stone, 
Vol. II, p. 135; New York, 19OO. 

^° Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambeau relative to the 
War of Independence in the United States, p. 30; Paris, 1838. 



CHAPTER XI 

MORE HISTORY BY SUPPRESSION 

The "Volunteers of Ireland" and the "Roman Catholic Volunteers" 
in the English service. How organized, and their composition. 
Bancroft suppresses the facts. Desertions to the American 
Army and disintegration of the Volunteers. The Irish Vol- 
unteers in the American service. The Virginia regiments. 
"The Irish will enlist in crowds." Irish recruits in the Caro- 
linas. Lord Cornwallis' letter to General Clinton. 

IN an attempt to show that the Irish in America did 
not favor the Revolutionary cause, Bancroft says: 
"While it was no longer possible for the Americans to 
keep up their army enlistments, the British gained 
numerous recruits from immigrants. In Philadelphia, 
Howe had formed a regiment of Roman Catholics. 
With better success, Clinton courted the Irish. They 
had fled from the persecution of inexorable landlords 
to a country which offered them freeholds. By flatter- 
ing their nationality and their sense of importance at- 
tached to their numbers, Clinton allured them to a com- 
bination directly averse to their own interests and raised 
for Lord Rawdon a large regiment in which officers and 
men were exclusively Irish. Among them were nearly 
five hundred deserters from the American Army." ^ 
This statement is true only in its barest essential, 

^ History of the United States, Vol. X, p 175. 

186 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 187 

namely, in the fact that the two "regiments" referred to 
were actually organized ; and it serves as another instance 
of the "writing of history by suppression" before alluded 
to. The first-mentioned "regiment" was known as the 
"Roman Catholic Volunteers" and was formed in 1777 
while the British were in possession of Philadelphia; 
and the second, known as the "Volunteers of Ireland," 
was formed in the year 1778. In thus attempting to 
seduce the Irish Catholics from the American cause, 
England was only following the same tactics which had 
failed in Ireland, where, by the relaxation of the penal 
laws and the granting of certain measures of relief to 
the Catholics, she sought to arouse religious animosities 
against the Americans to promote her own interests; 
but the extent to which they succeeded in America will 
be shown by a brief narration of the facts on record. 

According to an account printed in Rivington's Royal 
Gazette, the "Roman Catholic Volunteers" were com- 
manded by Colonel Alfred Clifton, "an English Catholic 
gentleman," ^ and the "Volunteers of Ireland" were 
under the command of Lord Rawdon, who, although a 
native of Ireland, was "British to the core." As to 
how much faith we may place in Bancroft's assertion 
that "the officers were exclusively Irish," we have a 
fairly safe guide in the following official list of the officers 
of these regiments : ^ 

^ Statement of Rev. Ferdinand Farmer in Woodstock Letters, 
Vol. XIV, p. 196. 

' From A List of General and Staff Oncers of the British Army 
in America, p. 64. 



188 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



ROMAN CATHOLIC VOLUNTEERS 

Colonel 
Alfred Clifton 

Lieutenant-Colonel 



Majors 



John Lynch 



Captains 
Kenneth McCuUoch 
Matthias Hanely 
Martin McEvoy 
Nicholas Wiergan 
John McKinnon 

Lieutenants 
Peter Eck 
John Connell 
James Hanrahan 
Edward Holland 
John Neill 
Ebenezer Wilson 
Harman Black 
John Jewell 

Surgeon 

Chaplain 
Rev. Ferdinand Farmer 

Ensigns 
John Grashune 
Arthur Bailie 
Thomas Quinn 
Edward Goodwin 
H. P. Sergeant 
Mark Ransford 

Quartermaster 
John Holland 



VOLUNTEERS OF IRELAND 

Colonel 
Right Hon. Lord Rawdon 
Lieutenant-Colonel 
Welborne Ellis Boyle 

Majors 
John Despard 
Henry Rugely 

Captains 
John Campbell 
John Doyle 
James King 
William Barry 
Thomas Silverton 

Lieutenants 
David Dalton 
Charles Vallency 
Charles Bingham 
Thomas Proctor 
Samuel Bradstreets 
Hugh Gillespie 
Henry Munro 
James MoflPat 

Surgeon 
Dr. Armstrong 

Chaplain 

Ensigns 
Edward Gilbourne 
Thomas Hyn 
George Cunningham 
John Thompson 
Davies Whitely 
John Wilson 

Quartermaster 
Hugh Sturat 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 189 

That there are some Irish Catholic names in these 
lists is not at all surprising, for of course it is just as 
natural that Catholics should be divided on political 
questions as those of other religious persuasions ; but in 
any event there is proof that all of these officers were 
drawn from other English regiments and assigned 
especially to these new formations in order to give them 
the appearance of being "Irish" regiments/ It is en- 
tirely probable that if the names of the enlisted men were 
obtainable, the list would show the same mixed racial 
complexion as is illustrated by the above. But, apart 
from this, the importance of Bancroft's statement is 
that it creates the impression, inasmuch as a regiment 
usually consists of one thousand men, that that number 
of Irish Catholic recruits was obtained for each of these 
regiments. What are the actual facts in regard to 
this? 

Besides various tricks and cajoleries which were used 
in the efforts to raise recruits, offers of bounties and 
large pay were made to the men, many of whom were 
in privation and out of employment, and one of the 
recruiting officers promised every recruit after the war 
"fifty acres of land to which every gallant hero may 
retire to enjoy his bottle and his lass." ^ Yet the at- 
tempt to organize a "regiment of Roman Catholic 
Volunteers" proved "an utter failure," ^ and we find 

* Letter from General Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Ger- 
main, dated October 23, 1778, in Stevens' Facsimile Documents in 
the European Archives relating to America, 177S-1783, Document 
No. 1190. 

® F. 394, Ridgway Library, Philadelphia. 

• Shea, History of the Catholic Church in the United States. 



190 A HIDDEN PHASE 

General Howe stating in his Narrative that "on taking 
possession of Philadelphia I appointed William Allen, 
Mr. Chambers, and Mr. Clifton, the chief of the Roman 
Catholic persuasion, of whom there were said to be many 
in Philadelphia as well as in the Rebel army serving 
against their inclinations, to receive and form for service 
all the well affected that could be obtained. And what 
was the result? In May, when I left America, Colonel 
Clifton had raised only one hundred and eighty." '' And 
so we find that this "regiment," which Bancroft speaks 
of, was comprised of only one hundred and eighty Cath- 
olic Tories of mixed nationalities; and in October, 1778, 
five months after its formation, it had dwindled to "near 
eighty men." ^ It was then evident that the "Roman 
Catholic Volunteer" regiment was a failure,^ so the 
"regiment" was disbanded and its sorry remnant was 
transferred to the "Volunteers of Ireland." There is 
nothing on record to indicate what became of the other 
one hundred men who joined this "regiment," although 
it is certain that many of them "deserted to the rebels." ^^ 
The "Volunteers of Ireland" were also organized in 

^ Narrative of General Sir William Howe, appended to his Obser- 
vations on a Pamphlet of Joseph Galloway, pp. 51-53; London, 

1779. 

* Letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain. 

^ In June, 1778, its strength was one hundred and seventy-seven, 
and on August 24, 1778, only one hundred and seventy-three men. 

^° References to "desertions to the rebels" from this "regiment" 
may be seen in the Kemble Papers in New York Historical Society 
Collections, Vol. I; in the Orderly Book of Captain Robert Clayton 
of the 17th Foot Regiment of the British Army, now at the Penn- 
sylvania Historical Society; in the Philadelphia newspapers of the 
year 1778, and in the Pennsylvania Archives for 1779- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 191 

Philadelphia during the British occupancy, and after 
the battle of Monmouth (June, 1778) they proceeded to 
New York, where extraordinary efforts were made to 
get recruits. Clinton, when informing the English 
Secretary of War of his intention to raise this regiment, 
expressed the hope that it would be recruited "from the 
emigrants from Ireland," who, he explained, "kept up 
their national customs"; and "to work upon this latent 
seed of national attachment" appeared to him "the only 
means of inciting these refugees to a measure contrary 
perhaps to the particular interests of most of them." On 
the 17th of March, 1779, an advertisement appeared in 
the Royal Gazette of New York, in which Lord Rawdon 
offered each recruit "thirty shillings sterling and equip- 
ment in the most complete manner," and on the same 
day the men were paraded through the streets with great 
noise and ceremony and "the Anniversary of Saint 
Patrick, Tutelar Saint of Ireland, was celebrated with 
accustomed hilarity." "The officers of the garrison ac- 
companied them to the Bowery, where dinner was pro- 
vided, consisting of five hundred covers;" ^^ and after 
the men were seated and had proceeded to the enjoyment 
of the noble Banquet, the Officers returned to town and 
dined with his lordship." The account in the Gazette 
goes on to describe "the soldierly appearance of the 
men," what "fine, strapping fellows" they were, "nei- 
ther influenced by Yankee nor Ague," and their country- 

^^ It is probable that this is Bancroft's "authority" as to the 
"nearly five hundred deserters from the American army" who, he 
alleges, joined the "Volunteers of Ireland." 



192 A HIDDEN PHASE 

men were told that "however long they may have re- 
mained in the Haunts of Hypocrasy, Cunning, and 
Disaffection, being naturally gallant and loyal, such 
men crowd with Ardour to stand forth in the Cause of 
their King, of their Country, and of real, honest, general 
liberty whenever an opportunity offers." And after the 
next Saint Patrick's Day the same paper also gave an 
account of "A Munificent entertainment given by Lord 
Rawdon to the Volunteers of Ireland" at Jamaica, Long 
Island. 

It may be supposed that the "Volunteers of Ireland" 
secured some recruits on these occasions, for "noble ban- 
quets" and "munificent entertainments" must have 
proven powerful appeals to hungry stomachs ; but while 
it cannot be shown what the strength of the "regiment" 
then was, there is evidence that in August, 1780, at which 
time they were stationed at Camden, South Carolina, it 
numbered only "two hundred and fifty-three rank and 
file." ^^ In June, 1780, CornwaUis sent Rawdon and 
his "Volunteers of Ireland" to the Irish settlement at 
Waxhaw, North Carolina, "thinking," wrote he to Corn- 
waUis, that "as it was an Irish Corps it would be received 
with a better temper by the settlers of that district, who 
were universally Irish and universally disaffected" ; but 
"I had the fullest proof that the people who daily visited 
my camp not only held constant correspondence with the 
rebel militia, but used every artifice to debauch the minds 
of my soldiers and persuade them to desert from their 

^^ Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, Vol. VI, App. 211; Lon- 
don, 1790-1804. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 193 

colours." In fact, so many were the deserters from 
Rawdon's "Irish Corps" at this time that on July 1, 1780, 
he directed Major Rugely to deal severely with all who 
harbored deserters and to "use invariable severity 
towards every one who shall show so criminal neglect 
of the public interests." And this atrocious offer was 
made by the British commander: "I will give the in- 
habitants ten guineas for the head of any deserter be- 
longing to the Volunteers of Ireland and five guineas 
only if they bring him in alive. They shall likewise be 
rewarded, though not to that amount, for such deserters 
as they may secure belonging to any other Regiment." ^^ 
In the summer of 1781, Lord Rawdon, on orders from 
Cornwallis, took his "Volunteers of Ireland" from Cam- 
den to the Savannah River, and on the march they 
passed through the Irish settlements in the Chester and 
Newberry districts, where he lost more than half of 
his effectives through desertion. This incident is re- 
ferred to by Joseph Jones, a Virginia member of the 
Continental Congress, in a letter to General Washing- 
ton on August 6, 1781, in which he said: "Rawdon's 
troops had been reduced about half by the march to 
Ninety-six." ^* And his remark that "Lord Rawdon is 
in Charleston, much indisposed and bound for England," 

*' A full copy of this letter may be seen in Hartley's Life of Gen- 
eral Francis Marion, p. 130. It must be said, to the eternal credit 
of the Irish of this vicinity, that not one deserter from Rawdon's 
"corps" was betrayed by them, notwithstanding these alluring re- 
wards. 

^* The town of Ninety-six, South Carolina. 



194 A HIDDEN PHASE 

now reads like the funebrial of the "Volunteers of Ire- 
land"! ^^ 

Before the close of the war, the desertions from the 
"Volunteers of Ireland" reduced the "corps" to a mere 
fragment; and indeed from 1781 forward there is no 
mention of it in any of the reports from either side. And 
so Bancroft's assertion as to this "large regiment," which 
included "nearly five hundred deserters from the Amer- 
ican army," is effectually disposed of by the indisputable 
evidence of the records of the time! Yet Bancroft 
wrote: "History is the high court of humanity, where 
truth must he heard and justice must he pronounced" 
and I doubt not that Bancroft himself would agree that 
the wilful assertion of what is false is less reprehensible 
than the suppression of facts! 

It is rather strange that when Bancroft was writing 
on the "Irish Volunteers" in the English service it did 
not occur to him to give some credit to the "Irish Volun- 
teers" in the American service. Several references to 
this last-mentioned body of men may be found in New 
England Revolutionary records. They were part of 
a regiment commanded by Colonel John Allan and 
under the immediate command of Captain John Preble, 
and are recorded officially as "a Detachment of Irish 
Volunteers." In January, 1777, Colonel Allan was 
commissioned by Congress "Colonel of Infantry and 
Superintendent of Eastern Indians," and in March of 
that year he proceeded to the district of Maine, where 

"^^ Letters of Joseph Jones of Virginia, 1777-1787, edited by 
Worthington C. Ford and published by the Department of State; 
Washington, D. C, 1889- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 195 

he raised a body of troops, of which the Irish Volunteers 
were a part, for defence of the frontier against the 
hostile Indians and the English of New Brunswick and 
Nova Scotia. Between 1777 and 1783 the Volunteers 
were stationed in the vicinity of Machias and took part 
in the repulse of the British troops in the attack on 
that town in August, 1777. Very little information is 
obtainable as to the strength or record of the Irish 
Volunteers and only comparatively few of their names 
are on record, yet they seem to have been important 
enough to secure recognition in official records. They 
are supposed to have been raised in the vicinity of 
Machias, the home of the famous O'Brien brothers, six 
of whom fought in the Revolutionary navy, and it is 
probable that the O'Brien family had a hand in the 
raising of this detachment and naming them the "Irish* 
Volunteers." ^^ 

In the southern provinces large numbers of Irishmen 
and their sons joined the patriot forces. They are 
generally described as "a rough and ready element," 
whose lives were spent between the hard tasks of cul- 
tivating the soil and defending their homes against the 
Indians. In the beginning they were not always wel- 
comed to the ranks by the "upper classes," but when 
it came to hard fighting and the sort of guerrilla warfare 
which the conditions often necessitated, they were the 
types of men whom the officers invariably trusted to 
stand against unfavorable odds. So many of this class 
joined the Virginia regiments, and so eager were they 

^^ For further references to the Irish Volunteers, see Massachu- 
setts Soldiers and Sailors in the Revolutionary War. 



196 A HIDDEN PHASE 

for contact with the enemy, that at times the officers 
could with difficulty restrain them, and we find General 
Lee writing to Edmund Pendleton, a Virginia member 
of the Congress, on May 24, 1776, that "the old country- 
men, particularly the Irish, whom the officers injudi- 
ciously enlisted in order to fill up their companies, have 
much contaminated the troops." ^' And in another 
letter to Pendleton on May 25, 1776, relating to the 
difficulties in raising recruits in certain parts of Virginia, 
Lee said: "I do not believe that many of the native 
Virginians will offer themselves; the Irish, I am per- 
suaded, will enlist in crowds." ^* 

Virginia historians inform us that "in the Revolu- 
tionary War the choicest troops from Virginia were 
from Augusta, Rockbridge, and Fincastle ^^ Counties 
and the Shenandoah Valley, for not only were they the 
best-armed men in the State, but their training for many 
years had been a never-ending warfare with the In- 
dians." Washington was personally well known in that 
section, having been employed there as a surveyor, and 
the regiment which he commanded in the Colonial War 
was raised largely in the Valley of the Shenandoah. 
"Place me in Rockbridge County," said the Comman- 
der-in-chief on one occasion when hard pressed by his 
foes, "and I will get men enough to save the Revolu- 
tion!" How significant was this remark and what a 
fine compliment to the Irish was thus implied, we may 

^^ Lee Papers, in Collections of the New York Historical Society, 
Vol. for 1872, p. 38. 
" Ihid. 
*® Now in Kentucky. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 197 

judge from the fact that Rockbridge and the neighbor- 
ing counties were largely settled by immigrants from 
Ireland who began to come there about thirty years 
before the Revolution. ^*^ And Lossing informs us that 
at the battle of Guilford Court House,^^ the militia, 
under Generals Stevens and Lawson, "were chiefly from 
Augusta and Rockbridge Counties and were de- 
scendants of the Scotch-Irish who first settled that por- 
tion of Virginia." As to the "Scotch-Irish," that racial 
misnomer is discounted by the Irish names that crowd 
themselves upon the records, and as a matter of fact these 
men were generally known as "the Irish Line." Testi- 
mony of their prowess is found in a letter from Captain 
Dugald Stuart, who commanded a company of Scotch 
Highlanders in the British service. Writing to a rela- 
tive in Guilford County, North Carolina, on October 
25, 1825, in reference to the battle of Guilford Court 
House, Captain Stuart said: "In the advance we re- 
ceived a very deadly fire from the Irish Line of the 
American army, composed of their marksmen, lying on 
the ground behind a rail fence. One-half the High- 
landers dropped on that spot. There ought to be a 
very large tumulus on that spot where our men were 
buried." 22 

2° The names of many of the Irish settlers in this section may- 
be found in the county records of Virginia and in the county his- 
tories. 

"March 15, 1781. 

^^ Letter quoted in Schenck's History of the Invasion of the Caro- 
lines by Cornwallis. Schenck, in referring to this statement, says: 
"The militia were called 'the Irish Line' on account of the large 



198 A HIDDEN PHASE 

A large proportion of Morgan's riflemen were enlisted 
in Virginia. "I expect much of them," wrote Alexan- 
der Hamilton on one occasion, for "they are a picked 
corps, well used to rifles and to wood fights, commanded 
by officers of distinguished bravery, and have been very 
serviceable in frequent skirmishes with the enemy. I 
dare say these people will soon chastise the forwardness 
of the Indians, and I should not be surprised if, after 
a little time, they make them desert their British friends. 
Their known inconstancy and want of perseverance 
give great reasons to hope a few drubbings will exceed- 
ingly discourage them and send the greatest part of 
them home. From every account, I am led to believe 
our misfortunes are greatly owing to a panic dread of 
the Indians. If this is so, the presence of Morgan's 
Corps will not fail to have the most happy efl'ect. It 
would be well to propagate through the country and 
army such ideas of this corps as will tend to revive the 
spirits of both inhabitants and soldiers." ^^ 

"The Irish were generally good Whigs, almost from 
necessity," writes Judge John Belton O'Neall, historian 

number of Irish in the State who joined the American forces." 
When some regiments of the Pennsylvania Line reached Guil- 
ford in 1781, it is related that they received large accessions 
from the Irish of that neighborhood. Lieutenant William Feltman 
of the First Regiment of the Line, in his Journal under date of 
December 8, 1781, says of Guilford Court House: "This place is 
called the Irish Settlement." (Journal of Lieutenant William Felt- 
man relating to the march into Virginia and the Carolinas, published 
by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1853.) 

^^ Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Robert R. Livingston, Au- 
gust 18, 1777, in Livingston MSS. at New York Public Library. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 199 

of Newberry, South Carolina. "They had left oppres- 
sion in their own country and therefore knew the value 
of liberty. They had long known our enemies, the Brit- 
ish, and entertained for them a hereditary hatred, — a 
hatred arising out of long political oppression, and made 
more intense by differences of disposition, manners, race, 
and religion. An Irishman could not be a bloody Tory 
without doing violence to the generous, merciful impulses 
of his own nature and all his political antecedents, associ- 
ations, and prejudices, — in other words, without ceasing 
to be an Irishman." ^* And Alexander Graydon, colonel 
in the Continental army, in referring to the spirit which 
prevailed among the Irish in America, says in his Me- 
moirs: "As to the genuine sons of Hibernia, it was 
enough for them to know that England was the antago- 
nist. Stimulants here were wholly superfluous, and the 
sequel has constantly shown that in a contest with 
Englishmen, Irishmen, like the mettlesome coursers of 
Phaethon, only required reining in." ^^ 

^^ History of Newberry, S. C, by Judge John Belton O'Neall; 
Charleston, 1859. 

2^ Colonel Alexander Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, p. 122; 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1811. 



CHAPTER XII 

MARION, LACEY, AND McCLURE 

The Irish of South Carolina. Their historic antipathy to the Eng- 
lish made them "excellent patriots and daring soldiers." The 
Franco-Irish Brigade. Franklin sought the aid of Irish officers 
in the French service. General Sumter recruited his shattered 
forces among the South Carolina Irish. Numerous Irish fam- 
ilies in South Carolina. 

LOSSING informs us that ''between 1730 and 1740 
an Irish settlement was planted between the San- 
tee and Pedee Rivers in South Carolina, to which was 
given the name of Williamsburg Township." . . . 
"Far removed from the pohtical power they had been 
taught to reverence, they soon became alienated. They 
felt neither the favors nor the oppressions of Govern- 
ment, and in the free wilderness their minds and hearts 
became schooled in that sturdy independence which de- 
veloped bold and energetic action when the Revolution 
broke out." ^ "It was while in the camp of Gates that 
Governor Rutledge commissioned Francis Marion a 
Brigadier, and he sped to the district of Williamsburg 
to lead its rising patriots to the field of active military 
duties." ^ So we can understand why Lossing calls the 
Williamsburg district "a hotbed of rebellion," and why 
Lord Cornwallis wrote Sir Henry Clinton on December 

^ Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. II, pp. 746-747. 
2 76id:., pp. 769-771. 

200 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 201 

3, 1780: "There is scarcely an inhabitant between the 
Pedee and the Santee that is not in arms against us." ^ 
These statements are verified by Simms in his Life of 
General Francis Marion. "The people of Williams- 
burg," says Simms, "by whom Marion was summoned 
from the camp of Gates, were sprung generally from 
Irish parentage. They inherited, in common with all 
the descendants of the Irish in America, a hearty detes- 
tation of the English name and authority. This feeling 
rendered them excellent patriots and daring soldiers 
wherever the British lion was the object of hostility." * 
In the Georgetown, Black River, and Great Pedee dis- 
tricts of South Carolina, Marion recruited his famous 
Second South Carolina Regiment in 1775. "Here Mar- 
ion was already a favorite, and he succeeded beyond his 
expectations and was soon enabled to complete the full 
number of his companies. Another circumstance, apart 
from his personal popularity, facilitated his object. Some 
of the settlements into which they penetrated were origi- 
nally founded by the Irish. The bitter heritage of hate 
to the English which they brought with them to America 
was transmitted with undiminished fervor to their de- 
scendants. It was easy to show that the power which had 
trampled upon the affections of their fathers and tyran- 
nized over their rights in the old world, was aiming at 
the same object in the case of their children in the new. 
At one remove only from the exiled and suffering gen- 



^ Sir Henry Clinton's Observations on Earl Cornwallis' Answer to 
Clinton's Narrative; London, 1783. 

* Life of General Francis Marion, by W. Gilmore Simms, p. 
60; New York, 1844. 



202 A HIDDEN PHASE 

eration, the sons had as lively a recollection of the tyran- 
nies of Britain as if the experience had been immediately 
their own. To this cause our recruiting officers owed 
some of their success in the present expedition. Some 
of the bravest fellows in the Second Regiment were 
picked up on this occasion. It was the spirit which they 
brought, and to which the genius of Marion gave lively 
exercise, that imparted a peculiar vitality at all times 
to his little brigade." ^ In referring to this Irish regi- 
ment. General Peter Horry, who served as an officer 
under Marion, says: "The laurels of the Second Regi- 
ment can never fade. The destructive fire of their guns 
gave glorious proof that they levelled their pieces like 
men who wished every shot to tell. They all fought like 
veterans, but the behaviour of some was gallant beyond 
compare, and the humble names of Jasper and McDon- 
ald shall be remembered when those of proud kings 
shall be forgotten." ^ 

Marion's famous brigade fought at the siege of Savan- 
nah, and Simms, in referring to that engagement, says : 
"The slaughter for so brief an engagement had been 
terrible, amounting to 1,100 men, 637 French and 457 
Americans. Of the former, the Irish Brigade, and of 
the latter, the Second South Carolina regiment particu- 
larly distinguished themselves and suffered most." ^ In 
crediting to France the assistance rendered by her to 
the American cause, it must not be forgotten that among 

^ Life of General Francis Marion, by W. Gilmore Simms, p. 
60; New York, 1844. 

* Life of General Francis Marion, by Peter Horry, p. 40 ; Phila- 
delphia, 1841. 

^ Life of General Francis Marion, by W. Gilmore Simms, p. 90. 




/f£A>/?C!DiyC£D By A.VA^A /=/fA/VCSS L <* V^JA^S 



COUNT ARTHUR DILLON 

COLONEL, REGIMENT DE DILLON, FRENCH-IRISH BRIGADE, 
A NATIVE OF IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 203 

the troops sent to America from that country were the 
regiments of the historic Irish Brigade, commanded re- 
spectively by Dillon and Walsh, and that the officers 
of these regiments actually demanded the right and the 
privilege to be the first to be selected to meet the British 
forces on the American battle-ground. ^ General Count 
Dillon, in his narrative of the services rendered to the 
American Revolutionary cause by these Franco-Irish 
soldiers, says: ^'On a vu que les regimens Irlandois ont 
He constannent employes dans toutes les guerres pre- 
cedentes; Us ont ton jours reclame le privilege de marcher 
les premiers contre les Anglais dans tous les climats oil 
la France leur ferait la guerre." ("Thus we see that the 
Irish regiments have been constantly employed in all 
the preceding wars ; they have always claimed the privi- 
lege of being the first to march against the English in 
all countries where France has been at war against 
them/'jji 

Long before our alliance with France was a fait ac- 
compli, the French government watched with no little 
interest the development of affairs in Ireland, and there 
is an interesting letter ^ from Marquis de Noailles to 
Count de Vergennes, French Minister of Foreign Af- 
fairs, dated London, December 26, 1777, in which he 
related with evident satisfaction "the discouragement of 
the government because of its difficulties in raising six 

* A third regiment of the Irish Brigade — that commanded by 
Colonel O'Brien — was also sent to America, but was detained in the 
West Indies. 

* Stevens' Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
to America, Document No. 1803. 



204 A HIDDEN PHASE 

thousand troops for the American service," the IrisH 
demanding, as a first consideration, the repeal of cer- 
tain obnoxious laws. And even if they decided to ac- 
cede to the Irish demands, the Marquis de Noailles stated 
as his opinion that their efforts to obtain recruits among 
the Irish would not succeed. Noailles also transmitted 
to Vergennes translations of certain speeches of mem- 
bers of the Irish Parliament, as showing the drift of 
opinion in that body as it related to the American war. 
At this time Franklin was in France, and there is 
evidence of his activity in securing Franco-Irish sup- 
port for the American cause in a letter dated Paris, Jan- 
uary 4, 1778, from Lord Stormont, the English Min- 
ister, to Lord Weymouth, in which he said: "I am 
informed that Doctor Franklin, with the secret appro- 
bation of this Court, has engaged between thirty and 
forty of the Irish officers in this service to go and serve 
in the Rebel Army. Several of these are Captains, but 
there are more above that Rank. They are to assemble 
in the Isle of Rhe, where Dillon's regiment is garrisoned 
at present, and embark there for North America." ^^ 
But that the affair was of a more serious nature, Stor- 
mont discovered during the next month, as his letter to 
Lord Dartmouth of February 25, 1778, indicates. 
"There is reason to suspect," he wrote, "that the Irish 
Regiments in this service are designed for some expedi- 
tion, and that it is with that view that they are quartered 
in the He de Rhe and along the coast of Brittany." They 
were mobilized, he thought, "either for a descent on Ire- 

^° Stevens' Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
to America. Document No. 1836. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 205 

land or to the West Indies and thence to North Amer- 
ica." " 

The York and Chester districts of South Carolina, 
which were largely settled by Irish families, are also 
noted for having furnished to the patriot forces numbers 
of volunteers of the best sort, among whom were some 
frontiersmen and trappers, who, local historians tell us, 
were "famous for their accuracy with the rifle." Moore, 
in his Life of General Edward Lacey of South Caro- 
lina, pays the following tribute to the Irish: "In the 
Chester District of South Carolina, Lacey organized 
companies and battalions as^ the fortunes of war de- 
manded and after the manner of partisan leaders, with 
which he annoyed the Tories greatly, taking many of 
them prisoners. Of these there were a few in his neigh- 
borhood, but not among the Irish. To their eternal 
honor let it be spoken, none of the New York or Ches- 
ter Irish were Tories, and but few of them took British 
protection." General Lacey is described as "one of the 
most resolute and sturdy patriots of South Carolina," 
and one of his most noted officers was Captain John 
McClure, the story of whose gallantry at the battle of 
Rocky Mount, South Carolina, in 1780 is still handed 
down in the old families of that part of the State. Loss- 
ing thus refers to McClure: "He was one of the master 
spirits of South Carolina. He was a native of the Ches- 
ter District, and his men were known as the Chester 
Rocky Creek Irish." ^^ 

^^ Stevens* Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
to America. Document No. 1872. 

^^ Lossing, Pictorial Field Booh of the Revolution, Vol. II, p. QQS. 



206 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Moore relates an incident which well illustrates the 
eagerness of the Irish of that district to aid the patriot 
cause. When General Sumter's camp at Fishing Creek, 
South Carolina, was attacked by Tarleton on the night 
of August 18, 1780, the Americans were completely sur- 
prised, many being killed and wounded and about three 
hundred made prisoners. Sumter and Lacey made their 
escape with a few men into Mecklenburg County, North 
Carolina. "Here Lacey was ordered by General Sum- 
ter to take what men he had who had escaped with him, 
to go into the York and Chester Districts, collect his 
straggling soldiers, beat up for more men among the 
Irish, and reorganize his regiment with mounted infan- 
try. All of which he accomplished in a short time and 
rejoined Sumter at Clem's Branch." ^^ In November 
following. General Sumter again called on Lacey to re- 
cruit one hundred and fifty men in the York and Chester 
Districts to fill up some depleted Georgia regiments. 
"Lacey, leaving Major Charles Mills in command of 
his regiment, took with him several men, all from the 
Emerald Isle, — a more brave and truer set of men never 
lived, — and in less than three days Lacey came dashing 
into camp with one hundred and fifty mounted men." ^* 
When Sumter later encamped in the York District, 
"many of the patriots flocked to his standard and en- 
rolled themselves under his banner." ^* 

Incidents like these prove the mettle of the people, 
especially when it is borne in mind that at this very time 

*^ Moore, Life of General Edward Lacey of South Carolina. 
" Ibid. 
" Ibid. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 207 

the English had the upper hand and the South was 
overrun by the troops of Cornwallis. As showing that 
General Sumter's lieutenants had good fighting material 
to draw from in these districts, I have taken the follow- 
ing surnames from the Census Returns of the York 
and Chester Districts, as recorded in the First Censits 
of the United States (1790). The census having been 
taken only seven years after the close of the Revolu- 
tionary War, there can be no doubt that these families 
lived there at that period. Large as this list is, it gives 
no adequate idea of the number of Irish people who 
lived in these districts at that time (1) because "Heads 
of Families" only are included, and (2) because some 
of the same surnames appear several times, indicating 
separate families of the same name. To select, for in- 
stance, only a few of the distinctive Irish names, there 
are enumerated in the census returns of these districts 
twenty different families named Kelly ; nineteen named 
Murphy; thirteen Rileys; eleven McCoys; ten Dunns 
and Higgins; nine McDowells, Duggins, and O'Neills; 
eight Connors and Hogans ; seven Logans, Caseys, and 
Regans; six Powers; five McCartys, McMahons, Mc- 
Graws, McConnells, Drenans, Conwells, Gillespies, 
Kearns, Nolands, Malones, McBrides, and Walshes; 
and so on down the line. 

Surnames of Heads of Families in York and Chester Districts of 
South Carolina in 1790 



Adair 


Brandon 


Barron 


Branhan 


Bannon 


Bradley 


Barry 


Brawnin 


Branon 


Brady 


Burke 


Butler 



208 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Bogan 


Dunphy 


Kelley 


McKenny 


Boland 


Duggins 


Kelah 


McKee 


Barrett 


Dunn 


Kern 


McNeal 


Caheen 


Drenan 


Kernaghan 


McGuire 


Connery 


Donaly 


Kearns 


McQuire 


Coffey 


Dunagan 


Kennedy 


McElwean 


Corbett 


Dunahoo 


Kenneley 


McFadden 


Carrell 


Donadon 


Kinsaloe 


Mahon 


Carroll 


Dempsey 


Kilpatrick 


McHaghy 


r>_Cotrill 


Doyle 


Kain 


McGee 


Collins 


Eager 


Leonard 


McNees 


Conner 


Foley 


Looney 


McKelvey 


Connor 


Farrell 


Logan 


McLaughlin 


Cunningham 


Fagan 


Laughlin 


McConarthy 


Cotter 


Flannegan 


Linn 


McGinn 


Currey 


Fitzpatrick 


Laney 


Miles 


Cummins 


Flin 


Lyons 


McComb 


Cochran 


Fitzgerrel 


Leaverty 


McGriff 


Cassity 


Ford 


Lynch 


McTyre 


Courtney 


Gill 


Madden 


McGowen 


Coleman 


Geralds 


Malone 


McGarrow 


Cantey 


Given 


Murphy 


McFaul 


Casey 


Gaston 


McRory^ 


McGlamory 


Clenighan 


Gilaspy 


McKerley 


McMain 


Clary 


Gillespie 


McFall 


McMorris 


Cleary 


Gilmore 


McCarter 


McLemore 


Connoly 


Garrett 


McCaffrey 


McCawly 


Connelly 


Garvin 


Mehaffey 


McCauley 


Connel 


Garrey 


Melone 


McCortey 


Cain 


Goggins 


Mullins 


Moore 


Cane 


Gilliland 


McClaren 


Murrow 


Callahan 


Higgins 


McCarty 


McGuara 


Conway 


Hagin 


McCoy 


McDowell 


Conwell 


Hogan 


McCarley 


McWilliams 


Dougherty 


Hayes 


McDonald 


McClure 


Dohertie 


Hughey 


McCaharty 


McClennihan 


Dorety 


Herron 


McCafferty 


McMahon 


Donovan 


Harty 


McGaughy 


McDaniel 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



209 



Mitchel 


McLoney 


McDonneli 


Reily 


McMurray 


McKenna 


Neil 


Riley 


McDurnan 


McBride 


Nealey 


Rylie 


McComon 


McClendon 


Neely 


Royley 


McConor 


McGinnis 


Noland 


Reynolds 


McKee 


McKain 


O'Neal 


Redmond 


McClennon 


McGomery 


Orneal 


Regan 


McCaw 


McDormand 


Onail 


Regin 


McManus 


McMullan 


O'Neil 


Raygan 


McCrivan 


McConorico 


Ownail 


Ragen 


McCool 


McCartney 


O'Conner 


Rowan 


McNeil 


Mcllveen 


O'Brien 


Roney 


McCredy 


McGraw 


O'Bryant 


Roach 


McGee 


McGarrity 


O'Quin 


Rutledge 


McCroy 


McCan 


Odair 


Shehaun 


McMullin 


McClenaghan 


Odonald 


Shields 


McCowen 


Mildoon 


O'Shields 


Sheal 


McClarkin 


McElmore 


O'Berry 


Sullivan 


McConnel 


McCormack 


Prendergrass 


Sweeney 


McAlily 


McClees 


Phlyn 


Sullivant 


McCalla 


McKonnell 


Patten 


Timmons 


Manning 


McCart 


Powers 


Ward 


McCally 


McMehael 


Quinlin 


Walsh 


McHory 


McClarey 


Rion 





It is possible that some of the "Macs" on this list may- 
have been Scotch, for while I have omitted such names 
as are known to be exclusively Scotch, I have included 
those that are common to both Ireland and Scotland. 



CHAPTER XIII 

IRISHMEN FLOCK TO THE STANDARD 
OF WASHINGTON 

The assertions of an English historian and of a Harvard professor 
that "there were not three hundred real Celts in the whole 
Continental Line" absolutely refuted. Where the evidence is 
to be found. An Irish company at Bunker Hill. Washington's 
esteem for Irish officers. The "Volunteer" rising in Ireland 
aided the American cause. Letters of John Adams. Irish im- 
migrants brought much specie to America. 

MUCH similar testimony from authoritative sources 
can be quoted for a more lengthy review of the 
subject, but this will be sufficient to show that the Irish 
took no mean part in the achievement of American lib- 
erty. I find those Irish soldiers of the Revolution among 
the contingents that came from nearly every section of 
the Colonies. From the pine forests of Maine, the 
granite hills of New Hampshire, and down the green 
mountain slopes of Vermont, Irish soldiers flocked to 
the standard of Washington. Even little Rhode Island 
furnished a large quota of Irish soldiers, and, strange 
to say, so also did Massachusetts of the Puritans and 
Connecticut of the "Blue Laws." From the staid old 
Dutch provinces of New York and New Jersey came 
many "Dutchmen" bearing such significant names as 
"Kelly, Burke, and Shea." Maryland furnished sev- 
eral thousand Irish soldiers, and from the valleys of 

210 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 211 

Virginia, the mountains of the Carohnas, and from far 
out on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Ten- 
nessee, Irishmen and their sons, at the very outset of the 
struggle, answered the clarion call of patriotism and 
came to fight, as Irishmen know how to fight, to make 
this country a free and independent nation. Yet some 
of the historians of the time have suppressed their story, 
and have led the world to believe that the Irish had an 
insignificant part in this glorious work! 

As an example of the way the facts of history have 
been distorted. Sir George Otto Trevelyan states that 
"Irish Catholics, whether in or out of Ireland, had no 
love for the American Revolution, and those of them 
who emigrated to America showed little inclination to 
enlist in the Republican army";^ and he seeks to sup- 
port this view by quoting from an alleged "high author- 
ity" who says: "It is probable that there were not three 
hundred real Celts in the whole Continental Line. The 
rest of the so-called 'Irish' were emigrants, or the chil- 
dren of emigrants, from Ulster, and were of Scotch de- 
scent." 

Trevelyan was a member of the British cabinet in the 
administration of the great Gladstone, and had the 
reputation of being a man of unbiased mind, but his 
willingness to accept such a wild statement without con- 
firmation reflects very little credit upon him. His His- 
tory of the American Revolution is a voluminous work 
which must have involved many years of labor, but an 
historian who would undertake to write upon the racial 
or religious elements in the Revolutionary army with- 

^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. II, p. 32. 



212 A HIDDEN PHASE 

out examining the muster-rolls is entirely unworthy of 
belief. As an instance of Trevelyan's inconsistency, he 
admits earlier in his work ^ — quite unconsciously, no 
doubt — that recruiting in Ireland for the American ser- 
vice was "a failure." 

Trevelyan's work has had a wide circulation and is 
found on the shelves of the leading hbraries, historical 
societies, and institutions of learning, where it is re- 
garded as an authority. As in the case of Bancroft's 
history, it has been an influential factor in moulding 
public opinion upon matters relating to the American 
Revolution; so that, when we consider the true facts of 
the case, it is not surprising that the Irish should feel 
the serious injustice that has been done to them and to 
the national reputation of the race. 

The "high authority" to whom Trevelyan refers is 
Mr. Louis Clinton Hatch, a professor at Harvard Uni- 
versity, author of a book entitled The Administration of 
the American Revolutionary Army. With the view of 
determining what possible basis there could be for the 
statement quoted by Trevelyan, I asked Mr. Hatch if 
he would care to explain his reasons for making an as- 
sertion that is so obviously contrary to the facts. He 
informs me that he did not make this statement upon 
his own responsibility, but "upon that of Charles J. 
Stille, a Pennsylvania historian." Furthermore, Mr. 
Hatch now says he "did not intend to convey the impres- 
sion that there were less than three hundred Irishmen 
in the whole Continental Line, but only in the Pennsyl- 

^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. I. 




'l.YA'^ ^/PAA/'CSS l£V/A/S 



GENERAL JOHN SHEE 

OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 
50RN IN COUNTY MEATH, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 213 

vania Line." ' He ''regrets" that his statement was 
"misquoted by Trevelyan," who "changed the reference 
to the Pennsylvania Line to make it appear that in the 
whole Continental Line there were less than three hun- 
dred Irish soldiers." On inquiring of Mr. Hatch if a 
list which I submitted to him of more than five thousand 
Revolutionary soldiers of ancient Irish surnames would 
have any influence on his mind, all he is willing to say 
is that "the information is very interesting," but that, 
when compiling his work, he "did not consider the ques- 
tion of sufficient importance to make any special study 
of the Irish proportion"! Thus he admits that he has 
no knowledge of what the Irish proportion of the sol- 
diers of the Revolution may have been, yet he was will- 
ing enough to use without question a defamatory state- 
ment concerning them ! He seems entirely unconscious 

^ If "there were not three hundred real Celts in the Pennsylvania 
Line," it is most surprising to find Mr. Hatch admitting that "the 
British had thought it worth while to make a special appeal to 
Irish feeling"; for he quotes a paper distributed by order of Sir 
Henry Clinton among the soldiers of the Line, urging them to desert, 
which contains this sentence: "I am happy in acquainting the old 
countrymen [a name given to the Irish] that the affairs of Ireland 
are fully settled," etc. The Revolutionary armies are usually 
spoken of as "the Continental Line," and whether Professor Hatch 
meant to convey the impression that the Irish representation was 
less than three hundred in the entire Continental Line or in the 
Pennsylvania Line alone, is of little consequence, since the in- 
ference that has been drawn from this statement is the same in 
either case. Throughout his book this "high authority" refers to 
several prominent Irishmen like Sullivan, Duane, Governor Burke 
of North Carolina, and others who rendered valuable services to 
the American cause, yet has not a good word to say for any one 
of them ! 



214 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of having been a party to disseminating an outrageous 
libel upon a people who contributed so much to the 
success of the Revolution; and while in that respect his 
work is only on a par with that of other historians, I 
think we can confidently leave such rash statements to 
those American lovers of fair play who examine the 
counter-evidence here presented. 

On following the matter up further, I find that Stille 
also did not make the assertion as to the Pennsylvania 
Line having had less than "three hundred real Celts" 
solely on his own responsibility, but upon the authority 
of William H. Egle, at one time librarian of the Penn- 
sylvania Historical Society. Egle was the compiler of 
the original series of the Pennsylvania Archives^ and 
as an example of his worth and credibility as an his- 
torian it is necessary only to point to the fact that the 
work proved so unreliable, and certain statements of 
"fact" in it were so obviously in conflict, that the Legisla- 
ture ordered the Revolutionary records of the State to 
be examined again by a competent archivist, and the 
Archives had to be reissued in their present form! 

It is amusing to note how historical writers contradict 
each other on this point. Bancroft thought that the 
men who comprised the Pennsylvania Line were a "law- 
less and disaffected element," and in an eff'ort to give 
color to that opinion he says: "The Pennsylvania Line 
were composed in a large degree of new-comers from 
Ireland," but General Henry Lee, who personally ob- 
served their behavior in camp and field, thought they 
were such an extraordinarily brilliant corps that he at- 
tributed this to the fact that they were so largely Irish. 



OE AMERICAN HISTORY 215 

StiUe tries to contradict this by saying: "Two-thirds of 
his [Wayne's] force were Scotch-Irish, a race with 
whose fighting quahties we are all familiar, but which 
are quite opposite to those which characterise the true 
Irish Celt. Most of them were descendants of the 
Scotch-Irish immigrants of 1717-'30, and very few of 
them were new-comers." ^ From this we can see clearly 
the animus of Stille, for by implication he asserts that 
"the true Irish Celt" comes of a race of cowards, and 
this statement alone is enough to condemn him as an 
historian. He quotes a letter from Egle which says: 
"With the exception of the Scotch-Irish, who formed 
about two-thirds of Wayne's force, the remainder were 
almost wholly of German parentage," adding that "few 
Irish came until after the War of the Revolution"! 
And so we have, in succession, Egle, Stille, Hatch, 
and Trevelyan, the first a discredited historian; the 
second prejudiced beyond question; the third admitting 
he knows nothing of the subject, and the last, accused 
of the grave charge of deliberately altering an historical 
statement, which, although grossly in error, affords no 
palliation of his offence. In this mixture of falsehood, 
what is the residuum of truth? Bancroft describes the 
majority of the men of the Pennsylvania Line as "Irish" 
so as to explain what he calls their "lawlessness and dis- 
affection," but Stille and Egle insist they could not have 
been "Irish" because they were so brave and true! Im- 
partial readers, in a quandary as to which statement to 
accept, will assuredly be inclined to cast them all aside 

* Life of Wayne, pp. 248-250. 



216 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



and decide from the facts themselves, and we may await 
the verdict in perfect confidence that justice will be 
done to a people who have been so much maligned. 

Ordinarily no attention should be paid to such ob- 
viously false statements as those just quoted, but it 
may be remarked that, in order to determine what ought 
to be a fairly accurate multiple of three hundred to use 
in computing the total number of "real Celts" who 
fought for American independence, a reference by these 
historians to some real source of information, such as 
the muster-rolls of the Revolutionary army, would have 
been advisable. The records themselves furnish the most 
eloquent refutation of such statements, and probably no 
more effective rejoinder can be made than the list of 
characteristic Irish names selected from the vast nimi- 
ber of such names appearing on the Revolutionary mus- 
ter-rolls, which will be found at pages 443-526, and of 
which the following is a summary by surnames: 



Surnames of 


Number 


Surnames of 


Number 


Revolutionary 


on 


Revolutionary 


on 


Soldier* 


Record 


Soldiers 


Record 


Burke 


221 


O'Brien 


231 


Connolly 


243 


O'Neill 


178 


Connor, O'Connor 


327 


Reilly 


285 


Dougherty 


248 


Ryan 


322 


Kelly 


695 


Sullivan 


266 


McCarthy 


331 






Murphy 


494 


Total 


3841 



Each man's full name, with a reference to the regi- 
mental unit to which he belonged, will be found in the 
list at page 443, and it will be noted that a large per- 
centage of them belonged to the Pennsylvania Line. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



217 



By way of further illustration, I have drawn off the 
names in the cases of ninety other selected Irish sur- 
names, and a summary of these is as follows: 



Surnames of 


Number 


Surnames of 


Number 


Revolutionary 


on 


Revolutionary 


on 


Soldiers 


Record 


Soldiers 


Record 


Barry 


99 


Flynn, Flinn 


138 


Brady 


127 


Gallagher 


108 


Brannon, Brennan 


93 


Gorman 


54 


Byrne, Byrnes, Burns 


187 


Grady, McGrady 


45 


Callaghan 


150 


Haggerty 


62 


Cassidy 


62 


Healy, Haley 


86 


Carroll 


183 


Hennessy 


44 


Casey 


104 


Hogan 


115 


Cavanaugh 


Q9 


Hurley 


53 


Cain, Cane, Kane, McKean, 


Kearney, Carney 


92 


O'Cane 


155 


Keating 


64 


Clancy 


37 


Kenny, McKenny 


164 


Crowley 


54 


Keeffe 


44 


Daly, Dailey, Dayley 


205 


Lafferty 


61 


Delaney 


71 


Leary 


94 


Dempsey 


72 


Lynch 


128 


Donohoe 


73 


Madden 


81 


Donnelly 


155 


Malone 


76 


Doran 


38 


Mahony 


89 


Donovan 


72 


Maloney 


97 


Dowling 


53 


Magee, McGee 


165 


Doyle 


125 


Magrath, McGrath, 


McGraw 97 


Driscoll, Driskell 


42 


Moran 


44. 


Duffy 


78 


Mulholland 


40 


Dugan, Duggan 


90 


McBride 


108 


Dwyer, Dwire 


57 


Malloy 


89 


Farrell, Ferrell 


142 


McConnell, Connell 


180 


Fitzgerald 


184 


Mooney 


74 


Fitzpatrick 


67 


McCann 


88 


Fitzsimmons 


SQ 


McCaffrey, McCafferty 39 


Flanagan 


59 


McCormack 


154 



218 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Surname* of 


Number 


Surnames of 


Number 


Revolutionary 


on 


Revolutionary 


on 


Soldier* 


Record 


Soldiers 


Record 


McCloskey 


45 


Nolan, Noland 


90 


McDermott 


47 


O'Donnell 


36 


McDonough 


S4 


O'Hara 


58 


McDonnell, McDaniel 


139 


Prendergast 


40 


McGahy, McGahan 


72 


Quigley 


48 


McGinnis 


112 


Quinn 


122 


McGowan 


69 


Regan 


44 


McGuire 


168 


Roche, Roach 


69 


McLaughlin 


223 


Rourke 


38 


McMahon 


143 


Shea, Shay 


73 


McManus 


72 


Sheehan 


66 


McMulIen, Mullen, MuUins 231 


Sheridan 


41 


McNally 


90 


Sweeney, McSweeney 


115 


McNamara 


47 


Walsh, Welsh 


201 



Total for ninety surnames 8352 



If the learned historians responsible for the statement 
that "there were not three hundred real Celts" in the 
Revolutionary army desire to do so they may eliminate 
all the non-Irish names from these lists, but there will 
probably be enough "real Celts" left over to suggest the 
reflection that they have committed a gross libel upon 
the Irish who were in America during the struggle 
for independence, which their American descendants of 
the present day have every reason to resent. 

Cases will be noted where certain names appear more 
than once on the list at pages 443-526, but an analysis 
wall show that no individual name has been repeated. For 
example, the name of John Kelly appears on the list 
eighty-eight times, because there are eighty-eight sep- 
arate and distinct soldiers of that name entered on the 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 219 

rolls, and the same remark applies to all other cases 
where the same name may appear to be listed more than 
once. The well-known fondness of Irish families for 
certain baptismal names will help to explain this, and a 
comparison of the numerical designations of the various 
regiments in which these men enlisted will also serve 
to make it clear. One of the interesting features noted 
in examining the Revolutionary rolls is the large num- 
ber of men bearing the prenomen "Patrick" or "Patt." 
Not that it is claimed that all such were native Irish- 
men, because in those days the patrician name Patrick 
was popular among some of the Highland Scotch fami- 
lies ; and while it is probable that some of these men were 
Scotch, their number must have been very inconsider- 
able, because in the majority of these cases the surnames 
are those which are strictly indigenous to Ireland. One 
cannot be mistaken, for example, as to the racial origin 
of the forty-two Patrick Kellys, the thirty-four Patrick 
Murphys, the thirty-five Patrick Sullivans and Patrick 
Ryans, or the forty-three Patrick Reillys, and so on, that 
are listed on the muster-rolls ; while, on the other hand, it 
is not at all improbable that some of the Patrick McDon- 
alds or the Patrick Browns, whose names appear on the 
rolls, may have been Scotch. The total number of "Pat- 
ricks" and "Patts" on the Revolutionary rolls is approxi- 
mately two thousand. 

These lists contain only a percentage of the Irish 
names that are found on the muster-rolls and other rec- 
ords of the Revolution, for there is hardly a single family 
name in Irish nomenclature that does not appear in one 
form or another in the records. As already indicated. 



220 A HIDDEN PHASE 

only one hundred Irish surnames, about which there 
can be no question of their racial origin, have been se- 
lected as examples; and even of the particular names 
selected, the list is far from being complete because of 
the number of missing rolls. But the answer which these 
lists contain is sufficient for present purposes. Undoubt- 
edly many well-meaning people have been influenced by 
statements similar to those made by Trevelyan, Hatch, 
Stille, and others, which partly explains why, when the 
claim is made that the Irish had a hand in the fight for 
American independence, it is sometimes questioned and 
not infrequently derided altogether. The original mus- 
ter-rolls containing the names here given are filed, some 
in the State Archives and some at the War Department 
in Washington, while others are in the custody of his- 
torical societies. All have been published by official 
authority, and these publications have been fully authen- 
ticated, so that any one desirous of verifying the correct- 
ness of these lists may readily do so by consulting the 
published records, such as the following, which are to 
be found generally at the leading public libraries and 
historical societies, and copies of all of which are on file 
at the Library of Congress : 

Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors who served in the War of the 
Revolution, compiled and published by the Secretary of 
State; Boston, 1891. 

New York in the Revolution, compiled by James Roberts, State 
Comptroller, from the Archives of the Secretary of State; 
Albany, 1898. 

New York State Archives, compiled by Berthold Fernow and pub- 
lished by authority of the State Legislature. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 221 

Calendar of Historical Manuscripts relating to the War of the 
Revolution in the office of the Secretary of State; Albany, 1868. 

Archives of Pennsylvania, published under the direction of the 
Secretary of the Commonwealth; Harrisburg, I906. 

Delaware Archives, published by the Public Archives Commission 
of Delaware; Wilmington, IQH. 

Records of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolu- 
tion, compiled by authority of the General Assembly; Hart- 
ford, 1889. 

State Records of Georgia, official State publication in twenty-five 
volumes. 

State Records of Nerv Hampshire, published by authority of the 
Legislature; Manchester, New Hampshire, 1889. 

Archives of Maryland, published by authority of the State, under 
the direction of the Maryland Historical Society; Baltimore, 
1898. 

The publications of the State Library of Virginia, Vols. VIII and 
IX. 

Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the 
Revolutionary War, by William S. Stryker, Adjutant-General; 
Trenton, 1872. 

Historical Register of the Oncers of the Continental Army during 
the War of the Revolution, by Francis B, Heitman; Washing- 
ton, D. C, 1894. 

Records of the Revolutionary War, containing the Military and 
Financial Correspondence of the Distinguished Officers, by W. 
T. R. Saffell, Counsellor and Agent for Revolutionary Claims; 
New York, 1858. 

The Collections of the various historical societies. 

These are suggested merely as examples of numerous 
similar and reliable sources of information that are 
accessible to every one desirous of examining into the 
subject. In the publications named may be found verba- 
tim copies of many of the muster-rolls of the Revolution- 
ary regiments credited to each province and State, which 
were copied in all cases from the originals ; and for one 



222 A HIDDEN PHASE 

who has any doubts or lacks information about the ra- 
cial composition of the army of the Revolution, a glance 
at some of these official lists will prove a veritable sur- 
prise. 

In so far as New England is concerned, two of its 
leading historians are especially bad offenders in this 
respect. Mr. Lodge asserts that the population of Mas- 
sachusetts at the time of the Revolution was "of almost 
pure English blood, with a small infusion of Scotch- 
Irish from Londonderry." ^ And Palfrey glibly in- 
forms us that "the people of New England are a singu- 
larly unmixed race," adding that "there is probably not 
a County in England occupied by a population of purer 
English blood than they." Both imply by these state- 
ments that if there were any Irish in New England 
before or during the Revolution, they were such a negli- 
gible quantity as not to be worth considering. Yet the 
Records of the Selectmen of the Town of Boston, the 
Vital Records of every New England town, the Church, 
Land, and Probate Records, the old Town Books, the 
Registers of the New England Historic and Genealogi- 
cal Society, and almost every record and publication 
covering the Colonial and Revolutionary periods in New 
England, contain, in the aggregate, thousands of names 
which no intelligent person, much less a learned his- 
torian, could possibly mistake for anything but of old 
Irish origin. On the Revolutionary muster-rolls of 
Massachusetts there are approximately three thousand 
Irish names, but while there were plenty of Lodges in 

^ I have a letter from Mr. Lodge in which he gravely informs me 
that "General John Sullivan was a Scotch-Irishman"! 




/?tA'.900UC£D er AjV/VA FRANCdS LEV/NS 

CiENKKAL RICHARD MONTGONIEKV 

OFTHE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN COUNTY DONEGAL, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 223 

Massachusetts, one searches in vain for one soldier of 
the name on the Revolutionary rolls! 

In the Revolutionary records alone of their native 
State, these historians could have found more than suffi- 
cient data to correct any erroneous impressions which 
they may have had concerning the racial composition of 
the inhabitants of New England. They would find such 
a constant recurrence of names of unmistakably Celtic 
origin as to suggest the possibility, if they were at all 
governed by the dictates of conscience, that in the as- 
pect in which their work was presented to the public 
they were doing a gross injustice to the Irish who helped 
in achieving the independence of their country. But the 
conclusion inevitably forces itself upon the mind of any 
person acquainted with the facts that it was far from the 
intention of these gentlemen to do justice to any but the 
Puritanical element, and that their paramount object 
was to create in the minds of their readers the impres- 
sion that everything worth relating in New England 
history had a common Anglo-Saxon origin. Fifty char- 
acteristic Irish surnames alone show a total of two thou- 
sand two hundred on the Massachusetts muster-rolls, 
and when we keep in mind the fact that nearly every 
well-known Irish family name is represented on these 
rolls, and consider that there must have been a num- 
ber of soldiers of Irish birth or descent bearing non-Irish 
names, we can readily see that the number on the Massa- 
chusetts rolls which should be credited to the Irish must 
have been far greater than three thousand. 

Mr. Lodge has been accused of racial prejudice, and 
those who have brought this charge against him believe 



224. A HIDDEN PHASE 

they are fully justified, because he deliberately denies 
to Ireland any credit for the part taken by her sons 
in the war for American liberty. As a student and 
writer of history, it is scarcely possible that he does not 
know that one of the most heroic incidents of the Revo- 
lution, which took place in his own State, stands out in 
the records to the imperishable glory of Ireland's sons. 
For the men who stood behind "the rail fence" at Bun- 
ker Hill on that memorable seventeenth of June, 1775, 
and held in check two battalions of English soldiers, thus 
saving the devoted Continentals from annihilation, were 
Irish almost to a man and were commanded by Irish 
officers. ^ 

The eighth and ninth annual reports of the State Li- 
brary Board of Virginia and Volume XVIII of the 
Archives of Maryland are devoted exclusively to tabu- 
lations of the Revolutionary soldiers from those States, 
and in these volumes may be seen the names of more 

' The breastwork at Bunker Hill known as "the rail fence" was 
defended by a company of soldiers from Bedford, New Hampshire, 
whose officers were Colonel Daniel Moore, Major John Goffe, Cap- 
tain Thomas McLaughlin, and Lieutenant John Patten, all natives 
of Ireland; and in published historical sketches of the town of 
Bedford and in the Collections of the New Hampshire Historical 
Society (Vol. I, p. 291) may be seen the names of the men of the 
company, the majority of whom were Irish born or sons of Irish 
immigrants. Among the Americans killed and mortally wounded 
at Bunker Hill are recorded Majors Andrew McClary and William 
Moore and soldiers named Daniel McGrath, John Barrett, Thomas 
Collins, George Shannon, Caleb Dalton, William McCrillis, Joseph 
Broderick, John Dillon, William Mitchell, Roger Cox, Matthew 
Cummings, Daniel Evens, Timothy Evins, Peter Poor, Thomas 
Doyle, and Daniel Callahan, some of whom are known to have 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 225 

than 3000 soldiers from Virginia and 4600 from Mary- 
land, all of Irish names. In New York in the Revolution 
there are 2083 such names, with entire rosters of the en- 
listed men missing in several instances. 

Heitman's work is a compilation of the names of the 
officers of the Continental army, with concise references 
to their services, and in this noted book there are listed 
upward of six hundred officers of Irish names in the 
Continental Line alone. As a matter of fact, Heitman's 
list is incomplete, for in the Revolutionary records may 
be found references to a large number of officers of 
Irish birth or descent who are not mentioned by Heit- 
man, and a complete list of their names, with references 
to the regiments to which they were attached, will be 
found in the Appendix. This list contains one thousand 
five hundred names, all told, and, as will be noted there- 
from, it furnishes an absolute refutation of the state- 
ments made by such historians as Trevelyan, Stille, 
Hatch, and others. A very limited number of the char- 
acteristic Irish surnames among the officers furnish the 
most damning proof of the apparently deliberate 
attempts of these historians to hide the truth concerning 
the extent to which the Irish and their descendants par- 
ticipated in the Revolutionary struggle. A summary 
of fifty of the most prominent Irish surnames shows 
more than five hundred officers of various ranks. 

been natives of Ireland; and among the prisoners was Lawrence 
Sullivan. The names of these men, with the exception of Sullivan, 
are inscribed on the Bunker Hill memorial tablet on Winthrop 
Square, Charlestown, Massachusetts. 



226 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Surnames of Officers of 




Surnames of Officers of 




the Army and Navy of 




the Army and Navy of 




the Revolution 


Number 


the Revolution 


Number 


Barry 


8 


Lynch 


10 


Boyle 


8 


Magee, McGee 


17 


Brady 


10 


MoUoy 


7 


Burke 


18 


Murphy 


14 


Butler 


26 


McBride 


11 


Byrne 


6 


McConnell 


13 


Casey 


6 


McCarthy 


15 


Connell, Connelly 


11 


McCormick 


12 


Carroll 


5 


McCleary 


6 


Connor 


17 


McFadden 


5 


Conway 


8 


McGinnis 


4 


Dillon 


6 


McGowan 


6 


Daly 


4 


McGuire 


14 


Dougherty 


12 


McLaughlin 


10 


Dooley 


5 


McMullen, Mullen 


14 


Donnelly 


4 


O'Brien 


7 


Dugan 


7 


O'Hara 


7 


Fitzgerald 


11 


O'Neill 


6 


Flynn 


6 


Powers 


12 


Gallagher 


4 


Quigley 


8 


Hogan 


12 


Quinn 


5 


Gillespie 


6 


Reilly 


13 


Higgins 


16 


Roche 


7 


Kearney, Carney 


7 


Ryan 


15 


Kelly 


30 


Sullivan 


13 


Kenny, McKenny 


14 


Walsh, Welsh 


21 


Leary 


6 







Total 



544 



Masters of vessels engaged in privateering are in- 
cluded among the officers, for the reason that they were 
as much a part of the fighting forces of the Revolution 
as any of the officers of the army or navy, and many are 
the stories of daring and adventure that are told of the 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 227 

"Yankee privateersmen" who preyed on British com- 
merce and brought into American ports numerous prizes 
of war, the cargoes of which furnished important and 
seasonable supplies for the Continental army. JVIuch of 
the naval history of Revolutionary times centers round 
the privateersmen, and, as an American historian has 
said, "our privateers during the Revolutionary war 
were a most important, if not predominant, feature of 
our early sea power." Not a few of the hardy command- 
ers of American privateers during our two wars with 
England were Irishmen, and in the fugitive references 
I have found to the personnel of their crews it is also 
seen that they had in their command many a patriot son 
of "the fighting race." Indeed, those Irish mariners 
of the two wars for independence have left a record 
in American history that is well worthy of preservation, 
and it will stand as an imperishable monument to the 
gallant part they played in the defence of their adopted 
country. 

The complete list of officers at pages 393-440 contains 
many other names of ancient Irish origin, but the fore- 
going fifty names are selected merely to show how read- 
ily and effectively the statements of the anti-Irish his- 
torians can be refuted. It is a grievous injustice that 
these statements should have had currency as "his- 
tory" for so many years without challenge. Possibly it 
may be claimed that some of the names listed are Scotch, 
and that assumption may be correct to some extent, al- 
though in such cases I have been careful to include only 
those names that are common among both the Irish and 



228 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the Scotch. ' But even if we give this point of view the 
widest latitude and eliminate all names of whose Irish 
origin there may be the slightest doubt, there will still 
be left hot less than a thousand unquestionably Irish 
names among the officers of the American army and 
navy of the Revolution. 

That some of these Irish officers were important men 
may be assumed from the warm regard which Washing- 
ton manifested toward them. For his aides-de-camp he 
chose, in succession, Joseph Reed, the son of an Irish 
immigrant ; Joseph Carey, Stephen Moylan, John Fitz- 
gerald, and James McHenry ; ® and his esteem for Sul- 

^ I have no doubt that some will object to the inclusion of such 
names as Generals Knox, Wayne, and Thomson, Colonels John 
Nixon, Francis and John Barber, Andrew Lewis, Ephraim Blaine, 
Walter and Charles Stewart, Major John Caldwell and Captain 
John Dunlap, and possibly others. Knox was descended from a 
Scotch family which settled in Ireland in the early part of the 
eighteenth century. But his father and grandfather were both na- 
tives of Ireland, and so also were the father and grandfather of 
General Wayne, and it is said that the first of the Waynes in Ire- 
land came from England. Thomson, Lewis, Blaine, the Stewarts, 
Dunlap, and Caldwell were natives of Ireland; Nixon was the son 
of a Wexford Irishman, and the Barbers were the sons of Patrick 
Barber, an immigrant from County Longford, Ireland, to Orange 
County, New York, in 1729- These men considered themselves 
Irish, and all of them, with the exception of the Barbers, were 
members of the Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick 
of Philadelphia, and that Society had no more active member than 
General Anthony Wayne. General Wayne was also a member of 
the Hibernian Society of Philadelphia, and General Knox was a 
member of the Charitable Irish Society of Boston. These state- 
ments can be verified by the published records of the societies. 

* Moylan was a native of Cork ; Fitzgerald, of Wicklow ; and 
McHenry, of Antrim. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 229 

livan, Montgomery, Hand, Butler, Irvine, Thomson, 
Barry, and other Irish commanders was displayed on 
many occasions. The loss of no officer who fell in battle 
was so much regretted by Washington and the Congress 
as that of General Montgomery,^ for his many amiable 
qualities had procured him an uncommon share of pri- 
vate affection, and his great abilities an equal propor- 
tion of public esteem. "Being a sincere lover of liberty, 
he had engaged in the American cause from principle, 
and quitted the enjoyment of an easy fortune and the 
highest domestic felicity to take an active share in the 
fatigues and dangers of a war instituted for the de- 
fence of a community of which he was an adopted mem- 
ber. His well-known character was almost equally 
esteemed by the friends and foes of the side which he 
had espoused. In America he was celebrated as a mar- 
tyr to the liberties of mankind, in Great Britain as a 
misguided man, sacrificing to what he supposed to be 
the rights of his country." So wrote the historian Ram- 
say, ^^ who knew him well. 

Washington's friendship for one of his Irish officers. 
General Andrew Lewis, is one of the traditions of the 
Valley of Virginia. Lewis was a native of County 
Donegal, Ireland, and was an early settler in Augusta 
County, Virginia. Four of his brothers, two of whom 
were also born in Donegal, were officers of the Colonial 
and afterwards of the Revolutionary forces, and one of 
them, Colonel Charles Lewis, was called "the idol of the 

® General Montgomery was a native of Raphoe, County Donegal, 
Ireland. 

^° History of the American Revolution, Vol. I, p. 312. 



230 A HIDDEN PHASE 

army." General Lewis was one of the most striking 
figures of the Revolutionary army. He is described as 
"a man of tremendous size and great physical strength 
and agility and a form of the most exact symmetry," 
and was "beloved by all with whom he came in contact." 
It is related that in the year 1768, while visiting Fort 
Stanwix during negotiations for a treaty with the In- 
dians, the Governor of New York, in commenting on 
his majestic figure and commanding appearance, said 
of him : "He looks like a genius of the forest and the very 
ground seems to tremble under him as he walks!" This 
brave patriot took part in many of the battles of the 
Colonial wars, and from 1754 to 1781 — beginning with 
the battle of Great Meadows and ending with Yorktown 
— he was continually engaged in the service of his coun- 
try, and all that time was "the true friend and com- 
panion of Washington." In the border warfare he 
served as Major in the Virginia regiment commanded 
by Washington, by whom he was highly esteemed for his 
great courage and skill, and as Commander of the army 
of Virginia his most noted exploit was the rout of the 
Indians at the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. It is 
known that Washington considered General Lewis one 
of the foremost military men of the country and it is 
an interesting historical fact that, prior to his own ap- 
pointment, he recommended Lewis to Congress as Com- 
mander-in-chief of the army of the Revolution. This 
statement may be verified by several authorities, espe- 
cially by reference to historical works concerning the 
trans- Allegheny pioneers and the Valley of Virginia, 




/^BPiRODUCeO Sy^/VAM F/fA/VCfS i£W/ys 



EDWARD HAND 

COLONEL AND ADJUTANT GENERAL, CONTINENTAL ARMY 
BORN IN KINGS COUNTY, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 231 

and to the publications of the Virginia and West Vir- 
ginia Historical Societies. 

From some of the publications referred to there may 
also be obtained an idea of the personnel of the differ- 
ent regimental companies, and indeed some of the com- 
pany rosters look more like the parish registers of a 
country town in a Gaelic-speaking district of Ireland 
than the rolls of a body of soldiers who fought for the 
liberties of a land three thousand miles away from their 
ancestral homes. In examining the muster-rolls, one 
is struck by the frequency with which certain very old 
Irish names appear, and the manner in which such names 
crowd themselves upon the record makes it an intensely 
interesting feature of the subject. I think it would serve 
an estimable purpose, and would clear the air very much, 
if some one with the time and the taste for such work 
would publish a complete list of the Irish names and 
group them so as to show how many of each are repre- 
sented on the Revolutionary records. Two very good 
examples of this are the names Kelly and Murphy, of 
which I have found 1189, all told, on the muster-rolls; 
and in searching for material for a sketch of the McCar- 
thy family in the United States, I found on the rolls 331 
persons of that ancient Irish name, and in all the Thir- 
teen Colonies I could find only two McCarthys classi- 
fied as "loyalists." One was Isaac and the other Dennis 
McCarty, both residents of Massachusetts. We can 
understand how Isaac may have "gone wrong," but that 
Dennis should have had "the bad drop" in him, so for- 
eign to men of his name in Revolutionary times, is truly 
shocking! It is like the story told of the New York poli- 



232 A HIDDEN PHASE 

tician who never failed to poll in his district a one hun- 
dred per cent, vote for "the party." But once a lone 
Republican vote was cast, and although they ransacked 
the district high and low to locate "the rascal," it al- 
ways remained a mystery how "a black Republican" 
was ever allowed to come into that district! 

Apart altogether from the question as to what the 
numerical strength of the Irish in the Revolutionary 
army may have been, there is one important circum- 
stance which contributed, although indirectly, to the 
success of the Revolution, but with which writers on 
American history do not seem to have been impressed, 
or perhaps have not noticed. I refer to the political agi- 
tation in Ireland which culminated in the revolt of the 
Irish Volunteers. In the Diplomatic Correspondence of 
the American Revolution may be read many accounts 
sent to Washington and the Continental Congress, by 
John Adams and Arthur Lee, of the agitation for inde- 
pendence in Ireland, of the raising of volunteers, the 
debates in Parliament, and of the generally disaffected 
state of the country, which kept England in constant 
alarm. 

The revolt of the Irish Volunteers was the concomi- 
tant of the American Revolution. The voice of Liberty 
in America overleaped the seas and awakened the people 
of Ireland to a sense of their political thraldom. "They 
asked one another," writes an Irish historian, "whence 
that thraldom, and why should they submit to it any 
longer. Armed men arose everywhere. The Govern- 
ment stood astounded; to disarm the Volunteers was 
beyond their power. . . . Contending terrors agitated 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 233 

the English administration. America in revolt, Ireland 
about to revolt, and the threatened French invasion as- 
suming formidable proportions!" The ministers ap- 
pealed to Ireland, but in vain, for the Volunteers could 
neither be seduced by false promises nor alarmed by- 
threats. "Within one year," wrote Adams to the Presi- 
dent of Congress from Paris on April 25, 1780, "up- 
wards of forty-six thousand Volunteers have been raised 
in Ireland and are arming and drilling." ^^ On May 21, 
1779, Lee wrote from Paris to the Committee of For- 
eign Affairs : "Ireland is nearly in the state we were in 
six years ago. The people are supplying themselves 
with arms, meeting and exercising, and the govern- 
ment not venturing to interpose. They have entered 
into a non-importation agreement, and this spirit is in 
a train towards independency, which nothing but the 
most wise and healing measures will stop." ^^ 

On April 25, 1780, Adams wrote Congress on affairs 
in Ireland, rejoicing in the help which the political 
situation in Ireland was giving to the American cause. 
He quoted a letter from one of his correspondents in 
Dublin, relating to a proposition made in the Irish Par- 
liament "that four war-ships be built which shall con- 
stantly cruise on the coasts of Ireland," the object be- 
ing to protect the merchant vessels trading with Amer- 
ica, "thus showing plainly Ireland's design," wrote 
Adams' correspondent, "to separate herself from Eng- 
land and to owe her safety only to herself." Two weeks 
later, Adams wrote the President of Congress about 

^^ Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. V, pp. 18-24. 
^^Ibid., Vol. II, p. 243. 



234 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"the political shackles which the people of Ireland are 
endeavouring to shake off," and gave a complete de- 
scription of Grattan's historic resolution in the House on 
the 19th of April, declaring for independence. ^^ 

On June 1, 1780, Adams sent to Congress a long ac- 
count of meetings of citizens in Dublin asserting their 
right to independence, quoting in full their resolutions, 
and showing that there was every hope for their suc- 
cess "if the war in America continues." In transmit- 
ting this news, Adams said: "The slightest circumstance 
may blow up the iiames of war between the two King- 
doms, which would have been done some weeks ago if the 
regular officers of the King's troops had not given way 
to the Dublin Volunteers"; and so important did Adams 
consider information of this character that he again 
v/rote the President of Congress describing fully a clash 
between the Volunteers and the King's troops in the 
streets of Dublin, in which, he said, "the people declared 
themselves in favour of the Volunteers." 

Harassed on every side, taunted in Parliament 
not only with the failure of the Irish to enlist, but with 
the daring of the Volunteers in openly drilling and 
preparing for war, England's pride was humbled, and, 
as Adams said in one of his letters to Congress, " "the 
British Empire is crumbling to pieces like a rope of 
sand." The importance of apprising Congress of the 
situation in Ireland is plainly evident. It was joyous 
news to the Americans and it heartened the leaders to 

^' Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. V, p. 86. 
** Dated March 24, 1780. Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. 
IV, p. 435. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 235 

learn that England had other formidable troubles to 
contend with right at her own doors, and that she would 
be compelled to maintain in Ireland large bodies of 
troops which otherwise could be utilized in America. ^^ 
The debt which America owes to Ireland for this one 
circumstance alone is not possible to estimate, and now 
that we review the true story of these historic events, we 
can understand what a tremendous tactical error Ire- 
land made when she failed to take advantage of the 
opportunity at the close of the American war. Dur- 
ing the peace negotiations between England and Amer- 
ica at Paris, and the later negotiations for a treaty of 
commerce between the two countries, no mention was 
made of the situation in Ireland, and the Irish Parlia- 
ment did not demand representation, notwithstanding 
the great desire in Ireland for a separate treaty of com- 
merce with America. But the Parliament which thus 
blasted Ireland's future was largely comprised of the 
same political corruptionists who, seventeen years later, 
sold their country for British gold. 

Another circumstance of some importance which 
American historians generally have not noticed is men- 

^® The English historian Green thus describes how the demands 
of the Irish Volunteers aided America: "So real was the danger 
that England was forced to give way. The first demands, in ef- 
fect, were claims for national independence. But there was no 
means of resisting them [the Volunteers]. In the face of such a 
rising close at hand, it became plain to even the most dogged of 
Tories that it was impossible to continue a strife across three thou- 
sand miles of sea; and to deal with the attitude of Ireland became 
even a more pressing need of the Ministry which followed Lord 
North than the need of dealing with America." (Green's History of 
the English People, Vol. IV, p. 266.) 



236 A HIDDEN PHASE 

tioned by the Irish historian Marmion, and verified by 
Spencer in his History of the United States, namely, 
the financial aid which Irish immigrants brought with 
them to the Colonies a few years prior to the outbreak 
of the Revolution. The Marquis of Donegal, an ab- 
sentee nobleman, was one of the largest landowners in 
Ireland, and in 1771, upon the expiration of the lease- 
holds on his estate, he decided to increase the rentals 
to such a degree that the tenants rebelled, and on their 
refusal to accede to the exactions of the landlord, the 
latter ordered wholesale clearances to be carried out on 
his estate. The tenants organized themselves into a 
body known as "The Hearts of Steel" for the purpose 
of fighting the evictors, but on the arrival of a large 
body of soldiers they determined to offer only passive 
resistance. Meetings were called in various places, and 
on the advice of their leaders the farmers determined 
to sell out their belongings and emigrate to America. 
During the three ensuing years every ship that sailed 
from Irish ports for the Western Continent carried 
large numbers of those self-expatriated Irish families. 
"The effect of this agrarian insurrection," says Mar- 
mion, "which extended to adjoining Counties, seriously 
affected the welfare of the Province of Ulster and was 
instrumental in extending liberty to the whole human 
race. Thousands of men, driven from their holdings, 
dissatisfied with the country and expressing the deep- 
est resentment against the Irish landlords, emigrated to 
America. Arriving there at a critical moment, and actu- 
ated by their wrongs, they joined the armies of Wash- 
ington, then contending for independence, and contrib- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 237 

uted by their numbers, as well as by their courage and 
conduct, to separate the United States from the Brit- 
ish Crown." Marmion shows that in 1771, 1772, and 
1773, eighty-eight passenger-carrying ships sailed for 
America from the ports of Belfast, Derry, and Newry, 
and he estimates the number of souls on board at not 
less than twenty-five thousand. 

"These emigrants," says Marmion, "were chiefly 
farmers and manufacturers, who, it was calculated, by 
converting their property into specie, which they took 
with them abroad, deprived Ulster of one-fourth of its 
circulating medium, which consisted altogether of specie, 
and also a portion equal thereto of the most valuable 
part of the population." ^^ While Young does not agree 
with Marmion in the essential details, he says that the 
Irish emigrants "took with them to America consider- 
able sums of money received from the sale of their lease- 
holds, the hardship of which was supposed to have driven 
them to America." ^^ Spencer, in referring to the ex- 
odus from Ireland at this period, says: "In the years 
1771 and 1772, the number of emigrants to America 
from Ireland alone amounted to seventeen thousand 
three hundred and fifty. Almost all of them emigrated 
at their own charge; a great majority of them consisted 
of persons employed in the linen manufacture, or farm- 
ers possessed of some property which they converted 
into money and carried with them. As most of the 
emigrants, and particularly those from Ireland and 

^^ Anthony Marmion, Ancient and Modern History of the Mari- 
time Ports of Ireland, p. 333. 

^^ Tonr in Ireland, Part II, p. SO. 



238 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Scotland, were personally discontented with their treat- 
ment in Europe, their accession to the Colonial popu- 
lation, it might reasonably be supposed, had no ten- 
dency to diminish or counteract the hostile sentiments 
towards Britain which were daily gathering force in 
America." ^® 

Young says that when Lord Donegal's tenants sold 
their leaseholds they received an average of "from thirty 
to forty pounds for them," and as there were at least 
four thousand leases sold, ^^ it is probable that those 
Irish immigrants brought with them to America not less 
than £200,000 in specie. ^^ The learned historian Dr. 
Thomas Addis Emmet, commenting on this, says: 
"Could Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution, 
enlighten us as to the effect from bringing this amount 
of specie into the country, we would realize that the 
benefit was an incalculable one. What credit we had in 
the country after the paper money had depreciated was 
based upon this specie throughout the greater part of 
the Revolution. Among many instances to this purpose 
was its use in moving the army to Virginia with such 
expedition as to ensure the capture of Cornwallis, which 
event contributed more to the termination of the war 

^® Dr. James A. Spencer, History of the United States, Vol. I. 

^® Walpole's Last Journals, Vol. VIII. 

^° A despatch from Ireland on this subject printed in the New 
York Journal or General Advertiser of July 15, 1773, said that 
the amount of money paid for their passage by sixteen thousand 
emigrants who left Ireland for America in the years 1771 and 1772 
was ,£66,725, and that "most of these people carried money with 
them, in evidence of which it was computed that one ship last year 
had no less than ^4000 in specie on board." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 239 

than any other, and without the credit based on this 
specie the struggle would have terminated long before 
the alliance was made with France." ^^ 

It is conceded by all historians that as the war con- 
tinued the value of Continental paper money was con- 
stantly depreciating, and, as Dr. David Ramsay 
states :^^ "Many of those who were disaffected to the 
Revolution absolutely refused to take the bills of Con- 
gress, even in the first stage of the war, when the real 
and nominal value was the same." Moreover, the meas- 
ures adopted by Congress to enforce acceptance of 
paper money "only operated on the patriotic few, who 
were disposed to sacrifice everything in the cause of 
their country and who implicitly obeyed every mandate 
of their rulers. Others disregarded them, and either 
refused to part with their commodities, or demanded 
and obtained their own prices." ^^ 

, In war a healthy treasury is no less essential than an 
abundance of men, for in the long run the deepest purse 
decides the contest as often as the largest army. It 
would have been impossible for Congress to have con- 

'^^ Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. II. 

^^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. II, pp. 12-22. 

^^ Ibid. Some of Washington's letters show that the greatest 
embarrassment he suffered during the war arose from the dearth 
of gold and silver coin, because the troops had on various occasions 
declined to accept Continental paper money, on account of its de- 
preciated value. In a letter from Washington to the President of 
Congress, dated May 27, 1780, he said that the men had refused 
the paper money, claiming that "it was of little value at all," which 
was the chief cause of the mutinies among the Pennsylvania and 
Connecticut troops in 1780 and of the New Jersey troops in the 
next year. (The Writings of Washington, Vol. VIII, p. 288.) 



240 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

tinued the war without a sufficiency of money, for with- 
out the wherewithal to purchase supplies and meet their 
obligations to the soldiers, the most patriotic and self- 
sacrificing army must in time have succumbed. There- 
fore, in estimating the part played by Ireland's sons in 
the achievement of American liberty, it is not alone the 
number or quality of the fighting men that must be 
considered, but the financial aid which those Irish immi- 
grants contributed almost at the beginning of the con- 
test. 



CHAPTER XIV 

IRISH IMMIGRATION PRIOR TO THE REVOLUTION 

Erroneous impressions received from historical works. Irish Sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence. Irish Framers of 
the Constitution. Irish Members of the Continental Congress. 
Irish Commanding Officers of the Army and Navy. Irish 
Governors. John Sullivan, the Limerick Schoolmaster. Ship- 
ping between Irish and American ports. 

ONE great reason for the dearth of information 
upon the subject of the Irish in the American 
Revolution may be attributed to the failure of the 
leading historians to relate the facts concerning immigra- 
tion from Ireland in Colonial times. From the stand- 
point of numbers alone, the records indicate that the 
Irish were one of the important elements comprising 
the population of America about the time of the Revo- 
lution, and some historians have been deservedly crit- 
icized for their evidently premeditated suppression of 
the facts concerning them. But, after all, the historians 
are not alone to blame for this, for the descendants of 
the Irish immigrants themselves have displayed a lam- 
entable lack of interest in the subject; and while they 
have neglected the story of their race in the Western 
Hemisphere, the descendants of the English Colonists 
have had historians who have made it their business to 
supply the world with histories of their own making. 
Hence it is evident that the "Anglo-Saxon" has re- 

241 



242 A HIDDEN PHASE 

ceived more than his proper share of attention in Amer- 
ican history, while the contributions of the Irish to the 
upbuilding of the country have been so scantily treated 
as to create the impression that they were an entirely 
negligible factor. 

No claim is made that the Irish should be singled out 
for special treatment by historians, any more than any 
other of the racial elements comprising the population 
of the Colonies; but where there is such a vast amount 
of data concerning the Colonial Irish available from the 
records, nearly all of which has been ignored by those 
leading historians upon whom the reading public place 
so much dependence, it must be assumed that the facts 
were suppressed for some ulterior purpose. On the 
other hand, some historians, while not entirely disre- 
garding the facts as to their numbers, characterize the 
Irish as an entirely unimportant element who contrib- 
uted nothing to the making of the nation. It is true 
that, in the aggregate, a great number of Irish pioneers 
are mentioned in local town and county histories and 
genealogies, and that credit has been given to them un- 
grudgingly for the part they played in building up those 
local communities. Writers of local history have not 
usually been so susceptible as the general historians to 
the teachings of the Anglo-Saxon cult, and being honest 
men, as a rule they wrote down what they found in the 
records and candidly related the local traditions, with- 
out drawing invidious distinctions as to races and 
creeds. Consequently we find in some of the local his- 
tories and genealogies a great deal of reliable data relat- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 243 

ing to the pioneer settlers. This also applies in a large 
measure to the work of historical societies, many of 
which have published the early records of the country, 
and in doing so have given the public verbatim copies 
of the originals. As a rule, the text is printed in these 
copies exactly as it is written in the originals, with all 
the errors, irregularities of spelling, contractions, ec- 
centricities of phraseology, etc., faithfully reproduced, 
thereby placing students and investigators in as favor- 
able a position as is enjoyed by those who have access 
to the original documents. 

The general impression among people whose informa- 
tion on this subject is obtained only from the "stand- 
ard" histories of the United States is that the Irish did 
not begin to come to this country until the early years 
of the last century, and that, therefore, they could have 
had no part in the War of the Revolution. Indeed, some 
historical writers have dated the beginning of Irish 
immigration to America from "the digging of the Erie 
Canal," or about the year 1820; but it is very evident 
that they did not examine the records or consult any 
authoritative sources of information, for otherwise they 
would never venture upon such an assertion. Not only 
have these historians miscalculated the period as well 
as the extent of early Irish immigration to America, 
but even a publication brought out in 1909 by the De- 
partment of Commerce and Labor of the United States 
Government, entitled A Century of Population Growth, 
displays a woeful lack of knowledge on the subject 
when it credits the Irish with only one and six -tenths 



244 A HIDDEN PHASE 

per cent, of the population of the United States in the 
year 1790 ! To one who has examined the early Ameri- 
• can records it is a great mystery as to what possible 
method of computation the government statisticians 
could have used in arriving at that conclusion. Even if 
they had no other guide to follow but the ordinarily 
well known Irish names appearing upon the records, I 
cannot conceive how they could conscientiously say that 
the Irish element constituted only that meager propor- 
tion. Furthermore, we may safely assume that these 
statisticians, in all probability having no knowledge of 
the vast changes made in Irish family names both at 
home and abroad, excluded from the term "Irish" all 
persons bearing apparently non-Irish names who were 
residents of the United States at the time the first cen- 
sus was taken, and, doubtless, placed them under the 
head of "Enghsh" and "Scotch." 

There are many people who cannot or will not believe 
that any but English, Dutch, and Huguenots colonized 
this country in the early days, although in late years the 
unflagging industry of the "Scotch-Irish" historians has 
resulted in creating the impression that this class, in 
contradistinction to the plain "Irish," also had a large 
part in the laying of the foundations. They cannot re- 
ahze the fact that the "Irish" or their descendants could 
have had a hand in this work; that many Irishmen of 
education and good social breeding came to the Colonies 
and entered upon the pioneer work of construction with 
an intelligence and zeal equalling that of their fellow 
Colonists; that there are numbered among America's 




REP/?0OOC£O av A/WA r/?AVCeS /.£y/A6 



xJAMES SMITH 

SIGNEROFTHE DECLARATiONOF INDEPENDENCE, BORN IN DUBLiNJRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 245 

leading statesmen, soldiers, and scholars of the early- 
days and among her pioneer merchants and builders 
many of the old Gaelic stock, the same class of Irish- 
men who won fame and renown on the continent of 
Europe. It is not the fault of the American people 
that this false idea has been propagated as "history," 
for Americans as a rule are a fair-minded and truth- 
loving people ; but from their very school days they have 
absorbed it from historians whose special mission on 
earth seems to have been to laud to the skies all things 
"English" and to decry or suppress any other elevating 
influences in American life that may have had their 
origin with other peoples ! 

Irishmen were Signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence;^ Irishmen were members of the first Ameri- 
can Congress which began in 1774 and continued down 
to the year of the framing of the Constitution; ^ Irish- 

^ Smith, Taylor, Rutledge, and Thornton were natives of Ireland, 
and Carroll, McKean, Read, and Lynch were descendants of 
Irish immigrants. O'Hart (Irish Pedigrees, Vol. I, p. 726) says 
that "Robert Treat Paine, the Signer, was a descendant of the 
O'Neills of Ulster; that Robert O'Neill, son of Teige O'Neill 
hereditary prince of Ulster, emigrated to America with his family, 
where he changed his name to Paine so as to preserve his life from 
assassins. It was one of his descendants who signed the American 
Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776." The name was 
adopted from one of his maternal ancestors named Payne who mar- 
ried an O'Neill in Ireland. 

^ Pierse Long, Mathew Thornton and Thomas FitzSimmons were 
natives of Limerick, and John Sullivan's father came from the same 
Irish city ; James Duane was a son of Anthony Duane from County 
Galway; Edward Hand was a native of Kings County; William 



246 A HIDDEN PHASE 

men were among the Framers of the Constitution ; ^ 
Irishmen commanded brigades and regiments in the 
struggle for independence,* and an Irishman stands in 
the unique position of "Father of the American Navy." ^ 
Irishmen were Governors of American provinces and 
States prior to the opening of the nineteenth century. 
'^An Irishman was Governor of the Province of New 
York,* and another was Governor of the Indians from 

Irvine was a native of Fermanagh; Charles and Daniel Carroll 
came from the Carrolls of Tipperary and Kings counties; Edward 
Carrington was of a Mayo family; Thomas Burke was a native 
of Galway; John Armstrong, of Donegal; James McHenry, of 
Antrim; Pierce Butler, of Kilkenny; Cornelius Harnett, of Dublin; 
Thomas Lynch was of the noted Galway family of the name, and 
John and Edward Rutledge were also natives of Ireland. Kean, 
Read, Heney, and Kearney were also of Irish descent. 

^ Four natives of Ireland, namely, Thomas FitzSimmons, James 
McHenry, John Rutledge, and Pierce Butler, as well as George 
Read and the Carrolls, Charles and Daniel, of Irish descent, were 
members of the Federal Convention of 1787. (See Journal of the 
Federal Convention, by John Quincy Adams, 1819; Elliott's De- 
hates, and Farrand's Framing of the Constitution.) 

* Among the Irish-born officers were Generals James Hogan, 
John Greaton, Richard Butler, Richard Montgomery, William 
Irvine, Edward Hand, William Thomson, William ^Maxwell, and 
Andrew Lewis, and Colonels Robert Magaw, John Kelley, John 
Dooley, John Patton, Walter Stewart, John Shee, John Haslet, 
Thomas Proctor, John Fitzgerald, Hercules Mooney, Pierse Long, 
and Stephen Moylan. Generals James Moore, James and George 
Clinton, Joseph Reed, John Sullivan, and several other officers of 
high command, were sons of Irish immigrants. 

^ Commodore John Barry, a native of Wexford. 

® Thomas Dongan, a native of County Kildare, who became Gov- 
ernor in 1683. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 247 



the Hudson to the Mississippi River/ Irishmen were 
Governors of the Carolinas ; * an Irishman governed the 
Province of Maryland ; ® an Irishman was the first 
Governor of Delaware/" and another Irishman was one 
of the earliest Governors of the State of Pennsylvania.^^ 
The son of an Irishman was the first Governor of the 
State of New York/^ and the son of an Irishman was 
the first Mayor of the City of New York after the Revo- 
lution/^ " Irishmen and their sons of the ancient Gaelic 
stock are recorded among the earliest Judges of the 
courts of many of the present States of the Union ; they 
are found not only in the profession of the law, but in 
medicine, science, and literature, and as pioneers in all 
walks of life they held their own with their "Anglo- 
Saxon" compeers. 

What other example stands on a level with that of 
John Sullivan, the Limerick schoolmaster, who taught 
the children of New England Puritans for upward of 

^ Sir William Johnson of County Meath, a descendant of the 
family of McShane. 

* James Moore, who became Governor of Carolina in 1700, was 
a grandson of Rory O'More, the Irish chieftain; Arthur Dobbs, 
who became Governor of North Carolina in 1754, and Matthew 
Rowan, Governor in 1764, were natives of Carrickf ergus ; John 
Rutledge, Governor of South Carolina in 1776, Thomas Burke, 
Governor in 1781, and Edward Rutledge, Governor in 1788, were 
natives of Ireland. 

^ John Hart, a native of County Cavan, became Governor in 1714. 

^•^ John McKinley, a native of Ireland, was elected Governor in 
1776. 

^^ George Bryan, from Dublin, was Governor of Pennsylvania 
in 1788. 

^^ George Clinton, whose father emigrated from Longford in 1729. 

^^ James Duane, 



248 A HIDDEN PHASE 

sixty years? ^* As an liistorical writer ^^ has so aptly 
described him, he was the father of a Governor of New 
Hampshire and of a Governor of Massachusetts, of 
the first Judge appointed in New Hampshire, of an 
Attorney-General of New Hampshire, of a Major-Gen- 
eral in the Revolutionary army, and of four sons who 
were officers in that army; he was the grandfather of a 
Governor of Maine and of a United States Senator from 
New Hampshire and an Attorney-General of that 
State; the great-grandfather of an Attorney-General 
of New Hampshire and of a Judge of its courts, and 
the great-great-grandfather of a distinguished Amer- 
ican officer in the Civil War! These Irishmen, and 
many others who might be mentioned in the same cate- 
gory, were of the ancient race which stood the brunt 
of English persecutions in Ireland; yet they have been 
denied a place in American history by those historical 
writers whose work alone is found in American schools 
and colleges. 

It is only when we consult such records as those of 
the Colonial land offices, of the offices of the Secretaries 

" John Sullivan was of a noted family of Cork and Kerry, dis- 
tinguished in Irish history. He was born in Limerick in 1696 
and emigrated to New England in 1723. It is related of him 
that when he applied to Rev. Dr. Moody of Scotland Parish, 
Maine, in that year for employment as a teacher, in order to show 
that he was competent to teach he wrote his application in seven 
languages ! He exerted a remarkable influence among the people, 
and many of the "Revolutionary worthies" of New England were 
numbered among his pupils. See Amory's work on the Sullivans 
for interesting data concerning this famous Irish schoolmaster. 

^' John C. Linehan, in Journals of the American Irish Historical 
Society. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 249 

of State, the Council Journals, the Parish Registers of 
the Colonial churches wherein are recorded the mar- 
riages and deaths of the early settlers and the births 
of their children, the records of the Surrogates' and 
County Courts and of the Registrars of Wills and 
Deeds, the early newspapers, the muster-rolls of the 
Colonial and Revolutionary armies, the Custom House 
Records, the State Archives, the early Town Books and 
Minutes of the Selectmen, the Journals of the Genealog- 
ical and Historical Societies, the town and county his- 
tories, and the numerous other publications wherein the 
names of the early settlers are copied from the original 
records, that we are in a position to form any idea of 
the enormous immigration of Irish people to these shores 
during the Colonial period. And when we read the 
tens of thousands of old Gaelic names that appear in 
these records with the most astonishing regularity, we 
begin to wonder what the reason could have been for 
the almost total omission of any reference to these peo- 
ple from our standard American histories ! 

The system of landlord tyranny and the political 
and economic oppression to which the people of Ireland 
were subject evidently received no consideration what- 
ever from some American historians in determining 
whether such conditions may have had any influence on 
the destinies of this country. During the first half of 
the eighteenth century, so wide-spread was the discon- 
tent of the Irish with the rapacity of the landlords, who 
in many cases were the descendants of the Cromwellian 
settlers planted in Ireland about one hundred years 
before, and so difficult was it for the laboring and artisan 



250 A HIDDEN PHASE 

class to make a living at home, that for many years prior 
to the Revolution there was a continuous stream of 
Irish immigration flowing to the American Colonies. 
While some historical writers candidly admit that large 
numbers of Irish settled in America during that period, 
they assert that these Colonists came from the province 
of Ulster only, and that they were the so-called "Scotch- 
Irish" element. But that idea is altogether erroneous, 
as is readily seen by the names of the immigrants, which 
indicate to any person acquainted with the habitat of 
the old Irish families in Ireland the sections of the 
island whence they came. The "Scotch-Irish" theorists 
have been very industrious in putting forward their 
claims in this respect, and credulous persons, reading 
the output of these people, conclude that all immi- 
grants from Ireland prior to the Revolution, especially 
those who may have in any way contributed to the up- 
building of the country, were the descendants of the 
Scotch planters who settled in Ireland in the seventeenth 
century. 

There is unquestionable proof that every part of Ire- 
land contributed to the enormous emigi-ation of its 
people, and while there are no official statistics now avail- 
able — for none were kept — to indicate the numerical 
strength of those Irish immigrations, abundant proof 
of this assertion is found in authentic records, such as 
those already alluded to. In the newspapers published 
in the cities of the Atlantic seaboard are enumerated 
the arrivals and sailings of vessels between Irish and 
American ports during the half century which preceded 
the Revolution. From the ports of Cork, Waterford, 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 251 

Wexford, Kinsale, Dublin, Limerick, Galway, Sligo, 
Killala, Coleraine, Newry, Belfast, Letterkenny, and 
Derry ships were constantly arriving. These vessels 
were not only freight-carriers, but in many of the public 
announcements in American newspapers by the masters 
and agents of the vessels, they advertised that they had 
"ample" and, in some cases, "extraordinary accommo- 
dations for passengers"; and in the news columns may 
be seen hundreds of references containing accounts of 
immigrants arriving from all parts of Ireland. ^^ In 
a short review of the subject it is not possible to present 
all this evidence, and I shall refer to a few examples 
only. In single issues of the New York newspapers, 
between the years 1767 and 1773, I find as many as ten 
to fifteen vessels "up" at one time, advertised to sail 
for their home ports in Ireland ; ^^ and as far back as 

^^ Froude {The English in Ireland, Vol. II, p. 125; London, 
1874), in referring to the large emigrations to America following 
the Antrim evictions in 1772, says: "The South and West of 
Ireland were caught by the same movement, and ships could not 
be found to carry the crowds who were eager to go. The emigra- 
tion was not only depriving Ireland of its manufactures, but of 
the sinews of its trade." 

" John F. Watson, the New York historian, in his Annals and 
Occurrences of New York City and State in the Olden Times 
(Philadelphia, 1846), expresses surprise at finding in the records 
and newspapers so many references to vessels sailing between Irish 
and American ports in the eighteenth century. Barrett (Old 
Merchants of New York, Vol. Ill, p. 59), in referring to the large 
trade between Ireland and America in the year 1768, calls attention 
to "the regular liners between New York and Irish ports," and 
states that "twelve or fifteen regular traders to Ireland were in 



252 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

1716 and for many years after that time the New York 
and Philadelphia newspapers continued to publish ac- 
counts of the arrival of Irish immigrants. 

A great many examples like the following can be 
pointed out of ships arriving at Philadelphia from Ire- 
land: "The Ship Cezer from Waterford, Ireland," which 
arrived in July, 1716, with "seventy passengers"; the 
same ship "from Dublin" in September, 1717, with 
"about one hundred passengers"; "the Dove from Ire- 
land" in August, 1716, "with passengers"; an unnamed 
ship "from Cork" with "fifty passengers" in March, 
1718; and "the Elizabeth and Margaret from Dublin" 
in August of the same year with "one hundred and fifty 
passengers." Pages could be filled with such items, 
but these are selected merely to show that Irish immi- 
gration to this country began at a very early period and 
that it was large and continuous, although, as already 
stated, it was during the half century preceding the 
Revolution that the greatest number came over and set- 
tled permanently in the Colonies. 

port at one time, when there was but one vessel up for London." 
He says also that some of these vessels were "owned by three Irish 
firms" in New York. 



CHAPTER XV 

VAST IRISH IMMIGRATIONS TO PENNSYLVANIA 

Their principal settlements. Mistaken assumption that no Irish 
Catholics settled in America prior to the Revolution. The Irish 
traders. Shipping between Philadelphia and Irish ports, 1727 
to 1737. Extracts from the Philadelphia newspapers. 

THE "footsteps of the Celt" can be traced through 
every one of the original Thirteen Colonies. In 
Pennsylvania, for example, the Irish began to settle 
as early as the last quarter of the seventeenth century, 
and there is evidence to show that an important Irish 
colony came over with William Penn in the year 1682. 
Penn was well acquainted with the sturdy character of 
the Irish peasantry, for he had lived many years at Kin- 
sale, in the county of Cork, managing his father's es- 
tate; and when he first came to America he brought 
with him a number of Irish people, principally from 
Cork and Wexford, some of whom are referred to as 
"people of property" and "people of consequence." ^ 
Seventeen years later, on one of his return voyages to 
Philadelphia, he brought with him a brilliant young 
Irishman, James Logan of Lurgan, County Armagh, a 
son of Patrick Logan, a man well known in Ireland 
in those days for his great learning. For nearly half 
a century James Logan occupied leading positions in 

^ Scharf-Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884; Phila- 
delphia, 1884. 

253 



254 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the province, among them Chief Justice of the Courts, 
Provincial Secretary, and President of the Council. 

About this time, we are told, "there were many Irish 
Papists in Pennsylvania who turn Quakers and get 
into places, as well as Germans" ; ^ and, indeed, the ar- 
rival of "Irish Papists and convicts" at the port of 
Philadelphia was so constant as to be viewed with con- 
siderable alarm by the provincial authorities. In the 
Fisher Collection at the American Philosophical Society 
there is an interesting document, "A Message from the 
Lieutenant-Governour to the Representatives of the 
Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania," dated De- 
cember 17, 1728, which reads in part: "I have now 
positive orders from Britain to provide proper law 
against these crowds of foreigners who are yearly pour'd 
upon us. It may also require thoughts to prevent the 
importation of Irish Papists and convicts, ^ of whom 
some of the most notorious, I am creditably informed, 
have of late been landed in this river." On December 
28, the "Representatives" replied to this letter, saying: 
"We do likewise perceive it to be of the greatest conse- 
quence to the preservation both of the religious and 
civil rights of the people of this Province to prevent 
- the importation of Irish Papists and convicts, in which 
no endeavour of ours shall be wanting, and we earnestly 
request the Governour to recommend the same to the 

^ Letter from Rev. Colin Campbell to the London Society for 
the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, quoted in Hill's 
History of the Episcopal Church of Burlington, New Jersey. 

^ The Irish "convicts" were the political refugees who fled from 
the persecutions of the British government. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 255 

consideration of the Assembly of the Three Lower 
Counties to make like provision against the growth of 
so pernicious an evil in that Government, which, if 
not timely prevented, will sensibly affect the people of 
this Province." A committee was appointed to draw 
up a bill "levying a duty on foreigners, Irish servants 
and persons of redemption"; and although future Irish 
immigrants were thus taxed on their landing in Phila- 
delphia, the operation of the statute proved "unsatis- 
factory," for the law was evaded by the captains of ves- 
sels arriving in the Delaware landing their passengers 
at Newcastle, Delaware, or Burlington, New Jersey. 

The most important of the early Irish immigrations 
to Pennsylvania, from the standpoint of numbers, be- 
gan about the opening of the eighteenth century. These 
Irish settled generally in or near Philadelphia and in 
Bucks, Chester, and Lancaster counties, and large num- 
bers flocked to the Cumberland Valley. As they were 
generally tillers of the soil in Ireland, they preferred 
agricultural to other pursuits, and within a very few 
years several little farming communities composed en- 
tirely of Irish families were flourishing in the beautiful 
Cumberland Valley on lands opened to them by the 
province or acquired by purchase from the Indians. 
Down to the time of the Revolution, nearly all the set- 
tlers of the valley were from Ireland or of the first gen- 
eration of American-born descendants of Irish immi- 
grants. "No district of our broad, beautiful, and blessed 
country," says a local historian, "has furnished more rep- 
resentative men, men distinguished for their ability, in- 



256 A HIDDEN PHASE 

telligence, and influence, than Cumberland Valley." * 
The influx into the province of substantial Irish settlers 
was great after this period, and continued with little 
abatement for many years. In 1734 there are said to 
have been in the Kittochtinny Valley "about one thou- 
sand families," while in 1750 the population was "be- 
tween five and six thousand." It had "about one thou- 
sand taxables, nine-tenths of whom," according to a 
local historian, "were Irish and Scotch." The same 
authority states that for some years previous to the 
Indian wars, "the Irish and Scotch immigrants consti- 
tuted the great mass of the efl*ective population of the 
Province. They settled in great numbers in various 
parts of Lancaster, York, and Northampton Counties 
and formed the entire population of the Kittochtinny 
Valley." ^ 

Irish settlements were made in 1717 on the Octoraro 
Creek in Lancaster County. Rupp, an impartial his- 
torian, thus refers to them: "They and their descend- 
ants have always been justly regarded as among the 
most intelligent people of the county, and their prog- 
ress will be found to be but little behind the boasted 
eff^orts of the Colony of Plymouth." ® Among the Irish- 
men who came to Bucks County in the year 1720 were 
the Tennent family from County Armagh, one of whom, 



* Dr. Alfred Nevin, Men of Mark in the Cumberland Valley; 
Philadelphia, 1876. 

° George C. Chambers, A Tribute to the Virtues, Habits, and 
Usefulness of the Early Irish and Scotch Settlers of Pennsylvania; 
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 1856. 

* History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, p. 439. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 257 

Rev. William Tennent, was celebrated for his profound 
learning. He established the famous wilderness school 
known as the "Log College" at Neshaminy, Pennsyl- 
vania, which he conducted with much success, and in it 
were educated men who achieved great reputations in 
after years. The "Log College" has been called "the 
first literary institution above the common schools in 
Pennsylvania" and "the germ from which proceeded 
the flourishing college of New Jersey, at Princeton." 

In 1722, a number of people from County Donegal, 
Ireland, located in Westmoreland County, which be- 
came an extensive settlement and embraced a large dis- 
trict of fertile and choice lands. In 1723 a considerable 
number of Irish people located in Dauphin and Cum- 
berland counties, ^ and in the next year Irish settlements 
were established west of the Susquehanna River in what 
is now York County. This section had been inhabited 
chiefly by Germans who had arrived a short time before. 
The relations between the two nationalities were never 
friendly, and the racial rivalries resulted in such out- 
breaks that after a quarter of a century of strife and ani- 
mosity an enforced separation of the territory was 
brought about by the provincial authorities which con- 
fined the Germans to York and the Irish to Cumberland 
County. * 

Harley, in his Ltife of Charles Thomson, ^ states that 
"before 1726 six thousand Irish had arrived, while the 

^ Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony 
and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, New Haven, Connecticut, 1901. 
* Provincial Records of Pennsylvania. 
» Page 17. 



258 A HIDDEN PHASE 

failure of the crops of Ulster increased the volume of 
immigration to twelve thousand a year until 1750"; 
and Dr. Robert Baird, in his History of Religion in 
Americttj^^ says: "From 1729 to 1750 about twelve 
thousand annually came from Ulster to America." This 
last estimate would make an exodus from Ulster alone 
during a period of twenty-five years of the almost in- 
credible total of 300,000, exclusive of the large emigra- 
tions from the other provinces of Ireland. 

The majority of the Ulster emigrants who came about 
this time seem to have been Episcopalians and Presby- 
terians, and the immediate cause of their enforced ex- 
patriation, besides the unsatisfactory economic condi- 
tions in their native land, was the passage of the "Test 
Act," which deprived a large number of Irish Protes- 
tants of the privileges of the franchise. James Anthony 
Froude, in the lugubrious tone that characterizes his 
historical work wherever a question of religion is con- 
cerned, thus comments upon the exodus from Ireland 
which set in after the passage of the Test Act: "The 
young, the courageous, the energetic, the earnest, these 
alone among the colonists, who, if ever Ireland was to 
be a Protestant country, could be effective missionaries, 
were torn up by the roots, flung out and bid find a home 
elsewhere, and they found a home to which England, 
fifty years later, had to regret that she had allowed them 
to be driven." ^^ 

But that it is evident the early emigrations from 

"New York, 1844. 

^^ The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. I, 
p. 394. • 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 259 

Ireland to Pennsylvania were a mixed class, in so far 
as religion is concerned, we may judge from the state- 
ments of historians like John D. Rupp and DeCom*cey 
and Shea. Rupp, in his History of Northampton, I^e- 
liigh, Monroe, Schuylkill, and Carbon Counties, Penn- 
sylvania, shows that many of these people selected this 
region for their homes, and in referring to their de- 
scendants he says: "The greater proportion of them are 
Catholics and have priests officiating in the Irish lan- 
guage." The same historian, in his History of North- 
ampton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, 
Juniata, and Clinton Counties, says: "Previous to the 
Revolution of 1776, the immigration of the Irish was 
not only extensive but of the better sort." He calls 
the Irish of Dauphin and Cumberland counties "a gen- 
erous and hospitable people," and quotes the Lord's 
Prayer from a Gaelic Bible which he discovered in the 
possession of one of the Irish Catholic families, adding 
that "the descendants of the Irish no longer speak the 
language of their valorous fathers." Shea, in his His- 
tory of the Catholic Church in the United States, says 
that "in 1729 a Catholic chapel existed near Philadel- 
phia on the road between Nicetown and Frankford, 
which was erected by Miss Elizabeth McGawley, a 
young Irish lady who had settled in that part with a 
number of tenants whom she had brought from Ireland." 
In 1742 another Catholic church was erected for the 
Irish settlers at Lancaster, and in the lists of its trustees 
and the members of its congregation nearly all the 
names are Irish. In 1753, St. Mary's Catholic church 



260 A HIDDEN PHASE 

was erected at Philadelphia, which Griffin ^^ says was 
known as "the Irish church," a most appropriate des- 
ignation, if we are to judge from the rosters of its 
congregation. 

"Evidence is at hand," says Rev. Howard Ganss, one 
of the historians of Carlisle, "that before 1745 a number 
of Irish Catholic families settled in Tuscarora Path and 
formed the nucleus of a settlement still in existence, and 
in which we not only find lineal descendants of the orig- 
inal settlers, but a community in which, in spite of the 
vicissitudes of time, the frequent depredations of the 
Indians, the great distance from a church and the sadly 
few visits of priests, the Catholic faith is still found 
as firm and intact as was that of their ancestors who 
planted it there more than one hundred and fifty years 
ago. ^^ This settlement was not only the one that lay 
further west than any hitherto attempted on this side 
of the AUeghenies, but even antedates Conewago, as 
far as documentary evidence goes." 

Some historical narrators insist upon placing the early 
Irish in America in two opposing camps, namely, "Cath- 
olic" and "Protestant," and, in fact, some assert that 
the Irish who came over previous to the Revolution were 
"almost wholly Presbyterians" and that "there was no 
Catholic emigration from Ireland to America at all 
until after that time." Usually this claim is made by 
people who seem to be unable to conceive otherwise than 
that "Irish" and "Catholic" are synonymous terms, and 

'^''American Catholic Historical Researches; Philadelphia, Pa. 
"This was written in 1845. 




/^cPffOOUCeO BY ^.v/^A /^/yAA/CSS LEV//VS 



STEPHEN MOYLAN 

COLONEL OF CAVALRY, COMTINENTAL ARMY, AND 

AIDE-DE-CAMP TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. 

BORN IN CORK, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 261 

this thought has led them into the most ridiculous as- 
sumptions with regard to the Irish in the Revolution. 
That their opinions on this question, and especially in 
relation to the Catholic Irish, are altogether at variance 
with the facts is shown by many reputable authorities, 
the following being submitted as examples : 

"It is a fact most undoubtedly true that great num- 
bers of Irish and German Papists have, of late years, 
gone into our Colonies." ^* 

"Before the Revolution, Pennsylvania harboured five 
Catholic churches with about double the number of 
priests and several thousand communicants, mostly Irish 

and Germans." ^^ 

Pehr Kalm, the Swedish historian, who was in Phila- 
delphia in 1748, states that "the Roman Catholics have 
a Church here," which, he remarked, "is well adorned 
within and has an organ," ^^ from which it must be as- 
sumed that the church had a considerable congregation 
even for that early day. "There is one Romish Chapel 
in Philadelphia." ^^ The church here referred to was 
Saint Joseph's Catholic Church, which Griffin ^^ states 
was erected in the year 1733; and if we are to judge 
from the names of its worshipers, registers of burials, 
baptisms, etc., it is quite apparent that the Irish were 

" Extract "from a late English paper," in Pennsylvania Gazette 
of July 15, 1755. 

^® Berthold Fernow, Middle Colonies Critical and Narrative His- 
tory of America, Vol. I, p. l60, 

** Voyage de Kalm en Amerique, Vol. I, p. 43. 

^'' Rev. Andrew Burnaby's Travels in North America, 1759-60, 
p. 77. 

^^ American Catholic Historical Researches, Vol. X, No. 1. 



262 A HIDDEN PHASE 

largely represented among its parishioners about the 
period of the Revolution. 

"As to religion [in Pennsylvania] there is none prop- 
erly established, but Protestants of all denominations, 
Papists, Jews, and all other sects whatsoever are univer- 
sally tolerated." "The established religion [in Mary- 
land] is that of the Church of England, but there are 
as many Roman Catholics as Protestants." The numer- 
ous Irish Catholic names that appear in Maryland rec- 
ords of the period referred to justify the conclusion that 
the Irish were a strong element among Maryland Cath- 
olics. ^^ 

Achenwall, in his Observations on North America, 
refers to the Irish settlers in Pennsylvania in such a 
way as to indicate that he regarded them as a large 
and important element of the population ; and he states 
that "Catholic Churches are found in Pennsylvania as 
well as in Maryland," but that "Roman Catholics are 
excluded from all offices and from the Assembly be- 
cause they cannot take the usual religious oath and sub- 
scribe under the Test Act." 

"Roman Catholics are very numerous in Berks Coun- 
ty." ^° That the Irish were also "numerous in Berks 
County" may readily be seen from the Pennsylvania 
land records. 

"If the Irish Catholics taken as prisoners to Canada 
[from the Colony of New York] ask to remain there, 

^^ Burnaby's Travels, pp. 69 and 84. 

^° Petition of the Justices of Berks County to Governor Morris, 
dated July 23, 1755. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 263 

see no difficulty about their being allowed to do so. The 
manner in which the English treat their nation ought 
not to cause them to regret such a change. The same 
could be done with respect to the Scotch Catho- 
lics." 2^ 

"Great numbers of Irish Papists are being brought 
continually into Maryland, and many Irish priests are 
suspected of coming incognito, as having no better place 
of refuge in the King's dominions upon their being ban- 
ished from Ireland." ^- 

"A very great number of Gentlemen of good and 
Ancient Families and other Roman Catholicks of the 
Kingdoms of England and Ireland, being vexed and 
persecuted by the several paenal Statutes made against 
them in their native Countries, . . . transported them- 
selves into this Province," ^^ etc. 

In 1764, one Thomas Shea conveyed by deed to Rev. 
Bennett Neale a farm of land at Priests' Ford in Har- 
ford County, Maryland, on which a Catholic chapel was 
erected. ^* That this chapel was for the use of Irish 
Catholics of the vicinity is clearly shown by the names 
of the early settlers in that part of the county which ap- 

^^ Letter from the President of the Navy Board to the Depart- 
ment of Marine Provinces, Paris, dated January 23, 1748, relative 
to the exchange of prisoners in America; in Canadian Archives, 
Vol. I, p. 101. 

^^ Letter of the Episcopal Clergy of Maryland to the Bishop of 
London, dated "Maryland, Port Annapolis, May 1, 1696"; in Daw- 
son's Historical Magazine for 1868, pp. 151-3. 

^^ The humble Peiition and Remonstrance of Charles Carroll, on 
behalf of himself and all the other Roman Catholics of the Province 
of Maryland; in Library of Congress, BM. Add. MSS. No. 15489. 

^* Land Records of Maryland. 



264 A HIDDEN PHASE 

pear in the records of the Land Commissioner's office 
at Annapolis. 

"By far the greatest number of Roman Catholics 
[in Maryland] are on the Western Shore, and, what is 
very surprising, it was also the most violently rebellious 
and disaffected in the Revolution." ^^ How very sug- 
gestive of the presence of the Irish ! 

In a letter from Rev. John Carroll in the year 1779, ^^ 
he said: "I have care of a very large congregation" [at 
Rock Creek, Maryland], and another congregation in 
Virginia to which I go sixty or seventy miles once a 
month." Rock Creek is near Washington, D. C, in 
Montgomery County, Maryland, and in the immediate 
vicinity I have found a number of old Irish names 
recorded prior to the year 1779. The Virginia congre- 
gation was in Stafford County, whose early records also 
contain numbers of old Irish names. 

A book entitled The Catholic Christian Instructor 
was published by Robert Bell at Philadelphia in 1774, 
the original subscribers to which were people named 
O'Neill, Willcox, Cullen, Hogan, and Gallagher, from 
which it may be assumed that its supporters were Irish ; 
and the fact that the publisher undertook to print such 
a book makes it appear that there must have been some 
demand for it. 

Rev. John Carroll, Bishop of Baltimore, writing to 
Matthew Carey of Philadelphia on January 30, 1789, 
in reference to "the illiberal treatment of Roman 

"A Tour in the United States, by J. F. Smith, Vol. II, London, 
178*. 

2' Among the Woodstock Letters, Vol. IV, No. 1, p. 128. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 265 

Catholics in the United States," said: "They contrib- 
uted in proportion to their numbers, equally at least 
with every other denomination, to the establishment 
of independence and ran every risk in common with 
them." (Matthew Carey's MS. Correspondence, Vol. 
IV.) 

In a contribution on the same subject, printed in 
the Columbian Magazine of Philadelphia for December, 
1787, Bishop Carroll said: "The American army 
swarmed with Roman Catholic soldiers, and the world 
would have held them justified had they withdrawn 
themselves from the defence of a State which treated 
them with so much cruelty and injustice, and which 
they then covered from the depredations of the British 
army. But their patriotism was too disinterested to 
hearken to the first impulse of even just resentment." 
Bishop Carroll was a witness to the events of the Rev- 
olution and his standing and that of all of the Carroll 
family among the people need not be referred to 
here. It is needless to say, that when he wrote the above 
he had in mind the Irish Catholics, and the statement 
of so responsible a witness can hardly be called into 
question. 

Finally, we have the evidence of the historic address 
"on behalf of the Roman Catholics of the United States" 
to President Washington, on March 15, 1790, and from 
the fact that this document was signed by Rev. John 
Carroll, Charles Carroll, Daniel Carroll, Dominick 
Lynch, and Thomas FitzSimmons, it is clear that it 
was at the instance of the Irish Catholics, above all 
others, that this address was presented. Many more 



266 A HIDDEN PHASE 

such authorities can be quoted, but these are probably 
sufficient to illustrate the point. It is perfectly obvious 
that multitudes of Catholics emigrated from Ireland to 
America before the Revolution, and the long succession 
of names representative of the ancient Catholic families 
of Ireland which appear in the early records here re- 
ferred to is sufficient proof of that fact. On the other 
hand, it is just as obvious that the majority of these 
Irish Catholics did not practise their religion in Amer- 
ica, and that their children became associated with other 
religious denominations, which explains why so many 
thousands of present-day Americans who have sprung 
from the ancient stock of the Clan-na-Gaedhal, and who 
still bear old Irish names, are non-Catholic and seldom 
have any knowledge of or interest in their Irish fore- 
bears or the history of their race in the Western Hemi- 
sphere. 

But the fact that many of the Colonial Irish were 
not practical Catholics did not de-Irishize them, for re- 
ligion does not make nationality, however much it may 
change certain racial ideals. In the case of the Irish 
Catholic immigrants, however, the change in religion, 
or the want of it, had a far-reaching and deleterious ef- 
fect. As knowledge strengthens the mind and ignorance 
weakens it, so undoubtedly many of the poor Irish 
Catholics in the Colonies, finding no church of their own 
faith to commune with, 5n despair abandoned their 
faith because of their ignorance of its fundamentals, 
which were not taught in those days to the extent that 
they are now. In most cases, even those who abhorred 
the idea of apostasy, had no chance of practising their 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 267 

religion, for the open profession of the Catholic faith 
was not tolerated ; they had neither priests nor churches, 
and there was no encouragement to bring over priests 
even secretly. Compelled by local laws to have their 
children baptized by the Protestant clergy so as to le- 
galize their birth, and compelled by similar laws to send 
their children to churches and schools where "Papists" 
were ridiculed and the cry of "No Popery!" was con- 
stantly in their ears, it is no wonder the parents weak- 
ened and that when the children grew up they either had 
no religion at all or became absorbed by the different 
Protestant sects. Thus, in course of time, they lost 
their faith, and with it, in many cases, the distinctive 
characteristics of the Celtic race! 

Many of the Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania are 
found to have located in the most far-away parts of 
the province. Some pushed out beyond the regions 
where the first settlements were established. There 
were among them many young men of energy and re- 
source who had no fear of the contiguity of the Indian 
tribes. Their occupations were diversified; some of 
them had not the patience to settle down and carve out 
an existence from the boundless forest; consequently 
we find many of them leading a nomadic life, carrying 
packs upon their backs and trading with the Indians. 
Several Indian traders of Irish names are mentioned in 
Pennsylvania official records, and one of the many inter- 
esting references to them is contained in the Journal 
of Christian Post, quoted by Rupp in his History of 
Western Pennsylvania. In 1758, Christian Post was 
sent from Philadelphia to the Ohio with a message from 



268 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the Governor of Pennsylvania to the Indians, urging 
them to withdraw from their alliance with the French. 
On September 1, 1758, in a conference with the Indian 
chiefs, Post told them: "There are a great many Pap- 
ists in the country who have sent many runaway Irish 
servants among you, who have put bad notions into your 
heads and strengthened you against your brothers, the 
English." He then exhorted them "not to believe these 
ill-designing Irishmen," and adds by way of memoran- 
dum in his Journal: "There are a great number of Irish 
traders now among the Indians who have always en- 
deavoured to split up the Indians against the English." 
Similar references to "the Irish Papists" are found in 
the Manuscripts of Sir William Johnson, Colonial Gov- 
ernor of New York. In a report to Governor Johnson 
on the fighting along the northwestern frontier of New 
York during the French-English War, the commander 
of an English regiment, under date of May 28, 1756, 
referred to "the great number of Irish Papists and trans- 
ports who were enlisted from Pennsylvania and INIary- 
land and who deserted at Oswego and other garrisons," 
and stated that "there are a great number of these Irish 
Papists amongst the Delaware and Susquehanna Indi- 
ans who have done a world of prejudice to English 
interests." 

Probably the correct explanation of these wholesale 
desertions of "Irish Papists" from the English service 
is that which I find in the Journal of the Marquis of 
Montcalm, commander of the French troops, wherein 
reference is made to "the Irish Brigade in the service 
of France." In August, 1756, the French laid siege to 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 269 

a fort known as Chouaguen on Lake Ontario, opposite 
what is now Oswego. After a fierce engagement, the 
Enghsh surrendered, and among the prisoners Mont- 
cahn mentioned "two English regiments who were at 
the battle of Fontenoy." It so happened that the regi- 
ment which compelled their surrender was commanded 
by a Colonel Beam, or Byrne, and was one of those that 
composed the Irish Brigade which inflicted the historic 
defeat on the English army at Fontenoy only eleven 
years before. This regiment receives special mention 
from Montcalm for its bravery at Oswego, and, to quote 
the words of a deserter from a French regiment, ^'^ "the 
leaders in the attack on the fort were the French sol- 
diers who were cloathed in Red, faced with Green, which 
I imagine, belong to the Irish Brigade." ^^ Doubtless 
"the Irish Papists from Pennsylvania and Maryland" 
had been impressed into the English service and took 
advantage of the contiguity of the French to make their 
escape in large bodies and join their countrymen who 
were fighting in the ranks of Ireland's historic friend. 

In the Philadelphia newspapers may be read accounts 
of the numbers of yearly arrivals at that port. For 
example, in 1727, 1155 Irish people landed in the Dela- 
ware River, and in the following year they reached 
the high total of 5600. The American Weekly Mercury 
of August 14, 1729, stated that during the previous week 
"about 2000 Irish arrived at Newcastle, Del., and an 

^^ See Edmund B. O'Callaghan's Documentary History of Nem 
York, Vol. I, p. 504. 

^® This description corresponds exactly with published descrip- 
tions of the uniform worn by the Irish Brigade in the service of 
France. 



270 A HIDDEN PHASE 

abundance more are daily expected" ; and according to 
a report published in the New England Weekly Jour- 
nal of March 30, 1730, the number of Irish people who 
entered the port of Philadelphia during the year 1729 
was 5655 and only 553 from all other European coun- 
tries; so that the Irish element represented over ninety 
per cent, of the total number of immigrants to Amer- 
ica via Philadelphia in that year ! ^® Philadelphia was 
then the chief port of entry, but we may safely assume 
that the numbers of Irish entering at New York, Balti- 
more, and Charleston also constituted a large propor- 
tion of the immigrants from Europe. So extensive was 
Irish immigration to Pennsylvania about this period, 
that we find Lieutenant-Governor Logan writing in 

^* In Extracts from the Itineraries and other Miscellanies of 
Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., edited under the authority of the Cor- 
poration of Yale University, by Franklin B. Dexter (New Haven, 
1916), the details of these figures are given in "An Account of 
Passengers and Servants landed in Pennsylvania from Christmas, 
1728, to Christmas, 1729": 

English and Welsh Passengers 199 

Servants ,. 68 

Irish Passengers 925 

Servants 230 

Scots Passengers 00 

Servants 43 

Palatine Passengers 243 

Servants 00 

In Newcastle Government have been landed 
about 4500 Passengers and Servants, chiefly 

from Ireland ..,..,.... , 4500 

Total 6208 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 271 

1729, in reference to "a ship from Dublin with one hun- 
dred Cathohcs and convicts" which had just arrived 
in the Delaware: "It looks as if Ireland is to send all 
her inhabitants hither, for last week not less than six 
ships arrived, and every day two or three also arrive. 
The common fear is that if they continue to come, they 
will make themselves proprietors of the Province. It 
is strange that they thus crowd where they are not 
wanted. The Indians themselves are alarmed at the 
swarm of strangers, and we are afraid of a breach be- 
tween them, for the Irish are very rough to them." ^" 
From that time forward down to the beginning of the 
agitation which culminated in the Revolutionary War, 
Irish immigrants continued to come to Pennsylvania. 
Various issues of the Pennsylvania Gazette and the 
American Weekly Mercury during the years 1735 and 
1736 gave accounts of Irish immigrants coming in via 
the Delaware River, and the following examples, out 
of many, are quoted from the Philadelphia newspapers 
as indicating the constant arrival of people of this class. 
From March, 1735, to March, 1737, ninety-nine passen- 
ger-carrying vessels were entered at the Philadelphia 
Custom House as arriving from Ireland or returning 
thereto, and the extent of the immigrations which came 
in these vessels may be fairly estimated from the news- 
paper comments of the time. The American Weekly 
Mercury of August 28, 1735, reported that "on Mon- 

'" This letter is in the Logan MS. Collection in the Loganian 
Library at Philadelphia. These manuscripts contain other ref- 
erences to the Irish in Pennsylvania in the early part of the eight- 
eenth century. 



272 A HIDDEN PHASE 

day last Captain Blair arrived from Carrickfergus in 
Ireland with 168 Irish passengers and servants," and 
the same paper on September 11, 1735, gave "an ac- 
count of the number of passengers and servants im- 
ported hither since the first of May," and of the 557 
passengers and 320 servants, 195 passengers and 177 
servants were "from Ireland." During the next week 
"Captain Lowes arrived with 204 passengers and ser- 
vants from Ireland." The Mercury of September 9, 
1736, said, "The number of passengers and servants 
arrived at this place from Ireland since our last amounts 
to 345, and we hear from Newcastle that in the space 
of twenty-four hours in the last week there arrived near 
one thousand souls from the same place." On August 
28, 1737, "Captain George Spafford arrived in the ship 
Hope from the North of Ireland with about one hun- 
dred passengers"; and in December, 1740, the arrival 
of "Captain Richard McCarthy in the Diana with a 
number of people from Dublin" was announced in the 
Philadelphia papers. According to the Minutes of the 
Selectmen of the Town of Boston of August 16, 1736, 
Captain Benedict Arnold of the ship Prudent Hannah 
appeared at a town meeting on that date and "gave in- 
formation that he came from Ireland about twelve weeks 
ago and that he is bound for Philadelphia with his pas- 
sengers, who are in all one hundred and twenty." 

It will be noted that in some of these accounts the 
Irish immigrants were classified either as "passengers," 
"servants," or "redemptioners." The "passengers" were 
those who were able to meet the expenses of the voyage 
and were otherwise equipped to make their own way in 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 273 

the world without becoming a charge upon the country; 
but it would be a mistake to assume that by "servants" 
were meant domestic servants only, or that all of these 
were the poor and the lowly. In those days all labor- 
ers, artisans, farmers, tradesmen, mechanics — in fact, 
every one who labored with his hands — were classed as 
"servants," and I find instances where even "manufac- 
turers" and schoolmasters were so designated; and in- 
deed it is a sad commentary upon the conditions then 
prevailing that the "time" of some of these schoolmas- 
ters brought no higher price than that of the common 
laborer! The term "servants," therefore, was intended 
and used in its broadest sense, and those recorded under 
this head were among the most useful class that settled 
in the Colonies; for it is hardly necessary to say that 
what America needed most at that time were men and 
women to populate the country, to till the soil and ad- 
vance her industries. 

The "redemptioners" were those who, being unable 
to pay their own passage, bargained with the masters 
or owners of vessels to dispose of their "time" to the 
planters and manufacturers, and when they had "re- 
deemed" themselves — that is, when their terms of ser- 
vice had expired — they were free to go as they chose and 
work out their own destinies. The provincial records 
show that it was customary for the Colonial governments 
to grant the planters one hundred acres of land for each 
"redemptioner" whose "time" they purchased, and in 
some Colonies fifty acres were awarded for each woman 
and child; and when the "redemptioner" had completed 
his part of the contract he also was allowed fifty acres 



274 A HIDDEN PHASE 

of land on condition that he would put it under culti- 
vation. Some of our historians adopt a most uncharit- 
able attitude toward the Colonial "servants" and "re- 
demptioners," treating them as if they were "the refuse" 
of their own country and were driven out as a useless 
increment upon the body politic, instead of, as many 
existing records show them to have been, an honest 
and industrious class, in numerous cases educated and 
refined, who shouldered the hard work which a new and 
undeveloped country necessarily demanded. And to-day 
there are many American families of social prominence 
and wealth whose ancestors came over as "servants" or 
"redemptioners," and instances can also be shown of 
Irishmen of that class who rose to high positions in this 
country. Notable examples of these Irish redemptioners 
are Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental 
Congress ; Matthew Thornton and George Taylor, Sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence; the celebrated 
Matthew Lyon of Vermont; and John Sullivan, "the 
father of soldiers, scholars, and statesmen." 

A statement which at first glance seems extraordinary 
is contained in the Pennsylvania Gazette of August 11, 
1773, in a despatch from Williamsburg, Virginia, dated 
July 29th, reading: "The Venus, Captain OliiFe, from 
Dublin is come up to Burwell's Ferry ^* with Seventy 
Indentured Servants, some of whom, we learn, are well 
acquainted with the Cloth Manufactory. Captain Oliffe 
says that he was well informed before he left Dublin, that 
upwards of 18,000 people had left Ireland since January 
last, to settle in different parts of America." A photo- 

^^ On the James River near the mouth of the Chickahominy. 



W I I, 



iht Venus, Captain OhiJc, from Dublin, is wme up to Bur- 
well's Ferry, with Seventy ui4ent«l Servants j fomc of whom, vc 
learn, are well acquainted with the Cloth Manufaaory. Captain 
Ohfte fays, that he was well informed, before he left Dublin- 
that upwaidi of 18,000 Peopk had left JreUnd, fmce January 
laft, to fettle in diftercnt Part* of AmiJrica. 



REPRODUCED BY A^NA EffANCES L£\///VS 

DESPATCH FROM WILLIAMSBURG, VA., IN PENNSYLVANIA 
GAZETTE OF AUGUST II, 1773. 



OF AAIERICAX HISTORY 275 

graphic reproduction of the page of the Gazette in which 
this account appeared is hereto annexed, and it is also 
worthy of note that on the same date the paper an- 
nounced the arrival at Philadelphia of two ships from 
Ireland with more than one thousand passengers. 

There is no exact means of verifying this statement as 
to this extraordinary influx of Irish immigrants within 
the space of six months, but when we note the large num- 
ber of Irish vessels trading with American ports at this 
period, it is not, after all, so very surprising. The news- 
paper announcements of the arrival of these vessels show 
that in some cases they brought as many as 500 passen- 
gers on one trip : and if we place them at the low average 
of 250 on each westward voyage, we see that the 18.000 
Irish immigrants referred to by Captain Oliffe could 
have arrived in seventy-two trips. The Xew York and 
Philadelphia newspapers alone, without taking into con- 
sideration ships from Ireland entered at the ports of 
Boston. Baltimore, and Charleston, listed the arrival of 
162 vessels from various Irish ports in the years 1771, 
1772, and 1773. approximately one-half of which arrived 
in the last-mentioned year. In partial support of the 
statement of Captain Oliffe. I quote the following letter 
from Charles Lee ®- to an EngHshman named Con- 
stantine John Phipps at London, dated "1773-'74," in 
reference to the pohcy then pursued by the British gov- 
ernment toward America : 

'* Lee Papers in Collections of the Xew York Historical Society, 
Vol. for 1871. See also Life and Memoirs of the Late Major- 
General Lee, bv Edward Langworthv; Xew York, 1813. 



276 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"Twelve thousand fresh colonists, half German, half Irish, were 
imported this year into Philadelphia alone, and not a much less 
number in the Colonies of Virginia and New York." 

As a result, he said: 

"The banks of Hudson's River, of the Mohawk, Susquehannah, 
Juniata, and the Ohio, from the Monongahela downwards thirty 
miles, which were totally a desert, are become one continued chain 
of villages. I leave you to judge, whether it will be easy to dragoon 
so numerous a people for any length of time. Ships of war, it is 
true, may insult and put to inconvenience some of their capital 
ports, but these teasings and insults will only serve to shew the 
absurdity of your Ministers' policy in a more striking light, by 
giving an unanimity to these people equal to their effective strength, 
when they may set at defiance the machinations, not only of an 
earthly, but of the infernal potentate himself, and his Ministry." 

To a certain extent, the statements of Captain Oliffe 
and Charles Lee are verified by newspaper accounts, as 
the following which appeared in the Pennsylvania 
Packet in a despatch dated "New York, July 19, 1773," 
will show: 

"On Thursday arrived at the Hook in eight weeks and three 
days from Newry, in Ireland, the ship Robert, Captain Matthew 
Russell, having on board upwards of 300 souls, including children, 
passengers from that port, who are come over to settle in America. 
We hear about half of them are to be landed at Amboy and the 
ship to come here with the rest; four other ships, the Captains 
of which were Montgomery, Pharis, McCutcheon, and Cheevers, 
full of passengers, lately sailed from the same port for Philadelphia, 
where two of them are arrived. Another ship of 300 tons, Captain 
Cunningham, for Philadelphia, and the brig Elliott, Captain War- 
ing, for South Carolina, both full of passengers, were expected to 
sail from Newry about the 25th of May. From the same place 
also, other vessels are going with settlers for the banks of the Mis- 
sissippi. We hear also that great numbers of vessels from Dublin, 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 277 

Londonderry, Belfast, Larne, Cork, and other Irish ports have 
lately sailed or are soon expected to sail, full of passengers, for 
different parts of America." 

The following are examples of numerous announce- 
ments, printed in the New York and Philadelphia news- 
papers, of arrivals of vessels from and sailings for Irish 
ports : 

New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1771 

July 29.— The arrival at Philadelphia of "the New 
Speedwell from Cork with passengers" was announced 
on this date. 

As examples of the shipping comments in this paper, 
lacking information as to the number of passengers, I 
find in its issue of August 5th: "Captain Caine from 
Waterford the 23rd of July last, in Lat. 39:27, Long. 
70, spoke the brig Conolly, Robert Miller, Master, of 
Dublin six days out." The same paper, in its London 
news of October 21, said: "The Eleanor, Captain Brins- 
ley, from Dublin to New England, was totally lost 
about 300 leagues to the West of Ireland," and a news 
despatch from Philadelphia in the same issue referred 
to the arrival of "Captain Guitton from Cork," "Cap- 
tain Dysart from Londonderry," and "Captain Woolsey 
from Dublin," and stated that "the ship Diana, Captain 
Montgomery," had "cleared for departure for Dublin." 

Under the head of "Cleared for Departure" from 
New York, for, or "Arrivals out" at, Irish ports in the 
year 1771, this paper announced: on January 7, nine 
vessels; January 14, three; January 28, three; February 
4, five ; April 22, seven ; May 6, six ; May 20, nine ; De- 



278 A HIDDEN PHASE 

cember 16, four; December 30, five; or a total of fifty- 
one sailings during a period of five months. 

Pennsylvania Gazette, Year 1771 

Under the head of "Arrivals out" from Philadelphia 
at various Irish ports, ten ships v^ere listed by this paper 
on May 2d; also, on May 9th, "Arrivals out from Bal- 
timore, Captain Cain at Killala, Captain Patterson at 
Cork and Captain Pim at Dublin"; on May 16th, "the 
brig Globe, Captain Garrigues, at Cork"; on May 23d, 
"Captains Miller and Smith at Dublin, Curtis at Water- 
ford, Ferguson at Belfast, and McGowan at London- 
derry"; and on May 30th "the brig Hihernia, Captain 
Hayman, at Dublin." This made twenty vessels in all 
in five successive issues of the paper during the month 
of May, 1771. 

June 13. — "Captain Fullerton from Dublin spoke the 
ship Newry Packet, Captain Robeson, from Newry for 
this place." Cleared for departure: "Ship Friendship, 
Captain McCullough; sloop Hannah, Captain May; 
ship George, Captain Martin; all for Cork." 

July 11. — "Captain Malcom from Belfast spoke Cap- 
tain Williams from Cork for Maryland." 

July 25. — "Arrived : the brig New Speedwell, Captain 
Gamble, from Cork, who reported he had spoke a brig 
from Dublin for Maryland, out fifty-two days." 

August 15. — Cleared for departure: "Ship Philadel- 
phia, Captain Malcom, and ship Walworth, Captain 
McCausland, for Cork; ship NewTy Packet, Captain 
Robinson, for Dublin ; snow Charlotte, Captain Curtis, 
for Waterford." 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 279 

September 19. — "Arrived out from Philadelphia: 
Captains Garrigues and Matthews at Cork, Rankin at 
Newry, Towns at Dublin, and McCutcheon at Bel- 
fast." 

November 14. — "Arrived out" or "Cleared for de- 
parture" from Philadelphia: Ship Hercules, Captain 
Linsey, at Cork ; ship Kitty and Peggy, Ferguson, and 
brig Polly, McCutcheon, for Belfast; ship Charming 
Sally, Cooper, for Newry; brig Jaines, McCulloh, for 
Cork; brig Greenock, Scott, for Dublin." 

Pennsylvania Gazette, Year 1772 

March 5. — "By Captain Pym from Dublin, arrived 
at New York, we learn that a brig from Waterford 
bound for Baltimore with servants, was cast away in 
Dublin Bay the beginning of December and it was 
feared would be lost." 

April 30. — Captain Hardie, who arrived in "the brig 
Patty from Cork," advertised having on board "one 
hundred servants and redemptioners. Men, Women, 
Boys and Girls, among them are sundry Tradesmen, 
such as Smiths, Nail-workers, Shoe-makers, Taylors, 
Skinners, Carpenters, Gardiners, Grooms, and Farm- 
ers, whose Times are to be disposed of by the Master 
on board said brig." 

September 9. — In announcing the arrival from Ire- 
land of the ship Walworth, Captain McCausland, the 
paper stated that "with Captain McCausland came 300 
Passengers," and that "the ship General Wolfe, Cap- 
tain Hunter, sailed for this port eight days before Cap- 
tain McCausland, and the brig Boscawen, Captain 



280 A HIDDEN PHASE 

JNIarshall, was expected to sail soon after him, also for 
this port." 

Pennsylvania Gazette, Year 1773 

May 5. — "On Sunday arrived here the ship Friend- 
ship, Captain McCulloch, from Belfast, with 250 pas- 
sengers." 

May 12. — "Captain Slacomb, from Dublin, on the 
21st of last month, in Lat. 30:19, Long. 67, spoke the 
ship Hope, Captain Casey, from Cork, with Passengers 
on board for Augustine." 

August 4. — Sunday last the ship Newry^s Assistance, 
Captain Cunningham, arrived here from Newry with 
270 Passengers, all very healthy." 

August 11. — "Since our last, the ship Hannah, Cap- 
tain Mitchell, arrived here from Londonderry with up' 
wards of 500 Passengers." Also "Captain Hunter, 
from Londonderry, with 546 Passengers." 

November 3. — "The ship Prince of Wales, Captain 
Morrison, is arrived at Baltimore from Londonderry 
with about 200 Passengers, which makes no less than 
3500 that have left that Port only, within one year." 

New York Journal or General Advertiser, Year 1772 

January 23. — In announcing the arrival of "the brig, 
Connolly, which sailed from Dublin the beginning of 
October with 70 Passengers for America," it said: "The 
despatches say that two other vessels sailed the same 
day from Dublin with passengers for America and one 
from Cork." 

February 27. — "A brig belonging to Waterford, 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 281 

bound for Baltimore with servants, was cast away in 
Dublin Bay." This news was brought by the Captain 
of the ship Countess of Donegal^ which arrived in New 
York that day from Dublin. 

June 25. — A despatch from Philadelphia said that 
the Captain of the ship Jupiter,, from Ireland, had ar- 
rived there and "brought with him and landed at New- 
castle and this place 430 passengers, all in good health. 
It is said the high price of lands and provisions will 
induce great numbers to leave Ireland for America 
this year." 

August 29. — The arrival at Philadelphia of "Captain 
Malcom from Belfast, Ireland, with 380 passengers," 
was announced. 

September 10. — "Captain McCuUoch from Newry, 
arrived at Philadelphia, has brought 400 passengers." 

October 29. — "The General Wolfe, from Ireland, 
with 250 people on board for this port," was reported 
in a letter from Baltimore dated October 16, 1772. 

December 3. — A despatch from Charleston, South 
Carolina, gave an account of "250 passengers who are 
just arrived here from Ireland in order to settle in 
this Province." 

New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1773 

January 4. — This issue announced the arrival at New 
York of eight ships from Irish ports, and in the same 
paper of December 20, 1773, there are advertisements 
of the sailing of seven vessels from New York for 
Ireland, which had previously arrived from Irish ports. 

June 14. — "Just arrived from Cork in the Brigantine 



282 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Galway Packet^ Hugh Fallon, Master, a number of 
healthy men and women servants and redemptioners, 
whose freights are payable to Mrs. Catherine Lynch in 
Broad Street or the Captain on board said Brigantine. 
Among said servants are smiths, taylors, weavers, shoe- 
makers, wool-combers, dyers, labourers, cutlers, a buckle- 
maker, and a bleacher; and several women that can 
cook, use the needle," etc. 

July 12. — A long account from Belfast relating to 
"the number of ships and their tonnage that sailed with 
passengers for North America in the last two years," 
taken from the News Letter. Then followed a list of 
the ships which sailed from four Irish ports in 1771 
and 1772. The total was sixty- two of an aggregate 
tonnage of 17,350. The despatch further said: "It 
may be supposed, on a moderate computation, that the 
number of passengers were equal to the tonnage," or 
an average of 280 passengers per ship. 

July 19. — A despatch from Philadelphia said: "Tues- 
day last. Captain Cheevers arrived here from Ireland 
with about 200 passengers, having landed a like number 
at New Castle, Del." The arrival of "Captain McCad- 
don from Cork" was announced this day and, under 
the head of "arrivals out," "the Jane from New York 
is arrived at Dublin." Also, "on Tuesday arrived here 
in eight weeks from Newry the ship Robert, Captain 
Russell, with 250 passengers, part of which he has disem- 
barked at Amboy on their way to the lands in New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania where they propose to fix ; the 
rest are destined for settlements in this Province. Most 
of these people being well skilled in the Linen Manu- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 283 

factory, if proper Encouragement is given to them will 
be an important acquisition to the British Colonies." 

October 11. — "Advices from North Carolina mention 
that in August last 500 settlers arrived there from 
Ireland." 

Nem York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1774. 

May 16. — Under the head of "Arrivals out from New 
York," the paper announced on this day: "The Countess 
of Donegal, the Hercules, and the Liberty at Dublin; 
the Jupiter and the Hill at Londonderry; the Badger 
at Cork; the Needham, Peggy, William, Renown, and 
Hannah at Newry ; the Peace and Plenty at Belfast, and 
the Charlotte at Waterford, or thirteen vessels in all 
which sailed for Ireland from the port of New York. 
All of these were engaged in passenger traffic and re- 
turned at regular intervals to America with their human 
freight. 

June 13. — Among the vessels "Spoken by Cap- 
tain Craig" on his outward voyage was "the ship 
Hercules, Captain Norwood, from Dublin for Balti- 
more, with 150 passengers on board, all well." "The 
Needham, from Ireland, with about 300 Passengers," 
was announced in the same paper of August 8, 1774, 
and the arrival "at South Carolina" of the Jupiter, from 
Ireland, "with 150 passengers as settlers in that Prov- 
ince," was announced on September 12, 1774. And I 
find Rev. Ezra Stiles writing at Newport, R. I., on 
August 9, 1774, that "last month arrived at New Castle, 
Delaware, the snow Charlotte, Captain Gaffney, from 



284 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Waterford, with 100 passengers, and the ship Hope, 
Captain McClenaban, from Newry, with 200." ^^ 

Some historical writers say that European immigra- 
tion to America "ceased altogether some time before the 
Revolution." While this is correct to some extent, it 
does not appear probable that all Irish immigration 
stopped, and in this connection I quote the following 
items which appeared in the Pennsylvania Gazette, 
January 4, 1775: "Saturday last Captain Cheevers ar- 
rived here from Cork with about forty passengers. The 
snow Betty Greg and a ship, Montgomery, Master, 
sailed from this place [Cork] three days before Captain 
Cheevers." Among some news brought by a Captain 
Lawrence from Boston, published in the Gazette of 
May 31, 1775, was this: "Ships left at Newry, Ireland, 
up with passengers for America, viz. Ship Renown, 
Keith;* Britannia, Souder; Minerva, Forest; Liberty, 
Loudon; the Peter, Eager; Illustrious-Five, Smith; 
Lord-Dunluce, Souter; Sally, Kirby; and the Monomia, 
Morrison"; or nine vessels in all about to sail from one 
Irish port with passengers for America. 

In the absence of official statistics, these accounts from 
the newspapers of the time and the numerous similar 
items that are obtained from the same source are the 
best proof that can now be presented as to the extent 
of Irish emigration, but I think they prove beyond ques- 
tion that the Irish settlements in America a few years 
before the Revolution were large and contiaiious. A 
striking statement in this connection is that quoted from 
the Belfast News Letter in the New York Gazette and 

^^ Diary of Ezra Stiles, President of Yale College. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 285 

Weekly Mercury of July 12, 1773. If we assume that 
the estimate of this newspaper was approximately cor- 
rect, it would mean that 17,350 passengers — exclusive 
of "servants" and "redemptioners" — sailed for America 
from four Irish ports in the years 1771 and 1772. If 
we assume further that the number of "servants" and 
"redemptioners" equalled the number of "passengers," 
we arrive at a total of 34,700 immigrants to America 
from only four Irish ports during these two years ; and 
since it is already shown by the statement of Captain 
Oliffe that eighteen thousand people left Ireland for 
America during the first six months of 1773, the con- 
clusion is justified that the total number of Irish inmii- 
grants to America during the years 1771, 1772 and 1773 
was not far short of one hundred thousand ! And when 
we consider that the main cause why so many of these 
people left their native land was the harsh treatment 
which they received from government and landlords, is 
it any wonder that large numbers of Irishmen are found 
fighting under the standard of Washington? 



CHAPTER XVI 

THE "SCOTCH-IRISH" MYTH 

Extensive trade between Ireland and America. Statistics showing 
that the majority of the vessels from Ireland were from Cork 
and Dublin. Eighteen thousand immigrants left Ireland for 
America during the first half of the year 1773. The "Scotch- 
Irish" myth exploded. Irish soldiers in the Colonial Wars. 
Composition of the Pennsylvania Regiment. 

MUCH has been said about "non-Irish" emigration 
from Ireland to America. If we accept for the 
moment the statements of some historical writers that 
the immigrants from Ireland previous to 1775 mainly 
comprised the "Scotch-Irish," or, as some describe them, 
"the Ulster Scots," it would be natural to suppose, con- 
sidering the primitive traveling facilities of that period, 
that these people came in ships plying from northern 
ports. So far as I can find, there is nothing on record 
to inform us of the exact numbers of people who came 
to America from the different parts of Ireland, and on 
that point the only practical guide is to be found, first 
in the nomenclature of the Irish settlers, and, second, 
in the number of passenger ships which are recorded as 
trading between Irish and American ports. As to the 
first-mentioned, while a vast number of old Irish names 
appear in early American records, it is now impossible 
to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to how their 
numbers compared with those Irish immigrants bearing 

286 




fi£PROOUCEO BY A/i/A/A FffAf^CSS L£'y//y'S 



THOMAS LTNCH, JR 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
GRANDSON OF THOMAS LYNCH OF GALVVAY, IRELAND. 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 287 

non-Irish names. In an effort to arrive at some con- 
servative basis of calculation, I have made a list of all 
vessels from Ireland registered at the New York and 
Philadelphia Custom Houses, as announced in the news- 
papers of the years 1771-1774, — that is, the period 
of the largest Irish emigrations, — and find that the total 
"Arrivals" from Ireland and "Cleared for Departure" 
for Ireland during that period were 576. This number 
was distributed as follows : 

From and For Number of From and For Number of 

Irish Ports Vessels Irish Ports Vessels 

Cork 135 Larne 10 

Dublin . 124 Killala 3 

Londonderry 96 Sligo, Dingle, and Kinsale, 

Newry 87 two each . .i 6 

Belfast ................ 39 Limerick, Drogheda, Kil- 

Waterford . . . .i .i 29 lybegs, and Letterkenny, 

Galway 25 one each ,..,.... 4 

Coleraine i. ....... ., 14 "Ireland" 4 



Total 576 

Thus we see that of 576 sailings by vessels which plied 
between New York and Philadelphia and Irish ports 
during these four years, only 247, or about forty-three 
per cent., were to and from those northern ports where 
the "Scotch-Irish" emigrants would naturally embark, 
and 329, or fifty-seven per cent., were to and from 
those parts of Ireland where the "old Irish" are admit- 
tedly the predominant element. As showing that these 
figures were not unusual and that the same proportions 
prevailed for several years previously, I find that dur- 
ing the years 1767-1769 the number of vessels registered 



288 A HIDDEN PHASE 

at the New York and Philadelphia Custom Houses was 
318, of which 131, or about forty per cent., sailed to and 
from northern ports. This number was distributed as 
follows : 

From and For Number of From and For Number of 

Irish Ports Vessels Irish Ports Vessels 

Dublin 87 Coleraine . • . .i 6 

Cork 73 Larne 5 

Londonderry 51 Killybegs ,. . . 4 

Newry 49 Killala 3 

Belfast 18 Sligo 3 

Waterford 10 Portaferry, Carriekfergus, 

Galway 6 and Limerick, one each . . 3 



^ Total 318 

Evidence of this character has never been presented 
before, and I submit that such figures are indisputable. 
If we should assume from them, as did the writer in the 
Belfast News-Letter of July 12, 1773, that "on a moder- 
ate computation the number of passengers were equal to 
the tonnage," we can say that the "Scotch-Irish" his- 
torians have not reckoned on a true basis of fact, and 
the logical inference is that they merely guessed at the 
proportionate numbers. Even in the absence of such 
evidence as that of the shipping lists, if these historians 
had only searched for some traces of the names in the 
State archives or the county histories, they would be 
quickly disillusioned of the notion that the emigrants 

^ The total was even greater than this; 318 is the number men- 
tioned in one newspaper alone, namely, the New York Gazette and 
Weekly Mercury of the years 1767-1769, with several issues of the 
paper missing from the files in the New York Public Library. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 289 

from Ireland before the Revolution were "mainly the 
Scotch-Irish." 

It is shown by the authorities already quoted that 
Irish immigrations to America during the period re- 
ferred to averaged 12,000 per year, and it is also shown 
that the percentage of those who probably came from 
Ulster was forty-one per cent., and from all the rest 
of Ireland fifty-eight per cent, of the whole. From 
the first-mentioned proportion some deduction must be 
made to allow for those of unquestioned Irish blood in 
the north; for not even the most enthusiastic advocate 
of the "Scotch-Irish" theory can claim that the entire 
population of Ulster was of Scotch descent. For in- 
stance, it cannot for a moment be thought that a 
passenger ship sailing from Letterkenny or London- 
derry carried only those who are called "Scotch-Irish"; 
for it is natural to assume that a certain proportion of 
the passengers must have been from Donegal, one of 
the most "Irish" counties of Ireland. In fact, a strik- 
ing feature of the town and county histories of Penn- 
sylvania is the frequent repetition of the statement, in 
relation to some certain individual or family referred 
to by the local historian, that he or they "came from 
Donegal"! If we deduct one-fifth of the forty-two 
per cent, as representing this element, we have only 
thirty-four per cent, of the total Irish immigration left 
to the "Scotch-Irish," or an estimate, for the period 
1767 to 1774, of 32,640 "Scotch-Irish" immigrants and 
63,360 plain Irish immigrants. 

In view of these figures, what possible justification can 
there be for the persistent claim that Irish immigration 



290 A HIDDEN PHASE 

to America, outside of the "Scotch-Irish," was an un- 
important and negligible factor? Of course, the real 
fact of the matter is that every Irish immigrant whose 
name began with "Mac," or whose name apparently 
was not of Irish origin, or who was not of the Catholic 
faith, was placed in the "Scotch-Irish" category. 

In the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biog- 
raphy and in the voluminous Pennsylvania Archives^ 
compiled and published by authority of the State Legis- 
lature, may be seen such lists as taxables, tithables, 
jurors, election returns, grantees of land, county and 
district officers, muster-rolls of the "Associators and 
Militia," Colonial and Revolutionary soldiers, etc., in 
all of which Irish names stand side by side with those 
of Teutonic, English, and other origins. As a rule, 
copies of these records are available at the leading 
libraries, and even a casual examination of them by those 
who have had to rely on the work of the general his- 
torians for information on this subject would be a 
revelation indeed. There is no history of any town, city, 
or county of Pennsylvania that does not contain a cer- 
tain proportion of Irish names among those who are 
enumerated as "the pioneer settlers," and in some sec- 
tions of the province it is seen that, until the great 
influx of Germans set in, the Irish were in a vast 
majority. They were a hardy and resolute element; an 
undaunted spirit of adventure seems to have led them 
to the furthest outposts of western Pennsylvania and 
the Ohio, whence they spread up and down the Alle- 
gheny and Shenandoah valleys ; they built the highways, 
bridged the streams, and cut down the virgin forests; 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 291 

and despite the difficulties which confronted them, their 
log cabins were reared and their clearings tilled in every 
valley and forest from the Delaware River to the very 
frontiers of civilization. 

In these wilderness settlements they established 
churches and schools, and I venture the prediction here, 
that when a more impartial age shall have expunged 
from the record the aspersions that have been cast upon 
the Irish pioneers, the greatest credit that history will 
bestow upon them will be their furnishing a larger pro- 
portion of the schoolmasters of the province than any 
other European people ! 

The spirit of patriotism strongly manifested itself 
among those Pennsylvania Irishmen. Their names are 
listed conspicuously among the provincial troops in the 
Colonial wars, and throughout the struggles with the 
Indians they bravely sustained their share of the bur- 
den of defending the frontiers. When, in later years, 
the alarm of the American Revolution was sounded in 
the hills and valleys of Pennsylvania, it awakened a 
congenial thrill among the inhabitants, especially in the 
blood of that race which had for so many years resisted 
the arbitrary power of England in the land of their 
fathers. 

There is nothing that so strikingly illustrates this point 
as a glance at the personnel of some of the fighting 
units organized in Pennsylvania at various times during 
the Colonial wars. The muster-rolls of the soldiers who 
served in the early wars of the province are preserved 
by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and have 
been reproduced in their original form in the State Ar- 



292 A IIIDIJKS PJfASK (Jl- IIISTOUY 

chives, and an cxarninatirjn oi' these rolls opens up some 
very interesting speculations as to how much the Com- 
monwealth of J'ennsylvania owes to its pioneer Irish 
settlers. In 174fJ, Governor 'i'homas ordered that four 
hundred men he raised for service in an intended ex- 
peditifjn to ('anada, anrl oi' the .'327 men recruited in the 
"J^ower Counties" ^ in August of that year hy Captains 
John Shannon, William 'J'rent, and Samuel I'erry, fifty- 
five per cent, were reeorded as "horn in Ireland." The 
followin/^ summary shows the countries of nativity of 
the nw.n of these companies; and when we consider the 
fact that all wtrt youn^ men and that they were occupied 
in manual toil, we can readily conclude that they were 
excellent i'l^rhi'irt^ material and, douhtless, rendered good 
service to the State: 

/{orn in 

IriAnnd 180 

America j 47 

Kitp^lnnd Hi) 

(iirtfinny 27 

ScotJand II 



In 1758 a hody of men known as "The Pennsylva- 
nia Kegiment" was organized for service in the wars 
with the I^'rench and Indians, and the composition of 
th(* various companies of this regiment furnishes another 
examjile of the presence of the Irish in large nurnhers 
anrl of their eagerness to fight ff)r their adopted country. 
'I'he following tahle shows a comparison of the various 
nationalities comprising this regiment: 

''Now Delaware. 



Horn in 
WcHt Indies . .1. 


2 


Wales 


1 


Jjenrnark 1 


......... 1 


Swfden 


1 


Not stated 


18 








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294 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

Such figures need little comment. They stand out 
as eloquent tributes to the patriotism of those American 
Irishmen of Colonial days who accepted a certain part of 
the responsibility in the laying of the foundations of 
our country's future greatness. Comparatively few 
among them rose above the rank of enlisted men; 
they were mostly the simple folk from the so-called 
"lower ranks of society," honest, hard-working "sons 
of toil" who contributed an important share to the hard 
tasks that confronted the pioneers in a new and un- 
developed country. 



CHAPTER XVII 

EARLY IRISH SETTLEMENTS IN NEW YORK 

The Colonial Land Records. Vast numbers of old Irish names 
recorded. Extracts from New York newspapers of the Colonial 
period. Annual celebrations of Saint Patrick's Day. Irish 
merchants and landowners of the city of New York. Irish 
soldiers in the Colonial Army. 

IN New York records may also be found many similar 
data testifying to the presence of Irish people dur- 
ing the Colonial period. They were here, in fact, be- 
fore the opening of the eighteenth century, and it is a 
matter of record that an Irishman, Thomas Lewis, was 
"one of the richest inhabitants of New York" in the 
year 1674/ In a report to the "Lord President of the 
Council" dated September 8, 1687, we find Governor 
Thomas Dongan ^ recommending "that natives of Ire- 
land be sent here to colonize, where they may live and 
be very happy" f and that some accepted the invitation 
may be assumed from the number of Irish names that 
appear a few years later in public documents of the 
province. These names are found chiefly in records of 
Suffolk, Albany, Columbia, Ulster, and Westchester 
counties, and especially in the lists of persons to whom 

^Records of New Amsterdam. 

^ Governor Dongan was of the ancient Irish family of that name 
and was born at Castletown, in County Kildare. 

^ Documentary History of New York, by Edmund B. O'Callaghan, 
Vol. I, p. 256. 

295 



296 A HIDDEN PHASE 

marriage licenses were issued or who were married at 
the Dutch Reformed Church of the city of New York. 
In Jonathan Pearson's work, Genealogies of the First 
Settlers of the Ancient County of Albany from 1636 
to 1800, and also in a similar compilation from the rec- 
ords of Schenectady County, are mentioned 435 Irish- 
men and Irishwomen who were residents of that section 
in the eighteenth century, and the manner in which 
certain of the names are spelled at once explains how 
some of the descendants of these Irish settlers formed 
the impression that they are of old English or Dutch 
stock ! 

Among the important material sources from which 
information on this subject is obtained are the Land 
Papers at the office of the Secretary of State, which con- 
tain 250 entries, all told, covering warrants for tracts of 
land from the Colonial government to Irish immigrants 
or former Colonial soldiers at various times during the 
eighteenth century.^ This does not mean that only 250 
Irishmen received warrants for land during that period, 
for some of the individual land grants represented 
several separate families. As an example of this, the 
Petition of Robert Harper of New York represented 
an immigration of "no less than 200 or 300 families" 
who were about to sail from Ireland to settle in the 
province of New York in the year 1763.^ According 

^ See Calendar of New York Colonial MSS., endorsed Land 
Papers, 1643 to 1803, compiled by the Secretary of State; Albany, 
1864. 

^ See Petitions of Robert Harper dated January 19, March 14, 
and April 12, 1763, in the Colonial Land Records of New York, 
Vol. XVI. 




EDM-'ARD RUTLEDGE 

3^GNER0F™EDEaARA™N0P,„EPEN0EK,A..T,VE0F,REUNa 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 297 

to histories of Washington County, the Irish Colonists 
referred to in the petitions of Robert Harper sailed for 
New York on the 10th of May, 1764, and during the 
next year they located on a tract of 40,000 acres in the 
vicinity of what is now Salem, White Creek, and Still- 
water, Washington County. We are told "they were 
mostly from the district of Ballybay in the County of 
Monaghan," and in various public records of that sec- 
tion of the State their descendants are mentioned for 
several generations, showing them to have been among 
the prominent and prosperous people of the county. 

Another large Irish colony located on the west side 
of Lake Champlain, in what is now Essex County, New 
York, in the year 1765. This settlement was founded 
by William Gilliland, a native of Ireland, a man of 
extraordinary energy and intellectual powers, whose 
name is writ large in the pre-Revolutionary history of 
the Champlain Valley.^ In 1764 he purchased several 
thousand acres of land near Lake Champlain from Brit- 
ish officers and soldiers who had received grants of these 
lands for military services, and in the Land Papers of 
New York ^ may be seen several petitions by William 
Gilliland between 1763 and 1771 praying for additional 
grants of land in the same neighborhood and showing 
that they were "intended for settlement by a number 
of families from Ireland." The names of these settlers 

^ See Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley, by Winslow G. 
Watson; Albany, 1863. Also Three Centuries in the Champlain 
Valley, published by the Saranac Chapter of the Daughters of the 
American Revolution. 

' Vols. XVII and XL. 



298 A HIDDEN PHASE 

which have been preserved indicate that they came from 
various parts of Ireland. Gilliland left a remarkably 
interesting Journal, from which much of the early his- 
tory of this region is obtainable.^ It embraces the 
period from May 10, 1765, down to the year of his 
death (1796), and from it we obtain many interesting 
data concerning this Irish settlement. In an appendix 
to the Orderly Booh of the Northern Army at Ticon- 
deroga and Mount Independence from October 17, 
1776, to January 8, 1777,^ there is an historical sketch by 
Winslow G. Watson on "The Fortresses of Crown 
Point and Ticonderoga," which relates the following 
singular and impressive incident of the establishment 
of a local government by this backwoods settlement: 

"An Event occurred in 1775, which forcibly illustrates the 
Tendency at that Time, of publick Sentiment to democratick 
Institutions and exhibits its Bias towards the Doctrines of Self- 
Government. This Settlement, it has been stated, was in the ideal 
Limits of Charlotte County, but it possessed no tangible and prac- 
tical political or social Organization. It was too remote to be reached 
by the protecting Arm of Government and too unimportant to receive 
any specific legislative Action. The Presence and Ascendancy of 
some civil or political Power were demanded in the changed Condi- 
tions and increased Population of the Colony by their common 
Interests and for their mutual Protection and Safety. Under these 
Circumstances, they convened on the 17th of March, 1775, by 
common Approbation, an Assembly of the Colonists and constituted 
themselves in Effect a pure Democracy. (They were chiefly Irish 
arid Saint Patrick's Festival was no doubt designedly adopted for 
the occasion.) At this popular Convention, it was determined to 

* Gilliland's Journal shows that it was he who laid the plan for 
the seizure of Fort Ticonderoga by Colonel Ethan Allen. 
^Published at Albany, New York, 1859. 



ii 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 299 

institute, for many practical Purposes, a local Government. A 
System of Police and social Regulations were matured, formally 
adopted and ratified by the individual signatures of the Citizens. It 
was made imperative upon all, and each was pledged to abide by 
its Provisions 'by every Tie of Honour and Honesty.' In con- 
templating this singular and most interesting Incident, the Mind 
instinctively reverts to the Cabin of the May Flower, where a 
similar Scene was enacted under the Guidance of the same Spirit 
and resting upon the same eternal Principles." 

The Colonial manuscripts of New York, published by 
the State and edited by the distinguished historian, Ed- 
mund B. O'Callaghan; ^^ the voluminous publications of 
the New York Historical Society ; and the probate rec- 
ords of the earliest settled counties of the State con- 
tain a vast number of names of Irish people who came 
to settle in the province of New York during the Colo- 
nial period. It is rather curious also to find in the 
marriage and birth records of the Dutch Reformed 
Church and of the Presbyterian churches of the city of 
New York a very large number of old Irish Catholic 
names, some of them dating back to the first quarter of 
the eighteenth century. These records have been care- 
fully investigated by the New York Genealogical and 
Biographical Society, and in the publications of that 
society may be seen verbatim copies of the entries in the 
original parish registers, showing in numerous cases 
such curious spellings of Irish names as to render them 
unrecognizable to the ordinary reader unacquainted with 
Irish nomenclature. In a list of "Names of Persons 
for whom Marriage Licenses were issued by the Secre- 

^° Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secre- 
tary of State, by Edmund B. O'Callaghan; Albany, 1866. 



300 A HIDDEN PHASE 

tary of State of the Province of New York, previous to 
1784," ^^ I find 1049 Irish names. The material con- 
tained in these publications is unquestionable and 
authentic, for it was copied with the most scrupulous 
care from the original records. 

As early as 1700, Ireland exported much linen, raw 
and manufactured, to the Colonies, and it is a fact that 
all of the linen used by the inhabitants for many years 
came from Ireland. In course of time the Colonists 
established linen factories for themselves, for which 
purpose they brought over a large number of Irish 
weavers. In a "Report from Governor William Tryon 
on the State of the Province of New York," dated June 
11, 1774,^- he said that "more than eleven-twelfths of 
the inhabitants are cloathed in linen imported from Ire- 
land," and that "there is every year a great Quantity of 
Flax seed, lumber and Iron sent to Ireland in ships gen- 
erally belonging to that Kingdom, which come out an- 
nually with passengers and Servants, as also with Linen, 
Beef, and Butter." In the New York newspapers from 
1750 down to the end of the century, there were printed 
regularly every week advertisements announcing the im- 
portation and sale of all kinds of Irish manufactured 
goods, and during that period I estimate that, all told, 
the newspapers published not less than twenty-five 

^^ Published at Albany in I860 by Gideon T. Tucker, Secretary 
of State. For numerous Irish names see also Abstracts of Wills, 
published in fourteen volumes by the New York Historical Society. 

^^ Document No. XLIV, quoted in O'Callaghan's Documentary 
History of Nerv York, Vol. I, pp. 739-769; London. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 301 

thousand advertisements covering the sale of Irish 
goods/^ 

In the issue of Bradford's New York Gazette of the 
week April 7-14, 1735, there is "an account of vessels 
entered and cleared in the Custom Houses from Decem- 
ber 31, 1733, to March 28, 1734," and of these vessels 
fifty-four traded between Ireland and New York and 
Philadelphia, twenty-eight of which were from Dublin, 
nine from Belfast, four from Cork, two each from Wa- 
terford and Londonderry, and nine from "Ireland." If 
we assume that this traffic was maintained at the same 
rate during the remainder of the year, it is seen that the 
total number of ships sailing for and arriving at these 
two ports from Ireland was approximately 224 for the 
year. In the same paper of the years 1736 to 1738 I 
find forty-two vessels trading between Ireland and New 
York, and in the New York Evening Post of the year 
1747 thirty-three such vessels are listed; and as only 
comparatively few copies of these newspapers are on file 
at the New York Public Library, where I examined 
them, we may assume that the number of vessels which 
arrived from Ireland at the port of New York during 
this period was quite large. 

In the New York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy of 
the years 1753 to 1758, under the head of "Ships Reg- 
istered at the Custom House," there are enumerated 

^^ In Achenwall's Observations on North America, first printed 
in the Hanoverian Magazine in 1767, and republished in the 
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Vol. XXVII), 
it is stated that two million pounds sterling of Ireland's products 
were sold yearly in America. 



302 A HIDDEN PHASE 

132 vessels, all told, trading between the port of New 
York and various Irish ports; and according to the 
Custom House lists printed in the New York Gazette 
and Weekly Mercury ^* of the years 1766 to 1770, 127 
ships "arrived from Ireland" and 242 "cleared for de- 
parture for Ireland," or a yearly average of seventy- 
four sailings between Irish ports and the port of New 
York alone. When we consider that the advertisements 
in the newspapers announcing the return of some of 
these vessels to Ireland said they had "ample accommo- 
dations for passengers," we may conjecture the large 
number of Irish people who were brought to New York 
during the various periods referred to. In one issue of 
the Mercury, namely, that of December 12, 1768, may 
be seen sixteen separate advertisements by the masters 
or agents of vessels about to return to their home ports 
in Ireland, and it is a singular fact that the same paper 
contains only two advertisements of vessels sailing to 
other European countries ! Occasionally this paper also 
published accounts of the arrival of immigrants destined 
to other parts of the country; as, for instance, the fol- 
lowing despatch from Pensacola, Florida, which ap- 
peared in its issue of March 3, 1766: "Lieutenant- 
Governor Brown has arrived at this place with two 
hundred settlers from Ireland." And on ]May 21, 1763, 
the Mercury printed an account of the arrival at Boston 
of Captain Daniel McCarthy in the Sally, with a ship- 
load of passengers "from Kingsale in Ireland." 

^* The founder and editor of this paper was Hugh Gaine, a native 
of Belfast, Ireland. It was established as The Mercury in the 
year 1752. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 303 

From the news columns of the New York newspapers 
between the years 1762 and 1766 are also obtainable 
some very interesting data. A regular item of news 
appearing each year in these papers was the account of 
the celebrations held by the Irish residents of the city 
on "the Anniversary of Saint Patrick, Tutelar Saint of 
Ireland," which, it was frequently stated, "were attended 
by many gentlemen of that nation and others." As an 
example of the character of the entertainments on these 
annual feast days, the New York Gazette and Weekly 
Mercury of March 20, 1766, published a report of a 
celebration held on the previous 17th of March, "ushered 
in at dawn with fifes and drums," which produced "a 
very agreeable harmony among the inhabitants." Among 
the toasts drunk on that occasion we find: "May the 
enemies of America be branded with infamy and dis- 
dain" ; "Success to American manufacturers" ; "The Day 
and Prosperity to Ireland," and others of the same tenor. 
And the fact that one of the toasts was, "Success to the 
Sons of Liberty," shows that the New York Irish kept 
abreast of the politics of the time and swept along with 
the rising tide of republicanism to which the passage of 
the Stamp Act the year before had given considerable 
impetus. 

That this feeling was mutual may be seen from an 
account of "an elegant entertainment" on the evening of 
March 17, 1771, held by the New York Sons of Liberty, 
published in Gaine's paper of March 25, 1771. The 
entertainment, we are told, was attended by "a great 
number of the principal inhabitants of the City, Friends 
to Liberty and Trade," and among the toasts drunk on 



304 A HIDDEN PHASE 

this occasion was : "Prosperity to Ireland and the worthy 
Sons and Daughters of Saint Patrick." On the same 
evening, New York Irishmen were holding their annual 
celebration of Saint Patrick's Day, and the report in 
Gaine's paper of the dinner of the Sons of Liberty said: 
"Messages of Civil Compliment were exchanged by 
those Gentlemen and the Friendly Brothers of Saint 
Patrick, who dined at the Queen's Head Tavern."^^ The 
Mercury on March 16, 1775, contained an announce- 
ment that "to-morrow, being the anniversary of Saint 
Patrick, Tutelar Saint of Ireland, will be observed with 
the usual respect and attention by his generous sons and 
their descendants." It is rather significant that very 
few of such announcements appeared during the period 
of the war, but, on the next recurring Saint Patrick's 
Day after the evacuation of the city by the British, an 
especially joyous feast was held, and the present body. 
The Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, was 
organized by Irish residents of the City of New York."^* 
Among the sources from which I have collected much 
material concerning the early Irish of the City of New 
York, may be mentioned the Records of New Amster- 
dam}^ containing the Minutes of the Court of Burgo- 
masters and Schepens, the Minutes of the Meetings of 

^^ Now Fraunces' Tavern, at Broad and Pearl Streets. 

^® Many interesting extracts from New York and other news- 
papers of this period, containing accounts of these annual celebra- 
tions in various parts of the Colonies, may be found in John D. 
Crimmins' Early Celebrations of Smnt Patrick's Day, published 
in New York in 1902. 

^^ Edited by Berthold Fernow and published by the city in seven 
volumes in 1897. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 305 

the Common Council of the City of New York,^^ Lists 
of Freemen and the Poll Lists of the City/^ the original 
Tax and Assessment Rolls of the City,"° the original 
records of the Surrogate's office,^^ and the Records of 
Conveyances at the office of the Register for the City 
and County of New York.^^ From the latter source 
alone I have collected the details of 750 legal instru- 
ments, all executed prior to the year 1800, chiefly cover- 
ing transactions in real estate in which men and women 
of the most distinctive Irish names appear as the princi- 
pals. When we find in these early records such names 
as O'Farrell, O'Brien, Mooney, McGrath, McGowan, 
Duane, Lynch, Mulligan, Daly, Ryan, Sullivan, Mur- 
phy, Flanagan, McGuire, Hogan, McCormick, McDa- 
vitt, Kelly, Burke, and Shea, and so on, among the 
prosperous business men of the city and consider the 
nimiber of legal instruments recorded at the Register's 
office, we may safely assume that Irishmen occupied a 
place of importance in the business and social life of 
the community. 

That large numbers of Irishmen settled throughout 
the Colony of New York twenty years or more before 
the Revolution, is strikingly illustrated by the rosters 
of the soldiers who joined the armed forces raised in 
defence of the colony during the French-English War. 
The names of these men may be found in the publications 
of the New York Historical Society. 

^^ Published by the city in 1905 in eight volumes. 
^^ For copies of these lists, see James Grant Wilson's History 
of the City of New York. 

^*' On file at the Comptroller's office. 

21 At the Hall of Records. 

22 76irf. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

THE "IRISH DONATION" 

How Ireland succored the famishing Colonists in 1676. Irish 
immigration to New England. The town of Cork, Maine. 
Massachusetts records. Shipping between Boston and Irish 
ports. The Charitable Irish Society of Boston founded in 
1737. The Town Books of Boston a wealth of historic data 
concerning the Irish pioneers. 

THE fact that in Ireland there was a certain famili- 
arity with Colonial affairs even as early as the 
seventeenth century is proven in many ways, but none 
more so than by the action taken by the citizens of 
Dublin when the news reached that city of the distressed 
condition of the New England Colonists resulting from 
"King Philip's War." No more striking instance of 
practical sympathy toward the suffering Colonists is 
related in American history than this incident. The 
Indian war of 1675-1676 was bloody and devastating 
in the extreme. Large numbers of the inhabitants of 
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island fell in 
battle or were murdered by the savage foe and many 
towns were destroyed, and it is worthy of note that more 
than one hundred Irish names are enumerated among 
the Colonial militia who fought the Indian hordes. ^ In 
these times of distress and misery it is recorded that Ire- 

^ See list of Irish soldiers who fought in King Philip's war, in 
Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIII. 

306 




/i£P'f!'0OUC£0 BY A. -V A/ A /=/fAA-C£S l£V//V^ 



MAJOR CHARLES M<? HENRY 

PRIVATE SECRETARY TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. 
BORN IN ANTRIM, IRELAND. 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 307 

land was the only European country which sent relief 
to the Colonists, and so large was the consignment that 
the Lord Mayor of Dublin sent three Commissioners to 
Boston to take charge of the distribution of the "Irish 
Donation," as it is called in the official records of the 
Colony of Massachusetts Bay. It is not known what 
the "Irish Donation" actually consisted of, but that, with 
traditional Irish generosity, it was liberal in the extreme 
we may judge from the fact that the cost of the freight 
alone was the very large sum for those days of £475 
sterling. The relief came in the ship Katherine, which 
sailed from Dublin for Boston on August 28, 1676. In 
Massachusetts alone 47 towns and 2351 persons were 
succored by this timely Irish relief. ^ 

The popular legend propagated by New England 
historians, that all of the early settlers in that region 
were of English stock, is quickly dissipated by consult- 
ing the records. At the port of Boston, as early as the 
third decade of the seventeenth century, merchant ves- 
sels from Ireland are numbered among the arrivals, and 
between 1714 and 1720, fifty-three ships, mostly "with 
passengers," were registered at Boston from various 
Irish ports, ^ and in the year 1733 twenty-nine vessels 

^ At the time of the Irish famine of IS-iT this incident was 
gratefully recalled by the New England Historic and Genealogical 
Society, and in that society's Annual Register (for the year 1848), 
as well as in George Madison Bodge's History of King Philip's 
War and in Rev. Mr. Watterson's Voyage of the Jamestown, au- 
thentic accounts of the "Irish Donation" may be found. 

^ Boston Town Records, containing tax lists, deeds, wills, mort- 
gages, Custom House records, notarial and court records, births, 
baptisms, marriages, and deaths, including Roxbury, Dorchester, 
Charlestown, and other districts. 



308 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



were "entered outwards for Ireland" at the Boston Cus- 
tom House. * In such ancient records as have been re- 
produced by New England historical societies and in the 
reprints of various official documents of the colony, 
such as probate entries, land grants, and court files, as 
well as birth and marriage lists, family papers, etc., may 
be found a vast number of Irish names, some as far back 
as the middle of the seventeenth century. While it is 
probable that the majority of the Irish who found asy- 
lum in New England at that early period were of the 
"redemptioner" or "indentured servant" class, it is 
known that Irishmen of substance and good social stand- 
ing also came and settled permanently in the colony.^ 

^ From an incomplete list in Bradford's Nem York Gazette in 
1735. 

" In Suffolk Deeds (Libers 1 to 14), prepared from the originals 
by William Blake Trask, the eminent antiquary, and published by 
the county, 1883 to 1906, among the "Grantors" and "Grantees" 
between 1655 and 1697 may be seen the following names, indicating 
that these persons were property-owners in Boston at that early 
period: 



David Kelly 
Arthur Gill 
Arthur Garey 
John Cogan 
Roger Corbett 
Daniel Cushin 
John Cosgrove 
Thomas Foley 
Ambrose Gibbons 
Thomas Griffin 
William Healy 
Elizabeth Kelley 
Ferdinand Gilligan 



Edward Collins 
John Cushen 
Matthew Cushen 
John Collins 
John Corbett 
John Keene 
John Macgoune 
Fergus McDowell 
Thomas Killen 
Florence Mac Carty 
Thaddeus MacKarty 
Samuel Sexton 
Peter Butler 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



309 



In the records of the town of Boston of the last years of 
the seventeenth and the early years of the eighteenth cen- 
tury hardly any names are mentioned more frequently 
than those of Florence and Thaddeus McCarthy, and 
in other towns Irish names of ancient origin appear 
with strange frequency among those of the Puritans and 
their descendants, as merchants, mechanics, and tillers 
of the soil. 

In 1720 five ships arrived at Boston from Ireland 
with about 1500 passengers, most of whom located in 
the settlements along the coast of Maine, and one large 
colony which planted itself in that year at the junction 
of the Kennebec and Eastern rivers in Lincoln County 
established the town of Cork, ^ which, however, was de- 
stroyed by the Indians six years later. A bend of the 
Eastern River near the present town of Dresden in Lin- 
coln County is still known as the "Cove of Cork," and 



And among the witnesses to these deeds, or persons mentioned 
therein, are: 



John Mackenny 
Henry Larkin 
Robert Keane 
Brian Murphey 
Thomas Murfey 
James Barrett 
William Dempsey 
Thomas Gill 
Anna Mullins 



John Casey 
Michael Martin 
William Gibbons 
James Barree 
Nicholas Lynch 
Thomas Barrett 
William Colman 
William Gill 
Patrick Ohogen 



Edward Barrett 
John Kelley 
David Fitzgerald 
Teague Crehore 
Dermot Mahoone 
Thomas Sexton 
Anthony Griffin 
James Butler 
Darby Maguire 



' For interesting and authentic accounts of the enterprise of 
Robert Temple and of the ill-fated town of Cork, see Collections 
of the Maine Historical Society and Journal of the American Irish 
Historical Society, Vol. XII. 



310 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



the district for several miles along the river for more 
than a century was known locally by the familiar name 
of "Ireland." Some New England historians, in re- 
ferring to this extraordinarily large immigration, say 
that it was comprised solely of "the Scotch-Irish from 
the North of Ireland," but that theory is refuted by the 
facts furnished us from local records of various Maine 
towns in the vicinity where they settled, and by the fur- 
ther fact that these people were brought over by Robert 
Temple of the city of Cork, and that three of the vessels 
sailed from that port. Of course there were many from 
the northern counties of Ireland, as there have been in 
all Irish immigrations, but the names, which are the 
surest guide in the absence of positive information as to 
the parts of Ireland whence they came, plainly indicate 
that a large proportion of them were families from the 
south and west of Ireland, '^ 

' The following examples of some surnames taken from various 
eighteenth century records of Lincoln County, Maine, where the 
main body of the Irish immigrants located, serve as an indication 
of the class of people who settled in that territory: 



Noonan 


O'Neill 


Hayley 


iRyan 


Fitzgerald 


McBride 


Fogerty 


Prendergast 


Walsh 


Sullivan 


Daly 


Foley 


Kenny 


Donnell 


Lynch 


Hurley 


McKenny 


Corbett 


Carney 


Tobin 


McMahon 


McKeown 


Gahan 


Clancy 


McFadden 


McGuire 


Cassidy 


Costagan 


McGowan 


McCarthy 


Dunn 


Quinn 


McCaffrey 


McGra 


Connelly 


Whalen 


Madden 


Quinnan 


Kelley 


Riley 


Condon 


Hickey 


Leary 


Connell 


Kelliher 


Tynan 


Meloney 


Higgins 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



311 



Robert Temple was of the Tipperary family of that 
name which intermarried into the Emmet family, and 
I am informed by Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet that the 
story of Robert Temple's settlement in Maine has been 
well known in both families for generations, and that 
the tradition is that the immigrants of 1720 were "mostly 
from the counties of Cork and Kerry." On account 
of the continued raids of the Indians and the lack of 
protection by the Colonial government, these Irish 
Colonists in course of time scattered all over the 
provinces of Maine and New Hampshire, while some 
emigrated to Pennsylvania; and the land, church, pro- 
bate, and other records of various towns and settle- 
ments in Lincoln, Cumberland, and York counties, 
Maine, contain the names of a very large number of 
Irish people who resided in those districts during the 
first half of the eighteenth century. This great Irish 
immigration to New England is remarkable when we 
consider the hostility shown there to persons of 
Irish birth. For example, a news item dated "Dublin, 
October 28, 1728," published in the American Weekly 



Cooney 


O'Brien 


Carroll 


Corcoran 


Doyle 


O'Murphy 


McLaughlin 


Crowley 


Barry 


Maher 


Mooney 


Mulligan 


Murphy 


Flynn 


McDonal 


McNamara 


Phelan 


Hogan 


Haggerty 


Haley 


Riordan 


Roche 


Connery 


Kavanagh 


Rourke 


Butler 


McQuillan 


McSweeney 


Cleary 


Mahoney 


McManus 


Powers 


Farrell 


O'Dee 


Bourke 


Flanagan 


Conners 


Shea 


Duggan 




Malloy 


Connor 


Macgraw 





312 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Mercury of Philadelphia of February 18, 1729, said that 
"above nineteen hundred families had already sailed 
from Ireland to New England," and that "many more 
are daily setting out for that place, the rents of land 
being risen so high that tillers of it say they can hardly 
get bread." 

There is hardly a town or city in any of the New Eng- 
land States, whose vital statistics are now available, 
where one cannot find Irish names scattered through 
the lists of the early settlers; and in some towns these 
names occur so frequently that, when examining the 
records, the thought at once arises as to why the de- 
scendants of these people seem to have exerted so little 
influence in proportion to their nimibers. In most cases, 
little more than the mere mention of the names can 
now be found, yet, on the whole, the number of Irish 
families and their descendants of the first and second 
generations who are enumerated among the well-to-do 
is remarkable. For the convenience of those who may 
wish to verify these statements, I append hereto a list 
of various official records, verbatim copies of which have 
been published and are usually available at the large 
public libraries and historical societies. 

In such records as the Minutes of the Meetings of 
the Selectmen of the Town of Boston,* the Suffolk 
Court Files,® the Probate Records of Suffolk 

«Vols. XIII to XXVII of the Town Boohs, published by the 
Board of Record Commissioners at Boston, 

^ Records of the Supreme Judicial Court, compiled and published 
by the Massachusetts Historical Society; Boston, 1897. Also 
Records of the Court of General Sessions of Suffolk County; New 
York, 1887. 



I 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 313 

County/^ the Lincoln County Wills,^^ the State Rec- 
ords of New Hampshire, ^^ the Town Registers of vari- 
ous Maine and New Hampshire towns, ^^ the Vital Rec- 
ords of Massachusetts towns, ^^ the voluminous collec- 
tions of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
Society,^ ° the numerous local histories of New England 
towns, which in most cases contain verbatim copies of 
the entries in the original Town Books, and the many 
other sources of information that have been published 
by historical societies, genealogists, and searchers into 
the original records, may be seen a long succession of 
familiar Irish names, showing that at an early period 
of its existence as an English colony New England at- 
tracted thither large numbers of Irish immigrants. 

In the Minutes of the Meetings of the Selectmen of 
the Town of Boston the arrival of vessels from Europe 
is recorded at various times. "The Globe from Ireland" 
arrived at that port on June 25, 1716, with twenty-nine 
passengers ; the ships Patience and Judith arrived from 
London on June 30, 1716, with passengers, several of 
whom were Irish, and "the America from Lisburn in 
Ireland" arrived on July 3, 1716. A meeting of the se- 
lectmen was held on August 12, 1718, for the purpose of 

^° Compiled by Elijah George, Register of Probate; Boston, 1896. 

^^ Registered in the District Probate Register at Lincoln, Maine. 

^^ Published by the State; Concord, New Hampshire. 

^^ Many of the New England towns have published official Reg- 
isters containing extracts from the Town Clerks' records and the 
names of the pioneer settlers. 

" The Birth, Baptismal, Marriage, and Death Records of many 
Massachusetts towns and cities have been published. 

^^Seventy-one volumes; Boston, 1847 to 1917. 



314 A HIDDEN PHASE 

determining the disposition of "the Passengers Lately- 
Arrived here from Ireland and elsewhere"; and at a 
meeting of the same body held on September 12, 1724, 
Captain Philip Bass appeared and reported upon the 
condition of "the Passengers in his vessel lately arrived 
from Ireland into this Harbour." At a meeting on 
August 9, 1736, mention was made of "nineteen Trans- 
ports ^^ just imported from Cork in Ireland," and in 
the next month Captain John Carroll reported to the 
selectmen that he had brought a number of people from 
Ireland, and on September 22, 1736, they were all "ad- 
mitted as inhabitants." At a meeting on November 10, 
1736, "Captain George Beard executed a Bond of the 
Penalty of One Thousand Pounds to Indemnify the 
Town from Charges on account of Thirty-seven Pas- 
sengers imported by him from Ireland in the sloop Han- 
nah f and two weeks later Captain James Williams of 
the sloop Two Mollys gave a similar bond in the sum 
of eleven hundred pounds "on account of forty- three 
Passengers by the said Williams imported from Ire- 
land." On September 7, 1737, "Captain Daniel Gibbs, 
Commander of the ship Sagamore from Ireland," was 
called before the meeting "to report upon the condition 
of his Passengers." 

Among the entries in the Town Books of Boston cov- 
ering bonds of indemnity on account of "passengers 
imported from Ireland," given by the masters of vessels 
or other persons interested, are found the following: 
September 15, 1737, bond of £500 by Samuel Todd "for 
Passengers from Ireland in the Brigantine Elizabeth" ; 

^* Political exiles. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 315 

November 8, 1737, bond of £600 by Captain James 
Finney and others **on account of 162 Passengers im- 
ported by 1;he said Finney in the snow Charming Molly 
from Ireland"; December 3, 1738, bond of £500 by 
Captain Nathaniel Montgomery *'on account of 82 Pas- 
sengers imported in the ship Eagle from Ireland" ; May 
29, 1739, bond of £250 by Captain Ephraim Jackson 
"on account of 42 Passengers imported in the ship Bar- 
wick from Ireland," and on October 7, 1741, Captains 
John Seymour and William Palmer were notified "to 
appear and give Bonds to the Town Treasurer for the 
Passengers they have imported from Ireland." In view 
of these constant Irish immigrations to Massachusetts, 
we can understand why "several Gentlemen, Merchants 
and others of the Irish Nation residing in Boston" met 
on Saint Patrick's Day, 1737, and founded the Chari- 
table Irish Society, "from an Affectionate and Compas- 
sionate Concern for their Countrymen in these parts 
who may be reduced by Sickness, Ship wrack, Old Age, 
and other Infirmities and unforeseen Accidents,"*^ etc. 

Under the head of "Port Arrivals — Immigrants" in 
the Town Books, a large mmiber of Irish names are re- 
corded between the years 1762 and 1769. "Captain 
Daniel McCarthy, Master of the ship Sally from Kin- 
sale in Ireland," appeared before the selectmen on May 
21, 1763, and "reported on his passengers" before they 
were allowed to land, and on May 30, 1764, the record 
says that "Captain William Clouston of the Brigantine 
Hound appeared and reported that he has been from 
Cork in Irel and in 34 days." Among the "Port Ar- 

^^ See published records of the society, Boston, 1876. 



316 A HIDDEN PHASE 

rivals" at Boston in the year 1762, sixty-nine Irish names 
are recorded; in 1764, twenty-three Irish names; in 
1765, eighty-four; in 1766, 195; and in 1767; 102 Irish 
names. These represent the arrivals in seven vessels 
only, and the lists of the names embrace some of the 
most prominent family names in Irish nomenclature, 
and indicate that these immigrants came from all parts 
of Ireland. Where these people located, or what were 
their fortunes in the new country, there is no indication 
whatever; the Town Books simply recorded the fact 
of their arrival at Boston. It is my belief that all did 
not settle at Boston or in the province of Massachusetts, 
because I have noticed many instances of Irish names 
in the town records of places in Maine and New Hamp- 
shire which bear a remarkable resemblance to the names 
of some of the passengers who arrived at Boston about 
that time. ^^ 

In the Town Books of Boston alone there are approxi- 
mately two thousand Irish names of people whose mar- 
riages were solemnized in Suffolk County, Massachu- 
setts, during the eighteenth century, and an examination 
of the ancient records reproduced in the New England 
Historic and Genealogical Register would prove a veri- 

" Arthur Young, in his Tour in Ireland (Vol. I, p. 406; London 
ed., 1892), says about the emigrants whom he witnessed departing 
from Waterford: "The number of people who go as passengers in 
the Newfoundland ships is amazing. From sixty to eighty ships 
and from 3,000 to 5,000 annually. They come from most parts of 
Ireland, from Corke, Kerry, etc." New England records, especially 
those of the District of Maine, show that many of these people 
eventually found their way to that territory, where they settled per- 
manently. 




ffEPROOUCED BY AA/^A /^^Ar^CES L£V//s/S 

xJOHN BAKRY 

FATHER OF THE AMERICAN NAVY, BORN IN COUNTY WEXFORD, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



317 



table surprise to those who assume that this section of 
the country was settled solely by English Colonists. The 
Massachusetts Probate and Land Records are also re- 
plete with Irish names, showing that many of the Irish 
immigrants and their descendants were numbered among 
the substantial business men of various New England 
communities. 

Readers will probably obtain a better idea of the 
class of Irish people who settled in New England from 
a list of prominent Irish surnames which appear in the 
eighteenth century records published in the Annual Reg- 
ister of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
Society. Among these names, with the number of times 
each is mentioned in the indices to these records, are the 
following: ^^ 



Barry . . . .u . . . 158 

Boyle 53 

Brady 17 

Brien, Brian, 

Bryan 64 

Burke, Bourke . 138 

Carroll . 88 

Casey 29 

Cogan, Coggan 110 
Conner, Connor, 

Conners .... 92 

Corbett ,. 63 

Corcoran 25 

Crehore ...... 85 

Crowley ...... 18 



Cummings .... 292 

Dalton 110 

Daly 26 

Delany 6 

Dillon 9 

Donohue ...... 7 

Donovan 6 

Duane 53 

Duley 10 

Dunn , 73 

Dwyer ...... ... 5 

Farrell, Farrelly 14 

Fitzgerald ..... 64 

Gerrald ...... l6 

Fitzpatrick ... 9 



Flaherty 4 

Flynn, Flyng . 20 

Foley I 24 

Gallagher ...... 5 

Gilmore ....... 68 

Gilpatrick 18 

Gleason 114 

Glynn 11 

Gorman i 7 

Healy, Haley . 240 
Higgins ...... l60 

Hogan ...... .,. 8 

Hurley 5 

Joyce 42 



^^ Besides the "O" names listed, there were persons named 
O'Cahan, O'Doherty, O'Byrne, O'Callaghan, O'Donoghue, O'Dono- 
van, O'Dwyer, O'Grady, O'Keeffe, O'Leary, O'Riordan, O'Shaw, 
and O'Shaughnessy. 



318 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



Kane, Kaine, 

Cane, McKane 153 

Kearney, Carney 19 

Keating 16 

Keiley, Keeley . 10 

Kelly, Keiley . 202 

Kennedy 110 

Kenney ,. 86 

Larkin 157 

Leary, Lary, 

Larey 38 

Lawler, Lawless 17 

Logan ...... . . .. 86 

Lynch ........ 48 

McBride 13 

McCarthy 85 

McClary 40 

McConnehe ... 20 

McCormack . .<. 8 

McDonnell .... 19 

McDonald 52 

McDaniel . . . . 31 



McFadden .... 18 

McGinnis . .,. .,. 11 

McGowan . . . .| 15 
McGrath, 

McGraw .... 21 
McKenna, 

McKenny. ... 50 

McLaughlin ... 20 

McMahon 17 

McNeill 58 

McSweeney .... 10 

Madden 29 

Mahon, Mahony, 

Mahoone ... 23 

Malone ...... 67 

Maloney ...... 10 

Mooney ..... . 10 

MuUins ...... 45 

Murphy ...... 82 

Nolen , 10 

O'Brien .. 48 

O'Bryne 3 



O'Carroll 4 

O'Connell . .,. . 12 

O'Connor . .,. . . 23 

O'Donnell 26 

O'Flaherty 3 

O'Hanlon ..... 3 

O'Hara 8 

O'Kelley 7 

O'Neill . ., ,. 32 

O'Reilly 14 

O'Rourke . . . .i. 5 

O'Sullivan 43 

O'Toole 5 

Power, Powers. 150 

Prendergast . . 22 

Quigley 7 

Quinn 7 

Reilly, Riley .. 226 

Ryan 19 

Sullivan 280 

Walsh , 36 



These names furnish a striking exhibit of the racial 
character of the Irish who settled in New England, and 
yet this list is far from being complete, for it would al- 
most seem that there is hardly an Irish name of any 
prominence that does not appear at some time or other 
in New England records, as well as a great many Irish 
people with non-Irish names, such as those alluded to in 
Chapter VIII. Besides, I have excluded from this cate- 
gory many of the "Mac" names and also such as Blake, 
Barrett, Boyce, Butler, Buckley, Carey, Clarke, Coch- 
ran, Collins, Cunningham, Dexter, Field, Ford, Fox, 
Gill, Garrett, Gibbons, Greeley, Griffin, Harrington, 
Hart, Hayes, Holland, Hughes, Jennings, Moore, Man- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 319 

ning, Mitchell, Neale, Reynolds, and many similar 
names; for although these names have been very com- 
mon among the Irish for centuries and most of them are 
from Gaelic derivatives, yet it is also possible that some 
of these people may have been of English, Welsh, or 
Scotch descent. At the same time, however, I may say 
that I have determined positively that some of those I 
have omitted were Irish. The name Butler, for ex- 
ample, is listed 876 times in the records from which I 
am quoting, and I have found family histories showing 
that many of the New England Butlers were descend- 
ants from Irish immigrants who came from Waterford 
and Kilkenny. Most of the Dexter families in Massa- 
chusetts are descended from Richard Dexter, who came 
from Ireland to Boston in 1642, and he was a descend- 
ant of a de Exeter who migrated to Ireland from France 
in the Norman invasion of 1172 ; so that we see the Dex- 
ters were in Ireland for 470 years before the first of the 
family came to America. Some of the Massachusetts 
Fields were descendants of Darby Field, an Irishman 
and a noted personage in New England history; some 
of the Massachusetts Blakes, I find, are of the old Gal- 
way family of that name, and some of the Neales were 
descended from an Irishman named Neale, who accom- 
panied Darby Field in his discovery of the White Moun- 
tains in New Hampshire in the year 1643. ^^ So that, 
while there may be a partial offset in some of the names 
that possibly should not be listed under the head of 
*'Irish," I would be justified in including as "Irish" a 

^'^ Journal of Governor John Winthrop. 



320 A HIDDEN PHASE 

certain proportion of those omitted, who, in the aggre- 
gate, numbered many thousands. 

Readers should not understand that the numbers 
shown in this list constitute the total number of people 
so named and mentioned in New England records, and 
in considering the list they should keep in mind the fact 
that I am now quoting from records brought out by only 
one of the historical societies. For instance, in the fore- 
going list will be noted forty-eight O'Briens, this num- 
ber being all of the name who are mentioned in the par- 
ticular records referred to; but as there are eighty-five 
O'Briens listed among the Massachusetts Soldiers and 
Sailors in the Revolutionary War, we can well imagine 
that there must have been several hundred of the name 
from which this number of soldiers was drawn; and it 
is probable that the New England progeny of one Irish- 
man of the name alone, Morris O'Brien of Machias, 
who had six sons and three daughters, all of whom mar- 
ried, numbered not less than 250 persons at the close 
of the eighteenth century. Opposite Kearney or Car- 
ney will be noted the figure 19, as representing all of 
that name mentioned in the particular records referred 
to. Now, one Irishman alone, Mark Carney, who, ac- 
cording to the inscription on his tombstone at Dresden, 
Maine, "Died [in 1782] defending his country for lib- 
erty," ^^ was the father of thirteen children, and his eld- 
est son, Daniel Carney of Boston, was the father of 

^^ Mark Carney emigrated from Ireland (probably from Kil- 
kenny) to Pownalborough, Maine, about the year 1759. He was 
a brave soldier of the Revolution. For an account of his career, 
see Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIV. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 321 

twenty-two children, and the genealogy of the Carney 
family indicates that at the close of the eighteenth cen- 
tury there were several hundred descendants of Mark 
Carney in New England. So that the foregoing list ob- 
viously is far short of the total number of such names 
that are mentioned in the records. ^^ 

^^ This list of approximately one hundred Irish names shows 
that the average number of times each is mentioned in the records 
from which they are taken is fifty. It must be said, however, that 
it is very difficult, and in some instances impossible, to determine, 
in the case of a certain given name appearing more than once, 
whether the same or different persons are referred to, and there 
can be no doubt that in some cases, when making up the foregoing 
tabulation, the same person's name was counted several times. But 
the illustrations of the cases of the names O'Brien and Carney 
and the many similar ones that can be pointed out show that these 
repetitions are more than offset by the omissions, and it is clear 
that the list falls far short of the total number of people of the 
names selected who were in New England prior to the opening of 
the nineteenth century. 



CHAPTER XIX 

EARLY IRISH SETTLERS IN VIRGINIA 

Irish in Virginia before the arrival of the Mayflower. Their names 
from Hotten's "Original Lists." The Shenandoah Valley first 
settled by Irish immigrants. Numerous Gaelic names on the 
rosters of the Virginia Militia. The Colonial Records a vast 
storehouse of information. Prominent Irish families in 
Virginia. Daniel Carroll's letter to Washington on Irish im- 
migration. 

THE records of the Southern States are a mine of 
historical wealth concerning the pioneer settlers, 
and while they appear to have been carefully scanned 
by writers of general history and much of their con- 
tents has been given to the public, none have interested 
themselves particularly in the story of the Irish pioneers 
of that territory which lies buried in these musty vol- 
umes. In Virginia, for instance, much of the material 
for this story can be found in the County Records, ^ the 
Land and Probate Records, and the Parish Registers of 
the old churches, especially in the counties bordering on 
the James, York, Potomac, and Rappahannock rivers, 
copies of all of which are accessible, some at the State 
Library and the various offices of the Commonwealth 
at Richmond, others in the possession of the county 
clerks and the registrars of wills and deeds, while still 

^ The County Records of Virginia, collected by Crozier, have 
been published by the Virginia Historical Society. 

322 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 323 

others are under the care of the churchwardens and other 
custodians of old records. Nothing is left to the imagi- 
nation, and there is such an abundance of material at 
hand on the subject that there does not seem to be a par- 
ticle of excuse for the complaint that "the Irish have 
been kept out of history," for there has been every op- 
portunity to fill the void. 

The fact that Virginia received a large infusion of 
Irish blood from a very early period is indisputable, and, 
according to the most dependable records, approxi- 
mately three hundred years have elapsed since the first 
Irishman appeared in Virginia, which was before the 
arrival of the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. Neill ^ re- 
fers to a book presented "at a Court held for Virginia 
on December 19, 1621," by an English Puritan minis- 
ter named John Brinsley, which the author explained 
was "adapted for all functions and places, and more 
particularly to every ruder place, and more especially 
to that poor Irish nation with our loving countrymen 
in Virginia." In the same work, Neill quotes a sermon 
delivered in London in the year 1622 by Rev. Patrick 
Copland of Barbadoes Island, afterward the first Presi- 
dent of the College of Virginia, in which he referred to 
"eight hundred persons who had been transported out 
of England and Ireland for the plantations of Vir- 
ginia," and in an explanatory note Neill remarks that 
"Ireland has always been a hive from which America 
has derived sturdy hewers of wood to subdue the for- 
ests." 

^History of the English Colonization in America. 



324 A HIDDEN PHASE 

The Virginia records show that an Irish colony was 
brought from Cork in the Flying Harte in the year 1621 
by Sir William Newce and located at what is now New- 
port News, and some few years later "Daniel Gookin 
of Carrigoline, County Cork," transported to Virginia 
"great multitudes of people and cattle from Ireland 
and England." In Hotten's Original Lists ^ are enu- 
merated the names of many persons, the ships in which 
they sailed, the dates of their arrival in the colony, and 
other data, and among the names we find such as Murfie, 
MacBrian, Riley, Cassedy, Carroll, Connor, Dunn, 
Earley, Higgins, Moore, Hayes, Mortagh, Burke, Bar- 
rett, Barron, Mallon, Garrett, McConry, Plunkett, Con- 
way, Piggot, McCarty, Sexton, Collins, Straughan, 
Daly, Hickey, Courtney, Gill, Dermot, Maddin, O'Mul- 
lin, Coggin, Haly, Creede, Lennon, Farrell, Manning, 
Butler, Connelly, Flynn, Cullen, Hoban, Gibbons, 
Welsh, and Joyce; and when we find in these lists such 
names as Desmond O'Bryan, Dennis and Owen McCar- 
tie, Patrick Conly, Patrick Connyer, Patrick Breddy, 
Patrick Ward, Darby Hurlie, Bryan McGawyn, Den- 
nis Hogin, Brian Kelly, Michael Foley, Teague Nacton 
or Naughton, Teague Quillin, Donough Garvie, and the 
like, it needs no stretch of the imagination to conclude 
what was the country of their nativity. All of these came 

^ The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious 
Exiles, Political Rebels, serving men sold for a term of years, 
apprentices, children stolen, maidens pressed, and others who went 
from Great Britain to the American Plantations between I6OO and 
17OO; copied from manuscripts preserved in the State Paper De- 
partment of the Public Record Ofiice of England, by John Camden 
Hotten; New York, 1874. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 325 

to Virginia between 1634 and 1636. Hotten also quotes 
from "A List of the Livinge and the Dead in Virginia 
3n February 16, 1623," and from "A Booke of Entrie 
for Passengers passing beyond the Seas" in the years 
1631 and 1632, and in these lists appear several Irish 
lames. There is also a "List of what Ticquetts have 
jeen granted out of the Secretary's Office of the Island 
)f Barbadoes for departure off this Island, beginning 
n January, 1678, and ending in December following," 
md among those who left Barbadoes for Virginia and 
2!arolina in that year are ninety Irish names. 

In a partial list of "Early Immigrants to Virginia 
(1623 to 1666) " collected by George Cabell Greer from 
;he Land Office Records at Richmond, * there are in- 
;luded more than three hundred old Irish names; while 
n the marriage and baptismal records and the will books 
)f the different counties and the many historical extracts 
Tom various Virginia records reproduced in the quar- 
;erly publications of William and Mary College and in 
he Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, nu- 
nerous Irish names appear, dating back to the early 
rears of the eighteenth century and down to and beyond 
;he period of the War of the Revolution. In the Colo- 
lial Papers of Virginia references are made to the trans- 
portation of Irish "Tories" and "convicts." For exam- 
ple, under date of September 24, 1653, we find the 
oouncil of State granting a license to Sir Richard 
N'ethersole "to transport one hundred Irish Tories to 

* Richmond^ Virginia, 1912. 



326 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Virginia," and Prendergast ^ gives instances from the 
State Papers in Dublin Castle showing the extent to 
which this human traffic was carried on by the English 
planters and adventurers. 

Many of the Irish who are shown to have arrived via 
the Delaware River during the first half of the eight- 
eenth century found their way to the remote settlements 
of western Pennsylvania and Virginia, especially in the 
region of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley of 
Virginia. Between 1740 and 1770 a very large number 
of Irish immigrants came to Virginia, and evidently it 
was in the Shenandoah Valley that the bulk of them lo- 
cated ; for in the early records of Frederick, Shenandoah, 
Rockingham, Albemarle, Augusta, and Rockbridge 
counties are to be found a great number of representa- 
tive Gaelic names. ^ A local historian says that "pre- 
vious to 1744 several immigrants from Pennsylvania, 
chiefly Irish, settled on the South Branch" of the Shen- 
andoah River, and that "the earliest settlers on the upper 
waters of the Opequon were a mixture of Irish and 
Germans." "^ In 1763 another Irish contingent came 
to the same neighborhood, who, he intimates, were Cath- 

° John P, Prendergast, The Cromwellian S<ettlement of Ireland, 
pp. 244-6; New York, 1868. 

* These names, as well as interesting accounts of many of the 
individual settlers, written by people acquainted with local history 
and traditions, may be found in such works as the History of the 
LoTver Shenandoah Valley, by J. E. Norris; the History of Albe- 
marle County, by Rev. Edgar Woods ; the Virginia Magazine of 
History and Biography, and the West Virginia Magazine of History. 

^ Samuel Kercheval, History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 46; 
Woodstock, Va., 1850. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 327 

olics; for he says that "the Irish, like the Germans, 
brought with them the religion, customs, and habits of 
their ancestors, and the Irish wedding was always the 
occasion of great hilarity, jollity, and mirth." ^ While 
the local historian fails to give the names of all these 
settlers, he mentions enough of them to indicate that 
they must have come from all parts of Ireland. William 
McMahon he mentions as a "Justice of the first Court 
which sat in Frederick County in 1743," and among the 
pioneer lawyers of the county in 1745 were Michael 
Quinn and John Ryan. There were so many Irish at 
Winchester a short time before the Revolution that they 
used to celebrate regularly the national festival of Ire- 
land, and some amusing incidents are related in local 
bistory of the "disorders" that occurred "when the 
Dutch exhibited effigies of Saint Patrick and ridiculed 
the feast." ^ 

We are told that "the foremost man in Augusta 
County during its early settlement was James Patton, 
who was a native of Newton-Limavaddy, Ireland, where 
lie was born in 1692. As a master and owner of a mer- 
chant vessel, he brought many settlers to Virginia" ; ^^ 
and in the Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, ^^ he is thus 
referred to: "Colonel James Patton entered into the 
American trade to Hobbes's Hole, Virginia, on the Rap- 
pahannock River. Said to have crossed the Atlantic 

® Samuel Kercheval, History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 46. 

Ubid.,p. 157. 

^° County Records of Virginia, Vols. XIII and XVI. 

^^ Vol. I, published by the Virginia Historical Society. 



328 A HIDDEN PHASE 

twenty-five times to bring Irish emigrants [redemption- 
ers] who served a given time to pay the cost of their 
transportation. Augusta County, in which he received 
a grant of 120,000 acres of land, was largely settled 
through his agency." 

On the roster of Augusta County militia in 1742 there 
are seventy-two Irish names, and among the officers of 
the Virginia Regiment commanded by Colonel George 
Washington in 1754 I note such names as Gorman, Bar- 
rett, McCarty, Doran, McRoy, Conway, Mc Annuity, 
Hogan, and Murphy, and on the roster of its enlisted 
men there are sixty-nine Irish names. ^^ In a body of 
"Militia from Augusta County who fought in the 
French and Indian Wars" there are 115 Irish names, 
and, as an illustration of its racial composition, I find 
one company — the only one where the nationality of the 
men is given — comprising a total of twenty-nine men, 
fourteen of whom are recorded as born in Ireland, seven 
in England, three in Virginia, two each in Scotland and 
Pennsylvania, and one in Maryland. The captain of 
the company was Andrew Lewis, a native of County 
Donegal, who afterward achieved fame as commander 
of Virginia troops at the battle of Point Pleasant in 
1774. In Augusta County companies commanded by 
Captains William Cocke, Christopher Gist, and Henry 
Woodward, in 1756, twenty-five per cent, of the men 
were natives of Ireland, and in "Colonel Washington's 
own Company" twenty-eight per cent, gave Ireland as 
their birthplace. In all, ninety-five of the enlisted men 

^^ Miscellaneous Records of Virginia, Vol. II. 




fi£ORoouc£:i:> ay ^ a/a/a r/>AA/c£s tevws 



GENERAL ANDREW LEWIS 

OFTHE CONTINENTAL ARMY. BORN IN DONEGAL, IRELAND. 
FROM A STATUE AT RIChlMOND, VIRGINIA. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 329 

from Augusta County in that year are recorded as na- 
tives of Ireland, in addition to a number of others bear- 
ing Irish names, mostly natives of Pennsylvania and 
Virginia. ^^ 

In the muster-rolls of Virginia militia defending the 
frontier during "Lord Dunmore's War" in 1774 there 
are 159 Irish names. In the Land Bounty Certificates 
a large number of "militiamen who received land grants 
for participation in the wars of the Colony of Virginia" 
are mentioned, and among them there are, in all, 239 
Irish names. In miscellaneous lists, such as land owners, 
testators, legatees, witnesses, court files, etc., which ap- 
pear in William and Mary College Quarterly, there are 
155 Irish names. In lists of marriages solemnized in 
Norfolk and Princess Ann counties, of "slave owners 
in Princess Ann County," and of tithables and property 
owners between 1751 and 1800, there are 138 Irish 
names ; ^* in lists of persons who obtained "head rights" 
to lands in Orange County between 1735 and 1756, 
taken from the records of the County and Circuit Courts, 
there are 85 Irish names. In all, there are 340 persons 
included in these Orange County lists, almost all stated 
to be "from Great Britgiin and Ireland," though in some 
cases "Ireland" alone is given as the country whence 
they emigrated. ^^ To Albemarle County the Irish 
came early, and one of the first recorded surveys of a 
tract of land in that vicinity was made in 1745 for one 

^^Miscellaneous Records of Virginia, Vol. II. 
^* Vital Records reproduced in Lower Norfolk County Anti- 
quarian. 

^® See W. W. Scott's History of Orange County, Virginia. 



330 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Dennis Doyle, in a rich and beautiful valley on Moor- 
man's River at a place now known as Doj^lesville. Here 
we find families named Murphy, Lynch, Kelly, Duna- 
ven, McCann, McCue, and McClanahan ; and when the 
citizens of Albemarle signed their "Declaration of In- 
dependence" ^ ® on the 21st of April, 1779, among its 
signatories were men named Flanagan, MuUins, Hayes, 
Carroll, Tandy, Collins, Fitzpatrick, McGhee, Mc- 
Manus, and Sullivan. ^^ Attention is called to these 
stray facts merely to show what a vast amount of in- 
formation is contained in the Colonial Records that have 
been published either by the State or by the Virginia 
Historical Society, from which the material necessary 
for the compilation of the story of Irish endeavor in 
that section of the country may be readily obtained. 

That the people of Virginia are a very much mixed 
race may be seen from Bishop Meade's references to the 
character of the population at the time of the outbreak 
of the Revolution, where he remarks that "numbers 
of Virginia families have their genealogical trees or 
traditionary records by which they can trace their line 
to the most ancient families in England, Ireland, Scot- 
land, and the Huguenots of France," ^^ Among the 
prominent Virginia families of Irish descent are included 
the McCartys, Lynches, Meades, Prestons, Lewises, 

^^ The original document is still preserved by the Virginia His- 
torical Society at Richmond. 

^^ Rev. Edgar Woods, History of Albemarle County, Virginia. 

^® Old Churches and Families in Virginia, by Bishop William 
H. Meade. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 331 

Sullivans, McCormicks, McElroys, O'Neills, McGuires, 
McDonnells, and Farrells, who "held their own" with 
their Anglo-Saxon neighbors, and some of whom are 
mentioned in Virginia history with almost the same 
prominence as the descendants of the "Cavaliers." 

It is with considerable interest that we read of the 
relationships whjch have existed for generations between 
iescendants of Irish settlers and the "Cavalier" fami- 
lies. For instance, the McCartys of Virginia were on 
;rery intimate social relations with the Washington fam- 
ly, and were intermarried into such leading families as 
;he Balls, Fitzhughs, Lees, and others of equal promi- 
lence in Virginia ; and Ann McCarty, daughter of Den- 
lis McCarty, of Westmoreland County, Virginia, was a 
jousin of Mary Ball, the mother of George Wash- 
ngton. A record of the marriage of Dennis Mc- 
ilJarty and Sarah Ball, under date of September 
22, 1724, appears in the parish register of Cople 
Parish, Westmoreland County. Sarah Ball was the 
laughter of Colonel William Ball, brother of Joseph, 
;he father of Mary Ball. The latter married Augustine 
Washington, father of George Washington, so that the 
jxact relationship between Mary Ball Washington 
md Ann McCarty was that of second cousin. ^^ Dennis 
McCarty was a son of Daniel McCarty, who, with his 
brother Dennis, was exiled from Ireland in 1690 after 

^^ See Ball Genealogy ; also Virginia Genealogies, by Rev. Horace 
Edwin Hayden. For further particulars of the McCartys see 
Journal of the American Irish Historical Society for April, 1916, 
pp. 118-121. 



332 A HIDDEN PHASE 

their estates had been confiscated by the crown. They 
settled at Kinsale, Westmoreland County. ^^ 

Bishop Meade enumerates several Irishmen among 
the early Episcopal clergy in Virginia, and according to 
the names of the members of their congregations it is 
very evident that many Irish Catholic families joined 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, and their descendants 
have since remained firm adherents of the various Prot- 
estant denominations. It is chiefly for this reason that 
so many American historians have fallen into the error 
of saying that these people could not have been of the 
old Gaelic race, and because they were Protestants and 
Presbyterians they are usually designated by the racial 
misnomer, "Scotch-Irish." ^^ 

In a "Catalogue of Revolutionary Soldiers and Sail- 
ors of the Commonwealth of Virginia to whom Land 

^° One of the ancestral seats of the McCarthys was at Kinsale, 
Ireland. 

^^ On a recent occasion, in the genealogical department of the 
New York Public Library, I was asked by a gentleman named 
Meade "as to how he could trace his line," and was told by him 
that he is "descended from a Scotch-Irishman named Andrew Meade 
who emigrated from the North of Ireland sometime in the eighteenth 
century." I was happy in being able to inform him where to find 
the information, but he was astonished to learn that Andrew Meade 
was a Catholic Irishman from County Kerry, whom Bishop Meade 
(one of his descendants) says in his Old Churches and Families in 
Virginia, came over in the year 1745. Another instance is that of 
a newspaper article I wrote on the McCartys of Virginia, descend- 
ants of Charles and Owen McCarty, who came to the colony in 
1635. A copy of it reached a lady of that name in West Virginia, 
and she wrote me saying that she is a descendant of one of the 
McCartys whom I mentioned, but that she "had always understood 
the family was Scotch-Irish" ! 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 333 

Bounty warrants were granted by Virginia for Military 
Services in the War for Independence," ^^ 388 Irish 
names are included. All of these were attached to Vir- 
ginia regiments of the Line, and, as showing that the 
services rendered by some of the officers were important, 
I find that 10,753 acres were allotted to Major William 
Croghan, 5333 to Major John Fitzgerald, 5000 to Ma- 
jor Charles Magill, 4666 to Captain John Fitzgerald, 
4000 each to Captains Benjamin Casey, Martin Haley, 
"Thadey" Kelly, John Kearney, John Kennon, John 
Mcllehany, William Barrett, Robert Higgins, Charles 
Gallahue, John Larty, John Kilty, Richard McCarty, 
Ferdinand O'Neil, John Shields, and Patrick Wright, 
and 2666 acres each to Lieutenants Christopher Brady, 
Joseph Conway, Robert Power, Luke Cannon, Edward 
Conner, Peter Higgins, Timothy Feeley, Pierce Now- 
lan, and William McGuire. 

Much of the immigration that came in via Philadel- 
phia a short time before the Revolution was intended for 
other parts of the Colonies besides Pennsylvania, and 
many Irish immigrants found their way to the Valley of 
Virginia and some passed on to the settlements on the 
Ohio and through the Carolinas. Among the Letters to 
Washington now in the Archives of the State Depart- 
ment there is an interesting letter to him from Daniel 
Carroll, brother of the Bishop of Baltimore, dated Sep- 
tember 1, 1773, in relation to a number of Irish families 
who had arrived about that time and who later located 

^^ Compiled from official records in the State Land Office at 
Frankfort, Kentucky, and published by the Virginia Historical 
Society. 



334. A HIDDEN PHASE 

in Frederick County, Virginia, and in the present State 
of West Virginia. This letter indicates that these peo- 
ple came from the province of Connacht and were of 
the farming class, able to pay their own way, and that 
they brought with them some necessary equipment to 
enable them to begin the cultivation of land. The letter 
is as follows : 

"In the Winter 1771 I received a letter from a Mercht of my ac- 
quaintance in Galway in Ireland, strongly recommending some Irish 
families who had embarked for America. These poor people, finding 
they cou'd not live under the exactions of their landlord, on their 
leases falling resolved to venture into this part of the world, were able 
to pay their passages, and bring with them some family goods and 
working utensils. Besides the particular and strong recommendation 
I received, they will shew you the testimony given in their favor 
by the Mayor and principal inhabitants of Galway. They have 
had house room and firing on my land since their arrival. The 
men have worked abroad and by their Conduct justified the recom- 
mendations given of them, and I am certain will be of Singular 
Service wherever they settle, particularly in working meadows, to 
which they have been chiefly accustom'd. 

"This much in justice to these poor people, I have thought proper 
to say, as they have an intention of treating with you about some 
of your back land. Three of these men have been as far back 
as BufFaloe land over the Monongahela. Upon their report, they 
had all concluded to move with their families and occupy lands, as 
many others have done, in expectation of having the refusal, when 
the property is ascertained; but on seeing your advertisement, I 
adviz'd them to wait on you, and know your terms. I have reason 
to expect, if these people settle themselves to their Satisfaction, a 
very considerable number of their relations will be soon with them, 
who are now only waiting to hear from them. It would not, I 
apprehend, be bad policy in those who may possess large bodys or 
tracts of land to lay out a Glebe for a Clergyman. This would 
have considerable weight with many Irish Roman Catholicks, who 
would probably bring their own Clergyman with them. I intended 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 335 

myself taking a trip into these new Countries, as they are call'd, 
and purchasing some land if the terms and title were agreeable, in 
hopes of making it turn to advantage, as my connections in Ireland 
enable me to procure a number of very industrious settlers, and 
among them some of property with whom I correspond. I have 
lately received a letter dated New York, July 26th, from Mr. Fox- 
croft, one of the 72 intended proprietors, by which I find the Charter 
was not then obtained. Shou'd matters be settled time enough this 
fall, I shall putt my resolution into execution, and if you intend to 
make an excursion that way, shall be glad to attend you; and am. 
Sir, with esteem 

"yr most Obt. Servt. 
"Daniel Carroll." ^' 

Daniel Carroll, like other wealthy men of that day, 
was a large holder of uncultivated lands in Virginia, 
and this letter indicates that he was interested in the 
colonization of Irish people on these lands, as was his 
more famous cousin, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. In 
Burton's Life of Bishop Challoner of London,"^ the 
author says: "There had been many thousand handbills 
distributed in Ireland at the instigation of a Mr. Charles 
Carroll, a Roman Catholic, of the Congress of America, 
promising every individual that would emigrate to 
America a proportional quantity of land according to 
his birth and station in life, with full toleration ; and that 
no religious tenets should be any hindrance to any 
preferment." 

^^ See Letters to Washington, edited by Stanislaus M. Hamilton 
and published by the Society of Colonial Dames in America, Vol. 
IV, pp. 256-257; Boston and New York, 1901. 

2* Vol. II, p. 193. 



CHAPTER XX 

MORE LIGHT ON THE "SCOTCH-IRISH" MYTH 

The Diaries of the Moravian Missionaries. No mention of "Scotch- 
Irish" in official records. The Land Records of Maryland. 
The early settlements of New Munster, New Leinster, and New 
Connaught. The County of New Ireland. Irish immigrants 
to Maryland immediately before the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tion. The Maryland Archives. 

FROM various authentic sources we obtain ideas of 
the extent of these Irish settlements. For ex- 
ample, in the archives of the Moravian Church at Beth- 
lehem, Pennsylvania, there are preserved the original 
diaries of two Moravian missionaries named Revs. Leon- 
hard Schnell and Robert Husse, who made a journey 
from Virginia to Georgia, beginning in November, 1743, 
and ending in April, 1744. In their travels they 
"preached the Gospel to the German settlers of what- 
ever denomination," and in their accounts of meetings 
with the settlers they mention Irish people. One of 
them wrote: "I asked Jost Hite for the way to Caro- 
lina. He told me of one which runs for one hundred 
and fifty miles through Irish settlements, the district 
being known as the Irish Tract." In 1753, they again 
journeyed through the South, and we find these entries 
in their Diaries: "October 13, 1753, we passed a little 
Town called Carl Isles,^ consisting of about sixty houses 

^ Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 

336 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 337 

and inhabited mostly by Irishmen. On October 16, 
about four o'clock, we continued on our journey. On 
the way we bought ten bushels of oats from an Irish- 
man, and after we travelled three miles farther we break- 
fasted at a little creek where Irish people have settled. 
. . . October 24, 1753, three miles farther we came to 
Augusta Court House [Virginia], a little town of about 
twenty houses surrounded by mountains on all sides. 
This whole district is settled by Irish and English peo- 
ple." And in referring to what is now Lexington, Vir- 
ginia, they said: "It is settled mostly by English and 
Irish people." ^ All through their Diaries they mention 
individual Irishmen whom they met on their journey, 
but not once is any reference made to that rara avis in 
terris, a "Scotch-Irishman." 

Nor can we find in the official records any reference 
to the "Scotch-Irish," for in all written documents of 
the Colonial period, where the immigrants from Ire- 
land are mentioned at all, they are referred to invariably 
by their proper racial designation. In this matter of the 
so-called "Scotch-Irish" race, the position assumed by 
some of our historians is absolutely untenable, as a con- 
cise resume of the historic facts readily demonstrates. 
In the year 1611, or thereabouts, the "Plantation of 
Ulster" began by the peopling of a large section of that 
province with Scotch and English colonists. Although 
we are told, chiefly by American historians, who, unfor- 
tunately for their reputations, have relied upon histor- 

^ From the English translation of the Diaries of Rev. Leonhard 
Schnell and Rev. Robert Husse, by Rev. William J. Hinke, a noted 
historian of the Germans of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 



338 A HIDDEN PHASE 

ical myths for their "facts," that "by the middle of the 
seventeenth century there were three hundred thousand 
of them in Ulster," ^ the well-known and far more reli- 
able EngHsh statistician. Sir William Petty, estimated 
that in 1659 the population of Ulster was: "Irish, 63,- 
350 ; English, Scotch, and other aliens, 40,571 ; a total 
of 103,921"; from which we see the utter falsity of the 
statement above quoted. The same historian (Fiske) 
who is responsible for this egregious assertion states that 
"between 1730 and 1770 it is probable that at least half 
a million [meaning the "Scotch-Irish"] were transferred 
from Ulster to the American colonies," evidently with- 
out investigating the facts or ascertaining the points of 
departure or the racial composition of the emigrants 
who left Ireland during that period. It would be ridicu- 
lous to assume that the forty thousand "English, Scotch, 
and other aliens" of Ulster in the middle of the seven- 
teenth century could have produced such a racial change 
in the predominant element in that province, within the 
space of a century, that the entire population became 
"Scotch-Irish"; that the strong, virile, old Irish famihes 
of Ulster had all vanished before the exodus to America 
had begun ! Yet that is what such historians practically 
claim. 

It requires some more tangible historic evidence than 
the prejudices of certain self-styled ethnologists to make 
these people other than what they were ; for although it 
is true that several thousand Scotchmen settled in Ire- 
land in the seventeenth century, they were far too few 

^ John Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. II, p. 301. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 339 

to effect such a racial change. Lecky says: "No fea- 
ture of Irish history is more conspicuous than the rapid- 
ity with which intermarriages had altered the character 
of successive generations of English colonists. . . . The 
conquest of Ireland by the Puritan soldiers of Crom- 
well was hardly more signal than the conquest of these 
soldiers by the invincible Catholicism of the Irish 
women." The Scotch were not more immune than the 
English colonists to the charms of the Irish maidens, 
for responsible antiquarians have shown that many of 
the descendants of the Scotch colonists intermarried with 
the native Irish. In Ireland the term "Ulsterman" is 
commonly used in referring to a native of the northern 
counties, just as "Munsterman" is used to describe a na- 
tive of the southern counties, but the term "Scotch- 
Irish" is altogether unknown there. There is no more 
reason for calling the Irish-born descendants of these 
people "Scotch-Irish" than there would be for naming 
the American descendants of the Huguenots "French- 
Americans," or the descendants of the Hollanders 
"Dutch- Americans." Yet we never hear of these hy- 
phenated racial designations, for the good reason that 
the American descendants of the French and Dutch 
immigrants are plain, every-day "Americans." And, 
by the same logic, the Irish-born descendants of the 
Scotchmen who came into Ireland are plain, every-day 
"Irishmen." 

So feverish have been the efforts to discredit the plain 
"Irish" and to deny them the slightest credit for what 
they may have contributed to America in the pioneer 
days, that we find historians describing as "Scotch- 



340 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Irish" persons bearing such names as Sullivan, Murphy, 
McCarthy, O'Kane, Molloy, McGuire, FitzGerald, 
Donovan, McGinnis, INIcKeown, McMahon, McSherry,* 
and numerous others so named. And all because these 
people reached prominent places in American life or 
because their American descendants were of the Protes- 
tant faith. ^ The "Scotch-Irish" boast of their patriot- 
ism in the Revolutionary War, but on that point they 
should acquaint themselves vi^ith the expressed opinions 
of Washington and other officers of the Revolutionary 
forces, for the record of the Scotch in the Revolution 
shows them to have been practically unanimous against 
the Colonists. If, then, the "Scotch-Irish" did not get 
their devotion to the principles of liberty, as exemplified 
in the Revolution, from the Scotch, where else did they 
get it but from the Irish part of the hyphen? We know 

* These are actual cases of surnames of Irish settlers who became 
prominent in various American communities and whom historians 
describe as "Scotch-Irish." 

^ One of these historians furnishes "the names of the following 
Scotch-Irishmen, taken from a list of the non-commissioned officers 
and soldiers of the Illinois Regiment and the Western Army under 
the command of General George Rogers Clark in 1778." (From The 
Scotch-Irish, by Charles A. Hanna, Vol. I, p. 53; New York, 1902.) 
Among these names he includes: 

Patrick Conroy Dennis Coheron Lazarus Ryan 

William Barry John Doyle Patrick Riley 

Thomas Connolly Patrick Maher Hugh Logan 

George Burke John McGann John McGuire 

John Murphy Richard McCarty Francis McDermot 

William Munroney Barney Higgins Patrick McClure 

Sylvester Munroney Peter Loughlin James McMuUen 

Edward Cockran John Lyons 

George Cockran Andrew Ryan 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 341 

that Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration of 
Independence arraigned the British government for 
sending "Scotch mercenaries" among us, but that this 
was eliminated out of respect for John Witherspoon. 
The Scotch in the Mohawk Valley were Tories, and 
their countrymen who settled along the Cape Fear 
River were nearly all active Tory partisans; the de- 
scendants of those who came over after the defeat of Cul- 
loden were Tories, and the "Scotch Regulators" who fol- 
lowed Ferguson to death at King's Mountain and in the 
border warfare in the Virginia valleys were of the same 
race. When will the Scotch element in American his- 
tory stand on their own record, and not lean so heavily 
for support on the Irish? 

The phrase, "Scotch-Irish," has been a favorite lo- 
cution with some American historians, unwilling, because 
of their inborn prejudices, to accept the true facts, eth- 
nological or historical, with regard to the Irish immi- 
grants and their descendants. They divide them in two 
parts and have sought to picture the mere "Irish" part 
of them as a common type of inferior origin and the 
"Scotch-Irish" as so far above them in intellect and 
importance as to necessitate placing them in a class by 
themselves. The attempt has not been quite as success- 
ful as they wished for, because the names entered in the 
American records stand out as too obvious a refutation 
of the slander to be effectually concealed, but their para- 
mount desire is, by a series of spurious arguments, to 
create the impression that if any of the early immigrants 
from Ireland exhibited the slightest traces of those qual- 
ities that are usually regarded as commendable in a 



342 A HIDDEN PHASE 

human being, they received them as a matter of course 
from the "Scotch" end of the hyphen! They are unable 
to explain the "Scotch"-Irishism of the Carrolls, Sulli- 
vans, Fitzgeralds, Moylans and others of that stamp, 
but, being obsessed with the idea that such men could not 
be of the Irish race, from the very fact that they achieved 
prominence in American life, they simply go ahead and 
claim them as "Scotch-Irish" anyway, regardless alto- 
gether of what intelligent people may believe ! 

This anti-Irish propaganda is in evidence even to the 
present day and a striking instance of this is the case 
of the lately deceased Mayor of the City of New York, 
John Purroy Mitchel, who has been described in the 
newspapers as "descended from a long line of rigid 
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians," and to this one writer at- 
tributes "ISIr. Mitchel's great success and fine, manly 
qualities." They don't know — or, if they do, they prefer 
to ignore it — that the Mitchels are descended from the 
Irish family of O'Mulvihill, or, as it is spelled in Irish, 
O'Maolmicheille, old as the rocks surrounding the harbor 
of their native Newry. ^ And for that fact we have no 
less an authority than the grandfather of the late Mayor, 
John Mitchel, the famous Irish patriot of the last cen- 
tury, who gloried in his descent from so ancient a family. 

"Scotch-Irish," therefore, in the minds of these his- 
torians, connotes the racial superiority of the aristoc- 
racy, but by "Irish" is implied the inferiority of the 
bourgeois! The bogus race distinction that has been 

® See Irish Pedigrees by John O'Hart, Vol. I, p. 586. Also 
GeofFry Keating's History of Ireland (Topographical Index in John 
0'Mahony'.s translation), p. 727- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 343 

manufactured for the Irish immigrants, especially those 
from the Province of Ulster, is a field that has been occu- 
pied by many American writers. Each self-styled 
"authority" simply repeats what his predecessors have 
had to say on the subject, to be echoed in turn by his 
successors. It is difficult to determine who it was that 
discovered the "Scotch-Irish race." As already stated, 
the term is altogether unknown in Ireland and its earli- 
est use in this country seems to have been about thirty- 
five years before the Revolution and then only as a term 
of opprobrium and contempt! The late Martin I. J. 
Griffin, the Philadelphia historian, than whom there was 
no better authority, informed me that according to a 
newspaper account the term was first used in Phila- 
delphia in 1740 by an Irish merchant of that City. Ac- 
cording to Griffin, it appears that at a merchants' club 
in the "Quaker City" an Irish member was taunted by 
a fellow-member by a sarcastic reference to the fact 
that "an Irish Paddy" was the first person to be con- 
victed under a then recent Pennsylvania statute. The 
Irishman could not deny it, but, mortified at the taunt, 
he petulantly exclaimed: "Yes, but he was only a Scotch 
Irishman," laying particular emphasis on the prefix and 
showing by the tone of his voice the utter scorn and 
contempt in which the criminal was held by his country- 
men! In 1757, we find the term again used in Penn- 
sylvania, when an alleged "Popish plot" was reported 
in England as existing in that province. Little credence 
was given to the information and, in attempting to dis- 
cover who gave it, it was suspected that it was "some 
one of no account, some Scotch Irislmian" ! When the 



344 A HIDDEN PHASE 

Charitable Irish Society was founded at Boston in 1737 
a "Scots Charitable Society" had been in existence there 
for several years, and when the Society of the Friendly 
Sons of Saint Patrick was organized at Philadelphia in 
1771 there was then in existence "The Thistle Society," 
whose members were Scotchmen and were publicly 
known as such. Strange, the "Scotch-Irishmen" joined 
neither of these Scotch societies but preferred to asso- 
ciate themselves with their own countrymen! 

The preceding remarks upon the early records of Vir- 
ginia are applicable also to Maryland. At the office 
of the Land Commissioner for the State of Maryland at 
Annapolis there are on file some records of extraor- 
dinary interest to students of early American history. 
These records include several bound manuscript volumes 
entitled The Early Settlers, 1633-1680, containing the 
names of the immigrants and the years of their arrival 
in the province; the Certificates and Patents issued to 
these settlers covering their allotments of lands from 
the Proprietary Government, the ancient Rent Rolls of 
the province, and entries covering land transactions of 
various sorts, as well as numerous wills and deeds, some 
dating back to the earliest settlements of ISIaryland. 
Although the entries in these old records are now difficult 
to read and the paper is faded with age, yet, all things 
considered, they are in an excellent state of preservation. 

From time to time, for some years past, I have exam- 
ined these records and have extracted from them the 
names of several thousand Irish people who came to 
Maryland during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
turies. Words fail me in expressing my astonishment 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 345 

at the amount of data that is here available for a com- 
prehensive account of the early Irish in Maryland, if 
some one with the time and the taste for such work would 
only set himself to the task of collecting and arranging 
this material and giving the information to the public. 
It is true that American historians have disregarded the 
mass of evidence which these records disclose relating to 
those Irishmen who helped to bear "the white man's 
burden" in Maryland in the earliest times, but it is 
more astonishing that the Irish themselves have so ut- 
terly ignored the importance of these valuable data, 
which contain the proof, beyond any question or doubt, 
that the Celtic element in Maryland had a hand in laying 
the foundations of the future State. The very existence 
of these records is in itself an indictment of the Irish 
in America, some of whom spend their time criticizing 
the historians who "kept us out of history," while they 
themselves have right in their own hands, if they would 
but avail themselves of it, evidence of the most irrefu- 
table character to demolish the glorifiers of "the Anglo- 
Saxon founders of the Republic"! 

In many cases, by the aid of the Certificates and Pat- 
ents, the Rent Rolls and the Will Books, the fortunes 
of these people and their descendants can be traced 
through the successive generations; for these records 
show the location and extent of the land grants, the 
dates of the patents, the names given to these tracts, 
sales, mortgages, assignments, leases, and other data 
that are usually obtainable from land records. The 
nomenclature of the land grants is not the least interest- 
ing feature of these records, for it is found in numerous 



346 A HIDDEN PHASE 

instances that the Irish settlers named their plantations 
after the provinces, counties, cities, towns, and baronies 
of Ireland, and often by their family names. In Cecil 
and Harford counties, for example, as early as 1680 
there was a tract of land one hundred miles long and 
eighty miles broad, called "New Ireland," and in April, 
1684, I find that a proclamation was issued by Lord 
Baltimore giving the name of "the County of New Ire- 
land" ^ to this extensive section. Moreover, New Ire- 
land was subdivided into three parts: (1) "New Con- 
naught," a manor or plantation of eighty thousand acres, 
owned and patented by George Talbot, formerly of 
Castle Rooney, County Roscommon, who was Surveyor- 
General of Maryland; (2) "New Leinster," a tract of 
unknown extent patented by Bryan O'Daly, from Wick- 
low; and (3) "New Munster," patented by Edmund 
O'Dwyer, from Tipperary, "and other Irishmen." It 
is significant that there was no "New Ulster" in New 
Ireland ! 

These tracts were subdivided and sold or leased to 
other settlers who came over later, and among these are 
found many names representative of the most ancient 
Irish families of the provinces of Connacht, Munster, 
and Leinster. In New Munster and vicinity, between 
1680 and 1696, there were farms of land patented and re- 
corded under such names as Bandon, Fethard, Clonmel, 
Bantry, Cork, Youghal, Galway, Waterford, Birr, Lim- 
erick, Clare, Mallow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Belfast, An- 
trim, Dublin, Tralee, Raphoe, Cavan, Donegal, Letter- 



'' Council Journals of Maryland. 



1 




■^£p.'?ODuce/:) sv 4,v/>//) f/?a/^C£S isy/A-s 



CHARLES CAI^ROLI. 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF mDEPENDENCE,GRANDSONOF 
CHARLES O'CARROLL. A NATIVE OF KINGS COUNTY, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 347 

kenny, Sligo, and so on, owned for the most part by peo- 
ple bearing names at once indicative of their racial 
origin. Some of these people also followed the old 
Irish system of name-making; Clouncous, ^ Crossayle, 
and Kappagh in New Munster being examples. I am 
referring to these particular instances merely to show 
the character and reliability of the information that is 
available from the Land Records of Maryland. Vol- 
umes could be written upon similar facts. 

That the Irish were coming to Maryland a short time 
before the Revolution we learn from an incident referred 
to in the Memoirs of Commodore Joshua Barney, the 
celebrated naval officer. It is related that in January, 
1772, "Barney embarked on his first sea voyage on a 
vessel trading between Baltimore and Cork. From 
Cork he went to Liverpool, where the vessel and the 
cargo were disposed of; and in order that he might 
secure passage back to Baltimore he was sent to Dublin, 
where he was charmed with the kindness and hospitality 
of the inhabitants. The vessel in which Barney and 
his captain had taken passage from Dublin was in every 
part stuffed almost to suffocation with Irish redemp- 
tioners, men and women, who were his compagnons du 

® Clouncous was a tract patented by Charles O'Carroll, grand- 
father of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The name was later 
changed to^ and is still known as, "The Caves," the original name 
having been derived from the Gaelic words cluan cuas, meaning 
"the meadow of the caves." Kappagh was patented by Edmund 
O'Dwyer, and in his petition to the Council he stated that he in- 
tended to put the land under tillage. In the Irish language the word 
cappeach (pronounced "kappa") means "a plot under tillage." 



348 A HIDDEN PHASE 

voyage."^ The Irish immigrants seem to have been 
arriving in extraordinarily large numbers at this period, 
if we are to judge from an announcement in the Mary- 
land Journal and Baltimore Advertiser of August 20, 
1773, which said: "Within this fortnight three thousand 
five hundred emigrants have arrived from Ireland." 
And from the fact that so many Irish names appear 
in the muster-roll of the Maryland troops, we may well 
assume that numbers of the exiles of 1772 and 1773 en- 
rolled themselves under the banner of Washington when 
the call came for "all good men and true" to stand by 
the patriot cause. 

Besides those who came to the colony direct from Ire- 
land, many are known to have come to America in ships 
sailing out of English ports, and some very interesting 
instances are found among lists of "Emigrants from 
England" compiled from manuscript records discovered 
by George Fothergill of London in the Public Record 
Office of England. These lists may be seen in the pub- 
lications of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
Society, ^^ and therein are given the names of the emi- 
grants, their ages, occupations, the countries whence 
they came, and their destinations in the American prov- 
inces. Among those who came via London, Bristol, 
Plymouth, and Liverpool between December, 1773, and 
August, 1775, were 296 people from various parts of 
Ireland. Of this nmnber, 177 were destined for Mary- 
land, fifty-one for Pennsylvania, fifty for Virginia, nine 

* Biographical Memoirs of Commodore Joshua Barney, by Mary 
Barney; Boston, 1832. 

" Annual Register, Vols. LXII to LXVI. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 349 

for New York, two for Carolina, and seven for the West 
Indies. In addition to the 296 recorded as from Ireland, 
there is listed as coming from English towns a far 
greater number who bore old Irish names or names that 
are common among the Irish for centuries, and I am 
fully convinced that many of these people were also 
natives of Ireland. Before embarking, all emigrants 
were required to furnish certain information to the port 
officials, including the places whence they came; and 
while some named their original home places in Ire- 
land, others are known to have given their last places 
of residence or employment in England, and were thus 
recorded as *'from England," from which fact some 
historians assume that all such people were English. 
An interesting item among Fothergill's lists is one show- 
ing that "forty emigrants from Baltimore in Ireland" 
sailed from London in the ship Adventure on April 26, 
1774, "for Baltimore in Maryland." The lists also show 
that the ages of most of the Irish immigrants ranged 
from sixteen to thirty-six, and that among them were 
artisans, husbandmen, tradesmen, and laborers, as well 
as two surgeons and six schoolmasters, the class of peo- 
ple then most needed in the American Colonies. Some 
of the most familiar Irish names are represented in these 
lists. 



CHAPTER XXI 

EARLY IRISH SETTLERS IN THE CAROLINAS 

Irish in the Carolinas as early as 1669. "Lymerick Plantation." 
The early marriage and other records of South Carolina. An 
important Irish colony at Williamsburg. Testimony of the 
Land^ Court, and Church Records. Vast numbers of Irish 
settlers. "Of all countries none have furnished the Province 
with so many inhabitants as Ireland." Irishmen prominent in 
the politics of the Carolinas. 

ACCORDING to the Transcripts of the Shaftes- 
bury Papers, ^ a large colony left England in 
August, 1669, for South Carolina, and on the way they 
"stopped at Kinsayle in Ireland about first September," 
where they took on board a number of people who were 
willing to take venture in the enterprise. This is the 
earliest known record of Irish people coming to South 
Carolina. Very few of the members of this expedition 
are mentioned by name in South Carolina records, but 
among them is found Florence O'Sulhvan, who in time 
became one of the leading men of the colony and was 
appointed its surveyor-general. During the troubles 
between the colonists and the Indians in the year 1671, 
O'Sullivan was in command of a body of men on Sulli- 
van's Island in Charleston Harbor. He is mentioned 
prominently in Hewatt's Historical Account of the Rise 

^ Published by the City Council of Charleston, South Carolina. 

350 



♦ 



A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 351 

and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and 
Georgia. ^ 

An Irish settlement began sometime toward the end 
of the seventeenth century in Berkeley County, South 
Carolina, and in the Coimcil Journals ^ of the period ap- 
pear such names as O'Neill, Donnoho, Lynch, Brady, 
Carty, Sullivan, Donovan, Croney, Mallagan, Logan, 
McKeown, McLoughlin, and Fitzgerald, mostly in con- 
nection with transactions relating to lands on the Cooper 
and Ashley rivers. Curiously enough, I find "Peter 
O'Kelley, his wife and six children," mentioned among 
a number of people who went from Dorchester, Massa- 
chusetts, in November, 1696, to found a settlement at 
a place since called Dorchester, about thirty miles from 
Charleston, ^ and here Peter O'Kelley and his descend- 
ants appear as members of the local Methodist congre- 
gation. A Patrick O'Kelley from this district was a 
soldier of the Revolution. To this district also came 
from Barbadoes in the year 1672 an Irishman named 
Teague Cantey, the progenitor of several widely sepa- 
rated families of Canteys, some of whom were famous in 
South Carolina and much of whose history is related in 
records published by the Historical Commission of Co- 
lumbia ^ and in the county histories. 

In the records of the office of the Secretary of State ® 

2 Published at London in 1776. 

^ Published by the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
Society. 

^ New England Historic and Genealogical Register, Vol. II, 
p. 128. 

5 Book, 1672-1692. 

«Vol. XXXIX. 



352 A HIDDEN PHASE 

there is an entry of an important conveyance of a tract 
of land on July 18, 1707, from Thomas Colleton to 
"three Irishmen, John Gough, Dominick Arthur, and 
Michael Mahon." This tract was "situate on the East- 
ern branch of the Cooper River in Berkeley County," 
contained twelve thousand acres, and was known as "ye 
Middle Settlement or Lj^merick Plantation." It is 
stated ^ that "Limerick, Ireland, was the native home of 
Michael Mahon," and doubtless, also, of Gough and 
Arthur, and in all subsequent transfers of these lands 
they are referred to in the deeds as "part of ye Lymer- 
ick Plantation." The descendants of these people are 
mentioned in the records for several generations, and in 
1747 John Gough's portion passed under his will to his 
sons, John, Richard, Francis, and Edward O'Neale 
Gough, and finally into the possession of a family named 
Ball. Mahon's widow sold her holdings, and Dominick 
Arthur's share fell to his nephew, Christopher Arthur, 
who by will, dated October 24, 1724, devised "one- 
half to his beloved kinsman, Patrick Roche, of the City 
of Limerick, Merchant." Patrick Roche evidently came 
to take possession of his inheritance, and in 1739 the 
property passed to his son Francis, and in 1784 the last 
of the Roches sold it to persons named Quash and Irving. 
These individual instances are quoted merely to show 
that Irishmen of worth and standing came to the Caro- 
linas in the earliest days of their settlement by white men. 
In various published marriage records of South Caro- 
lina for half a century after the above-mentioned set- 

^ In South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 
Vol. II. 



m 



mi 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 353 

tlements were established, numerous Irish names ap- 
pear. In 1737 a colony of immigrants came from Ire- 
land to South Carolina and located near Newberry and 
Camden, where they formed "the bulk of the entire pop- 
ulation of that section," and are mentioned as "by far 
the most notable body of early settlers in that part of 
the State." About 1752 another body of Irish immi- 
grants came to this neighborhood, and in official abstracts 
of the original grants and deeds covering lands in that 
section are noted such names as O'Cain, O'Neill, 
O'Quinn, Kelly, McGowan, McCormack, McGraw, 
McNeill, McConnell, Bready, Rork, Hanahan, Casey, 
Regan, Drennan, Flannagan, Dugan, Malloy, Malone, 
Madigan, Brannon, Cassity, Dunn, Downey, Murphy, 
Fitzpatrick, and Lynch. Indeed, so many Irish names 
are mentioned in the Annals of Newberry, compiled by 
Judge John Belton O'Neall, ^ that without much depar- 
ture from the truth the volume could be described as a 
story of Irish endeavor in the pioneer days of that part 
of the "Palmetto State" ; and in the ranks of the Revo- 
lutionary soldiers raised in that section are found many 
of the descendants of those Irish settlers. Irish families 
also came early to other parts of the colony, and glimpses 
of their story are obtained from the various records 
published by the South Carolina Historical and Genea- 
logical Society. 

Ramsay, in his History of the Revolution of South 
Carolina from a British Province to an Independent 
State, says that in the year 1719 an act was passed in 

* Grandson of Hugh O'Neall, who came to Newberry from 
Ireland in 1752. 



354 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the English Parliament appropriating certain Indian 
lands in the Carolinas "for the use and encouragement 
of such of His Majesty's subjects as should come over 
and settle upon them." Extracts from this act having 
been published in Ireland, "five hundred persons from 
Ireland transported themselves to Carolina to take the 
benefit of them. But the whole project was frustrated 
by the Proprietors, who claimed these lands as their 
property and insisted upon the right of disposing of 
them as they thought fit. Not long afterward, to the 
utter ruin of the Irish emigrants and in breach of the 
provincial faith, these Indian lands were surveyed by 
order of the Proprietors for their own use and laid out in 
large baronies. By this harsh usage the old settlers, 
having lost the protection of the new-comers, de- 
serted their plantations and left the frontier open to 
the enemy. Many of the unfortunate Irish emigrants, 
having spent the little money they brought with them, 
were reduced to misery and perished. The remainder 
removed to the Northern Colonies." 

In referring to an important Irish colony which set- 
tled in what is now Williamsburg County, South Caro- 
lina, about the year 1734, Ramsay says: "By this time 
[1730] accounts of the great privileges granted by the 
crown for the encouragement of settlers in the Province 
had been published through Britain and Ireland and 
many industrious people had resolved to take the bene- 
fit of the royal bounty. Multitudes of labourers and 
husbandmen in Ireland, oppressed by landlords and 
bishops and unable to procure a comfortable subsistence 
for their families, embarked for Carolina. The first 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 355 

colony of Irish people had lands granted to them, and 
about the year 1734 formed a settlement called Will- 
iamsburg Township. As this township received frequent 
supplies from the same quarter, the Irish settlers, amidst 
every hardship, increased in number. Having obtained 
credit with the merchants for negroes, they were relieved 
from the severest part of their labour. By this aid and 
their own industry, spots of land were cleared which in 
a short period yielded them plenty of provisions and in 
time became fruitful estates." The plan adopted for 
the settling of townships proved beneficial in many re- 
spects, and "it encouraged multitudes of poor, oppressed 
people in Ireland, Holland and Germany to emigrate, 
by which means the province received a number of use- 
ful settlers." 

About 1755 new emigrants from Ireland, Germany, 
and the northern colonies obtained grants in the interior 
parts of South Carolina and introduced the cultivation 
of wheat, hemp, flax, and tobacco. They had a vast 
extent of country to range over and the settlers pros- 
pered. Eight years later, the provincial government 
offered money bounties and exemption from taxes for 
ten years, as well as payment of their passages, to in- 
duce Europeans to come to South Carolina, and, as re- 
lated by Ramsay, "many Irish accepted these off'ers." 
When these immigrants arrived they received one hun- 
dred acres of land for each man and fifty acres for each 
woman and child, and, in all, two townships, compris- 
ing forty-eight thousand acres of exceedingly fertile 
soil, were allotted to the Irish settlers. In describing the 
settlements made in South Carolina by immigrants from 



356 A HIDDEN PHASE 

various European countries, Ramsay says: "But of all 
countries none have furnished the province with so many 
inhabitants as Ireland. Scarce a ship sailed from any of 
its ports for Charleston that was not crowded with men, 
women, and children. The bounty allowed to the new 
settlers induced numbers of these people to resort to 
Carolina. The merchants, finding this bounty equiva- 
lent to the expense of the passage, persuaded the peo- 
ple to embark. Many causes may be assigned for this 
spirit of emigration from Ireland, but domestic oppres- 
sion was the most powerful and prevalent." 

Williamson, in his History of North Carolina^ says 
that the most numerous settlers in the northwestern part 
of the province during the first half of the eighteenth 
century were from Ireland. "Lands being cheap in 
Carolina," he says, "immigrants from the North of Ire- 
land, by way of Pennsylvania, flocked to that country, 
and a considerable part of North Carolina is inhabited 
by these people or their descendants. . . . The Irish 
reached the places of their settlement in North Carolina 
by two different avenues of approach ; one portion came 
in by the Delaware River, landing at Philadelphia or 
Newcastle, the other at Charleston. The former gen- 
erally occupied at first desirable localities in Pennsyl- 
vania, east of the AUeghenies, until finding need of in-J| 
creased room for their numbers, they passed down first 
into Virginia and thence into Carolina to meet the wave 
of immigration from the South." 

The number of places in this section of the State bear- 
ing names of a decidedly Celtic flavor are striking evi- 
dence of the settlement of Irish people in these parts. 



i 




;' ^£P/?ODUCFO By/I/M'/I r/?AA'C£S /.^l^/Z/S 

t 

OEOROE TAYLOR 

, S16NER0FTHE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BORN IN IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 357 

The line of their settlements across the whole State may 
readily be traced on the highroads leading from Virginia 
into North Carolina, especially from the northwestern 
boundary line of Carolina on and through the State as 
far as the Roanoke. On maps of North Carolina, in the 
section referred to by Williamson, appear such places 
as Fitzgerald, Cody, Courtney, Malloy, Riley, Corbett, 
Murphy, Murfreesboro, Hogan's Creek, Lyons, Me- 
bane, Mullen, Gorman, Donnoha, Dalton, Mooresville, 
Manning, Oneal, Connover, Connollys, Callahan, Gro- 
gansville, GafFney, McGrady, McConnellsville, Neely, 
Powers, Lynch Station, Limerick, Belfast, Mayo, 
Muckross, Mount Mourne, Claremont, and so on. 

None of these places have reached any importance 
from the standpoint of population or commerce, and 
there is no likelihood that any of them will ever set the 
world aglow by their fame. But they are set down here 
so as to show that at the time these places were estab- 
lished there must have been some local Irish influence 
by which the names were selected ; and while I have not 
stopped to inquire as to the origin of the names of these 
towns and villages, I believe I am safe in concluding 
that they were selected in memory of the pioneers of 
the respective places. 

Although Williamson says that the early Irish immi- 
grants to the Carolinas came from the north of Ireland, 
thus intimating that the settlers comprised the so-called 
"Scotch-Irish" element only, it is perfectly clear from 
the names of the settlers that they flocked from all parts 
of Ireland, and that the ancient stock of the Clan-na- 
Gaedhal was largely represented. 



358 A HIDDEN PHASE 

In the manuscript records in the office of the Secre- 
tary of State there is an affidavit dated March 30, 1761, 
taken by one Joseph Willcocks, who is described as "of 
the City of Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland." The 
document is "signed, sealed, and delivered in the pres- 
ence of Patt. Hamilton, Lord Mayor of the City of 
Dublin," and relates to "a shipload of immigrants" who 
at that time were about to depart for the Colonies from 
Dublin Bay. Willcocks, with one Henry McCulloh, 
was engaged in the transportation of immigrants to 
North Carolina. They received patents for large grants 
of lands and then induced people to come and settle on 
them. These lands they sold to the settlers at the rate 
of four pounds for every hundred acres, and at one- 
half that price in the less favored sections of the colony. 
The records do not indicate in what particular places j 
these settlers located, but I have no doubt that some of | 
those whose names appear in the records after this period 
were among the immigrants who sailed from the Liffey 
in the year 1761. 

From another official account ^ we learn that "the 
immigrants from Ireland, in companies sufficient to form 
settlements, sought the wilds of America by two ave- 
nues: the one by Delaware River at Philadelphia, the 
other through Charleston. Those landing at the South- 
ern port immediately sought the fertile forests of the 
upper country, approaching North Carolina and Geor- 
gia on the other, and not being particular about boun- I 
daries, extended southward at pleasure; while on the 
north they were checked by a counter tide of immigra- 

^ Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol, V. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 359 

tion. Those who landed on the Delaware, after the 
desirable lands east of the Alleghenies in Pennsylvania 
were occupied, turned their course southward and were 
speedily on the Catawba. Passing on, they met the 
southern tide, and the stream turned westward to the 
wilderness long known as 'beyond the mountains' [now 
Tennessee] . These two streams from the same original 
fountain, Ireland, meeting and intermingling in this 
Qew soil, preserve their characteristic differences, the 
one possessing some of the air and manner of Pennsyl- 
vania, the other of Charleston. 

"These enterprising settlers, inured to toil, were hardy 
and long-lived. The constitutions that grew up in Ire- 
land and Pennsylvania seemed to gather strength and 
suppleness from the warm climate and fertile soil of 
their new abodes. Most of the settlers lived long enough 
to witness the dawning of that prosperity that awaited 
their children." 

We also learn from the same source that "the Irish 
were the first to settle in the Yadkin River District." 
rhat was in 1746. "Soon the districts between the Yad- 
kin and Catawba were laid out in tracts of cultivated 
ands, the wild brush and shrub growths cleared, immense 
grazing farms were established, houses grew up, children 
:ame, and the settlements populated." 

And again, quoting from these official records: 
'Nearly all were from the same original stock in Ire- 
land." "Scotch-Irish" they are usually called by the 
historians, although what the justification for this racial 
designation could have been is beyond our comprehen- 



360 A HIDDEN PHASE 

sion. When we scan the lists of "the Macs and the O's," 
and the many others whose names are found in the rec- 
ords, we know that there was a very generous infusion of 
Irish blood in the composition of the earliest inhabitants 
of this portion of the South. 

The most striking proof that Irish immigraints settled 
in large numbers in the Carolinas is found in the constant 
recurrence of Irish names in Colonial documents cover- 
ing only four counties of North Carolina, and one has 
only to scan the names published in the North Carolina 
Genealogical Records to verify the truth of this asser- 
tion. In the Abstracts of Wills probated prior to 1760, 
taken from the Secretary's office at Raleigh and the of- 
fices of the clerks of the Superior Courts of Chowan 
and Bertie counties, there are 429 Irish names, and in 
similar eighteenth century records of other counties I 
find 211 such names. In the Abstracts of Conveyances, 
compiled from the office of the Register of Deeds for 
Chowan County at Edenton, North Carolina, and in the 
entries relating to petitions for land grants, all prior to 
the Revolutionary period, there are 430 Irish names ; in 
the Marriage Bonds of Bertie, Chowan, and Tyrrell 
counties previous to 1800, there are 444 Irish names, and 
in various miscellaneous records, such as court files, rent 
rolls, etc., there are, in all, 174 names of the most dis- 
tinctively Irish origin. 

Ireland furnished to the Carolinas not only tillers of 
the soil and willing hands to rear their buildings, but gov- 
ernors and other leading men. James Moore, a descend- 
ant of the Irish chieftain Rory O'More, became Gover- 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 361 

nor of the Colony in 1719. Of him Ramsay^'' says: 
"He was a man excellently qualified for being a popular 
leader in perilous adventures. He had been removed by 
the previous Governor from the command of the mili- 
tia for warmly espousing the cause of the people. In 
every new enterprise he had been a volunteer, and in all 
his undertakings was resolute, steady, and inflexible." 
Arthur Dobbs, from Carrickfergus, was Governor of 
North Carolina from 1754 to 1764, and Matthew Rowan, 
a native of the same Irish city, was Surveyor-General 
and later President of the Council. Cornelius Harnett, 
a native of Dublin, Ireland, was a member of the Coun- 
cil, and for several years he is mentioned in the Council 
Journals more often than any other man in the prov- 
ince, and in 1778 was one of North Carolina's represen- 
tatives in the Continental Congress. Hugh Waddell, a 
native of Lisburn, Ireland, was "Commander of the 
Militia"; Barney McKinney was a member of the As- 
sembly, and Terence Sweeney was a "Member of the 
Court for Pasquotank County." John Connor became 
Attorney-General of North Carolina in 1730, and his 
successor in office was David O'Sheal. In 1760, Thomas 
McGuire was appointed "Judge of the Admiralty" ; and 
six years later he was made "Captain-General of the 
Province," and in 1767 was appointed Attorney-Gen- 
eral. Among the Justices of the Peace in various parts 
of North Carolina between 1734 and 1760, I find such 
names as Moore, Leary, Ryan, Rutledge, Bourke, Lo- 
gan, Rowan, Foyle, Clifford, MacLendon, Brian, 
Obryan, Conner, McLewean, Malone, and Kearney; 

^^ History of South Carolina. 



362 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

and among the members of the General Assembly be- 
tween 1754 and 1760 were men named McNeill, McGee, 
Kenan, McGuire, Walsh, Jordan, Fanning, Murphee, 
and others whose names indicate an Irish origin. 



CHAPTER XXII 

PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN GEORGIA 

Irishmen recorded among the first white men in Georgia. Towns, 
cities, and counties named by them. The Colonial Records of 
Georgia. The Irish settlements in Queensborough Township. 
Characteristic Irish names from the records of land grants. 
The wandering Irish schoolmaster. 

WHILE the State of Georgia is not as rich a field 
for the historical searcher as other Southern 
States, some valuable material relating to the pre-Revo- 
lutionary settlers is found in the records of the Provin- 
cial Council. When Georgia became a State all original 
records relating to the Colonial period were transferred 
to the custody of the Secretary of State, but by an act 
of the Legislature some years ago a committee was ap- 
pointed to examine these records and to tabulate and 
index them for the purpose of preserving them for future 
generations. The original records, or such of them 
as are extant, are on file at the office of the Secretary of 
State, but verbatim copies were published under the title 
of Colonial Records of Georgia ^ and are now accessible 
to all historical students. 

These records indicate that from a very early date 
men of Irish blood settled in Georgia and contributed 
a share to the building of its foundations. Their names 

^ Twenty-five volumes, published by the State at Atlanta, Georgia, 
1904-1915. 

363 



364 A HIDDEN PHASE 

are found chiefly in the records of land grants, of the 
conveyances of lots and holdings in the first towns and 
settlements established in the colony, in the Council 
Journals and the court files, on the muster-rolls of the 
Colonial militia, and in sundry records and documents 
that have been preserved by historical societies. It is 
of unusual interest to find Irish names in a list of "per- 
sons who composed the first jury empanelled in Geor- 
gia" (1733). Oglethorpe, the first English Governor, 
came to Georgia in that year, and among the Colonists 
who received grants of town lots at Savannah in 1735 
are found some bearing unmistakably Irish names, and 
the Savannah town records for many years after that 
period contain a goodly number of such names.^ 

Some important cities of Georgia owe their origin to 
Irishmen. One, Kennedy O'Brien, is recorded as the 
founder of the city of Augusta^ (1735) ; an Irishman 
named Mitchell was the first to lay out the site of the 
city of Atlanta ;* an Irishman named McCormack, from 
Dublin, Ireland, was the founder of the city of Dublin, 
Georgia ; ^ the town of Fitzgerald took its name from 
Washington's friend. Colonel John Fitzgerald, cele- 
brated as "the finest horseman in the Revolutionary 

^ See also Colonial Records of Georgia. 

^ Charles C. Jones, History of Georgia, Vol. I, pp. 217-18. Also, 
History of Augusta, by the same author, pp. 27-29, and Charles 
Edgeworth Jones' History of Georgia. 

* Smith, The Siory of Georgia and the Georgian People; also, 
Rev. George White, Historical Collections of Georgia; New York, 
1855. 

^ White, Historical Collections of Georgia. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 365 

Army"; ® the city of McDonough, Georgia, perpetuates 
the name of the victor at the battle of Lake Champlain, 
while the town of Jasper was named for the Irish soldier, 
Sergeant William Jasper, whose conduct at the siege 
of Savannah in 1780 is written in American history as 
one of the heroic incidents of the Revolutionary War. 
Twenty-two counties of Georgia were named in honor 
of Irishmen or of Americans of Irish descent who dis- 
tinguished themselves in one capacity or another in the 
civil or political life of that State. On an old map of 
the State, chiefly in the sections where the early Irish 
settlers are known to have located, I find places named 
Limerick, Clare, Ennis, Killarney, Tyrone, Dublin, 
Blarney, Cork, Belfast, Newry, and Donegal, as well as 
forty-five places called by Irish family names. With 
few exceptions, these places have not risen beyond the 
importance of back-country villages, yet it is evident that 
those who selected these localities for their permanent 
settlement sought to perpetuate their native homes in 
Ireland or the names of the pioneer families.'^ 

^ Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. II, p. 239- Griffin, 
in American Catholic Historical Researches, Vol. V, No. 1, says 
that Fitzgerald was born in Ireland and settled at Alexandria, Va., 
in 1769 or 1770. In 1776 he was appointed aide-de-camp to General 
Washington at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

'' On this point, an historical writer asks with a very "wise" air : 
"Assuming that the Irish settled in this country in such large 
numbers as is claimed, how is it that so very few American place- 
names originated with the Irish pioneers, after the manner by which 
the English and Dutch settlers named their towns and settlements ?" 
In asking this question, he only displays his ignorance of American 
geography, for with very little difficulty he could have ascertained 
that not less than 7000 American place-names recorded in geo- 



366 A HIDDEN PHASE 

The land records of Georgia after 1754 contain many 
references to Irish immigrants who petitioned the Colo- 
nial government for grants of land, most of whom came 
in by way of Charleston, although it is known that some 
actually "trekked" overland with their families from as 
far east as Baltimore and Philadelphia. While these 
Irish people settled principally in the vicinity of Savan- 
nah, the various places mentioned in the petitions in- 
dicate that in course of time many of them spread out 
along the banks of the Savannah and Altamaha rivers 
and their tributaries in the southeastern section of the 
province, where they established settlements in a wilder- 
ness that had been hitherto known only to the traders 
and Indian tribes. In 1766 the General Assembly of 
Georgia passed an Act "to encourage settlers to come in- 
to the Province," and as a result of the sending of copies 
of this act to Ireland we learn that in December, 1768, 
"the most numerous single colony which, up to that time, 
had come to Georgia from any European country" ar- 
rived from Ireland.® They numbered in all one hun- 
dred and seven persons. These people, as well as some 
of those who came over later, located on lands which had 
been already reserved for them along the Great Ogee- 
chee River, chiefly in what are now Chatham, Screven, 
and Burke counties ; and De Brahm, one of the historians 
of Georgia, describes one of these settlements as "in- 
habited by about seventy, and its environs by about two* 



graphical treatises and 253 counties of the various States of the] 
Union were named after towns, cities, and counties in Ireland, or 
by Irish family names. 

* Colonial Records of Georgia, 



i 




ffePffODUC£0 BY A/^^A FffA/yC£S l£VWS 

MATTHEW THORNTON 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BORN IN LIMERICK, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 367 

hundred families, mostly Irish, from which it is generally 
called the Irish Settlement." ® 

In 1769 another Irish contingent arrived at Savannah, 
and in the Colonial Records ^^ may be seen a report of 
a meeting of the Provincial Council, held on October 2, 
1770, at which a petition was read "from sundry per- 
sons who arrived from Ireland in the ship Hopewell in 
December, 1769, who had lands ordered them in Queens- 
borough Township." The petition presented to the 
Council by these people stated "that they were chiefly 
farmers; that being of late years greatly oppressed by 
rents in Ireland, so that the most exerted industry 
scarcely afforded a comfortable subsistence to their 
families, they determined to seek relief by moving to the 
American colonies. That being informed by sundry let- 
ters from their friends, who came to settle in this 
Province from Ireland last year in the ship Prince 
George, that a certain portion of land was laid out and 
appropriated for the purpose of settling a township in 
this Province, the consideration of the great privileges 
and advantages afforded them by the Governor and 
General Assembly were powerful inducements to their 
immediately resolving to leave their native country, to 
part with their little substance and thereby enable them 
to come over and settle in this flourishing Province, hop- 
ing to entitle themselves to its protection, encourage- 
ment, and assistance, and of being found in return to 
the utmost of their ability equally useful in forwarding 

® John G. W. De Brahm, History of the Province of Georgia; 
Wormsloe, North Carolina, 1849. 
" Vol. XI. 



368 A HIDDEN PHASE 

your generous intentions in the further settling and in- 
creasing the same. That although some of your peti- 
tioners have come over upon Redemption, yet the far 
greater part have paid their passage, in the doing of 
which, many having large families, they have much re- 
duced their substance." They asked, therefore, "that 
they may be partakers with their fellow-countrymen in 
the lands yet ungranted in the Township of Queens- 
borough, and to grant them such other relief as in your 
great wisdom and generous disposition you shall judge 
necessary to their melancholy circumstances." 

From all of which we can judge that the Irish im- 
migrants were among the most useful settlers that the 
Colonists could wish to have among them, and that they 
were a splendid acquisition to the new country. The 
minutes of the meeting of the Council at which this 
petition was presented say: "It was ordered that the 
said petition be postponed until the lands reserved for 
the Irish settlers be ascertained." 

In the Colonial Records of Georgia}^ under date of 
February 4, 1772, there is a report of another petition to 
the Governor and Council "on behalf of the Irish settlers 
of Queensborough Township and others who are ex- 
pected from Ireland in a short time." In the same 
month these Irish settlers to the number of two hundred 
arrived, and "the Board, taking the said memorial into 
consideration, resolved that 25,000 acres of land near 
to or adjoining Queensborough Township be reserved 
for the use of the Irish settlers.^ ^ Later in the same 

"Vol. XII. 
" Ibid. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 369 

year, still another Irish contingent arrived at Savannah 
and located near the Ogeechee River at what is now 
Louisville, in Jefferson County, and, according to 
Smith,^^ "it was known as 'The Irish Colony.' " 

We also learn that from time to time other immigrants 
came from Ireland and located near the same region. 
Some of them suffered much hardship during the Revo- 
lutionary War, not only from their immediate neighbors, 
the Indians, but from the English soldiers and their 
Tory allies. It must not be forgotten also that the 
information as to these continual Irish arrivals is gleaned 
mainly from the land records, where only a fraction of 
the Irish names necessarily appear, for it is known that 
many Irish "indentured servants" or "redemptioners" 
also made their way to Georgia from Baltimore and 
Charleston. That there was a constant flow of Irish im- 
migrants, or descendants of Irish settlers from other 
provinces, into Georgia after the settlements in Queens- 
borough Township were established, is undeniable, as a 
glance at the records will show. Many of the petitions 
filed with the Provincial Council asked for grants of 
land, "in or near the Irish settlements at Queens- 
borough," and in some cases the petitioners mentioned 
the names of other settlers already located, with a re- 
quest that they be allotted lands as near them as possible, 
thus indicating a natural desire to be in an Irish atmos- 
phere. They were not all poor immigrants by any 
means, nor were they all new-comers at the time of their 
appearance before the Council, for some stated in their 
petitions that they already were in possession of slaves 

^^ The Story of Georgia and the Georgian People. 



370 A HIDDEN PHASE 

and lands and had been "for some time in the Province" 
with their families. 

Thus we see that for several years before the Revolu- 
tion there was a constant influx of Irish settlers to 
Georgia. They are referred to as "Irish" in the official 
documents of the province, without any qualifying pre- 
fix or affix; they described themselves as "Irish," as they 
were in fact, and the best possible proof that can be 
adduced in support of this statement is contained in the 
names of the petitioners, which show that a large propor- 
tion of them were of the old Celtic race and that they 
came from every part of Ireland. In fact, it is quite 
apparent from the names that the greatest number were 
from the provinces of Munster and Connacht.^* Yet 
more than one historian of Georgia refers to these people 
as "Scotch-Irish from the Province of Ulster," thus in- 
timating, in common with other historians having the 
same ulterior object in view, that if history is to give 
them any credit as American pioneers, the honor is to 
be accorded to them chiefly because of their alleged 
"Scotch" descent! 

From published historical sketches of the counties of 
Georgia and the town histories we obtain a glimpse of 
the status of the Celtic element that settled at various 

^* Among the petitioners for land grants appear such character- 
istic Irish names as O'Berry, O'Cain, O'Daniel, O'Friel, O'Neill, 
O'Sheals, and no less than twelve O'Bryans; McCartys, McGuires, 
McMahons, McKelveys, McKennans, McLaughlins, McGowans, 
McMurphys, McCormacks, McGarrys; Burke and Barry, Clancy 
and Callahan, Casey and Carroll, Devany and Daly, Donnelly and 
Doyle, Doolin and Dooley, Flanagan and Farrell, Fitzgerald and 
Fitzpatrick, Garvey and Grady, Gillespie and Geary, Hurley and 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 871 

places throughout the province. Here and there 
through these sketches are scattered a goodly number 
of Irish names, and in several instances these Irish peo- 
ple are mentioned as among "the first settlers." The 
Records of Land Grants of Wilkes County, copied from 
the manuscript folios on file at the clerk's office at Wash- 
ington, Georgia, indicate that a large number of Irish 
people located in that county. In most cases, the names 
are spelled phonetically, and while the exact locations 
of the grants are not given, it is assumed that they 
settled in that particular section of the State north and 
west of Augusta, for it is in records relating to this 
vicinity that most of the Irish names are mentioned. 
We are told that "Wayne County was largely settled 
by people who came from the north of Ireland," ^^ and 
in Dooly County "the earliest families were Doolys and 
Clarkes," and the county was named after Colonel John 
Dooly, who, as commander of Georgia militia in the War 
of the Revolution, made a brilliant record against Tar- 
leton and Cornwallis. Colonel Dooly served through- 
out the whole war, and after its close became a Judge of 
the Superior Court. According to White,^^ "the Doolys 
originally came from Ireland to North Carolina, but 
about the beginning of the Revolution settled in Lincoln 
County, Georgia. Colonel Dooly was conspicuous for 

Hogan, Kelly and Keating, Lynch and Logan, Murphy and Mul- 
ligan, Moran and Malone, Maroney and Madden, Nolan and Nugent, 
Powers and Phelan, Quinn and Quinlan, Ryan and Reilly, Sullivan 
and Sweeney, Toole and Tobin, Ward and Walsh, and a host of 
similar names. 

^^ Smith, Siory of Georgia and the Georgian People. 

^^ Historical Collections of Georgia. 



372 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 

his services on both sides of the Savannah River above 
and below Petersburg, and at Kettle Creek he com- 
manded the right wing of the American forces and 
largely contributed to the victory of the Americans." 

It is a remarkable fact that there was hardly a meet- 
ing of the Provincial Council of Georgia, between the 
years 1767 and 1772, at which petitioners for land grants 
bearing the most ancient Irish names did not appear, and 
it is not less remarkable to find an historian of Georgia 
saying, in reference to the general colonization of the 
province: "As a general thing, these colonists had no 
one to preach to them and no one to teach their children, 
save now and then a wandering Irishman who taught a 
subscription school for a few months of the year" I ^^ In 
poring over these records and noting the extraordinary 
regularity with which Irish names appear therein, one 
is impelled to wonder, and the searcher finds himself 
asking, Where now are the descendants of those Irish 
pioneers of Georgia, some of whom came in the days 
when that now flourishing State was a howling wilder- 
ness? Like the host of Irish-blooded Americans of 
Colonial stock scattered throughout this great country, 
many of them have lost their ancient names and some be- 
lieve that they are of "Scotch-Irish" or "Anglo-Saxon" 
descent; the story of their Irish forebears is lost for all 
time, and they are led to believe, perhaps, from their 
reading of history, that the Irish had no hand in laying 
the foundations on which the great American Republic 
was erected! 

" Smith, The Story of Georgia and the Georgian People, p. 70. 



CHAPTER XXIII 

THE FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 

The Government publication, A Century of Population Growth. An 
analysis proves this work to be utterly unreliable. The com- 
pilers failed to take into consideration the changes in Irish 
names. Comparison with the Revolutionary muster-rolls shows 
numerous Irish names omitted from the Census Returns. Con- 
clusion. 

AS for the United States Government publication, 
A Centura/ of Population Growth, if we accept the 
figures furnished by this compilation we are compelled 
to believe that the white population of the United States 
in 1790 was divided as follows: 

English . ., 2,345,844 

Scotch 188,589 

German 156,457 

Dutch 56,623 

Irish . ., , .... 44,273 

French 13,384 

Hebrew and all others .... 5,078 



or 


83.5% 


of the whole 


or 


6.7% 


of the whole 


or 


5.6% 


of the whole 


or 


2% 


of the whole 


or 


1.6% 


of the whole 


or 


.5% 


of the whole 


or 


.1% 


of the whole 



100% 



Total 2,810,248 

The 44,273 Irish are thus distributed by States : 

Maine 1,334 New York 2,525 

New Hampshire 1,346 

Vermont 579 

Massachusetts . 3,732 
Rhode Island . . 459 

Connecticut .... 1,589 



Pennsylvania . . 8,614 

Maryland 5,008 

Virginia 8,842 

North Carolina . 6,651 

South Carolina . 3,576 



Total 44,273 



373 



874. A HIDDEN PHASE 

Government statisticians are supposed to be a cold- 
blooded class of men, entirely free from racial, religious, 
or political prejudice, whose forte is the collection of in- 
controvertible facts; yet when we analyze the figures 
now before us, we find that they are anything but cor- 
rect. In fact, the most patient critic of these figures, 
acquainted with the actual historic facts, cannot help 
characterizing them as nothing short of a joke! 

If it be true that there were only 3732 persons of 
Irish descent of both sexes in the State of Massachusetts 
in the year 1790, it seems strange that according to the 
marriage records of the city of Boston alone nearly 2000 
persons bearing Irish names were married there during 
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that the 
published Vital Records of only fifty-three other ISIassa- 
chusetts towns and cities, which I have examined, con- 
tain 1700 entries covering marriages and births of people 
of Irish name, all prior to the year 1790 ! When we add 
to these approximately 10,000 Irish names which appear 
in the seventy-one volumes of Colonial Records pub- 
lished by the New England Historic and Genealogical 
Society, in the Probate and Land Records of ISIassa- 
chusetts, the town and county histories and authentic 
historical collections like those of the Essex Institute, 
the mystery deepens beyond possible understanding. 

If it be true that the same class of people in the State 
of Pennsylvania in 1790 numbered only 8614, what could 
have become of the descendants of the "crowds of 
foreigners [Irish] who are yearly poured upon us," as 
stated by the Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania in 
1728; of the descendants of "the great numbers of Irish 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 375 

Papists and convicts" who were in Pennsylvania in 1756; 
of the descendants of the Irish immigrants, numbering 
"12,000 per year," who came to the province between 
1726 and 1750, or of the 18,000 Irish immigrants who 
came to America during the first half of the year 1773 
alone, not to speak of the thousands of others of the 
same class who came to Pennsylvania at other times? 

If the male and female population of Maryland of 
Irish birth or descent in 1790 was only 5008, how could 
it be possible that upward of 4600 Revolutionary soldiers 
of Irish name enlisted in Maryland ? An exact count of 
the Irish names in the Land Records of Maryland alone 
of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brings the 
total number to 2100, and must it be said that the de- 
scendants of these people had all disappeared by the time 
the first census was taken, more than half a century 
later? 

If it be true that only 2525 persons of Irish descent 
were in the State of New York in the year 1790, what 
explanation have the government statisticians to offer 
when we point to the several thousand Irish names listed 
in the marriage, land, military, and court records, and in 
other Colonial records published by the New York His- 
torical Society and the New York Biographical and 
Genealogical Society, not to speak of the vast numbers 
whose names appear in other similar publications? 

When we take up individual names, the absurdity of 
the government figures is still more amazing. At page 
255 of this monumental work it is shown there were 73 
"heads of families" named O'Brien, under the various 
renderings of that name, in the United States in 1790; 



376 A HIDDEN PHASE 

and as the "average size of each family" of O'Briens is 
given as 5.2, the total number of O'Briens in the entire 
country, males and females of all ages, is given as 376. 
Yet there are approximately 250 O'Briens on the Revo- 
lutionary muster-rolls alone ! Of the McCarthys there 
is shown to have been a total of 625 in the United States 
in 1790, yet the number of soldiers named McCarthy 
recorded on the Revolutionary muster-rolls is 335, and 
in other records a much greater number is given! A 
further analysis of the total number of persons of these 
two names shows them thus distributed in A Centura/ of 
Population Growth: 

O'Briens McCarthys 

Maine ... .i. ...... .,. 26 15 

New Hampshire 5 None 

Vermont l6 15 

Massachusetts 37 72 

Rhode Island None 5 

New York 73 116 

Pennsylvania ....... 26 125 

Maryland 52 36 

Virginia 16 140 

North Carolina 57 34 

South Carolina 52 67 

Connecticut 16 None 



Total 376 625 

According to this, there were only 37 persons named 
O'Brien, males and females of all ages and conditions, 
in Massachusetts in 1790, and if that were so we can only 
wonder where the 83 Revolutionary soldiers named 
O'Brien, whose names are found in the Mtcster-Rolls of 




RFPf!0OUC£O By A^A^A /^/fA/VC£S l^W/AfS 



THOMAS M<^ KEAN 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
SON OF WILLIAM AND LETITIA M?. KEAN OF COUNTY DERRYJRELAND 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 377 

the Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolu- 
tionary War, as officially published by that State, could 
have sprung from ! Neither in Connecticut nor in New 
Hampshire could the veracious government statisticians 
find a single individual of the name McCarthy in 1790, 
yet the Connecticut and New Hampshire muster-rolls 
contain 27 Revolutionary soldiers named McCarthy, and 
in the vital statistics of both States are found a goodly 
number of people of that name! 

In Pennsylvania it is shown there were 125 
McCarthys, male and female; so that, if it be true that 
110 McCarthys served in the Revolutionary army and 
navy of Pennsylvania, as the muster-rolls plainly show, 
some of them must have been the ghosts of the 
McCarthys who died before the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tionary war! 

The same remarks apply to numerous other Irish 
names. For example, in A Century of Population 
Growth, there are shown to have been only eight persons 
named Murphy in Massachusetts in 1790, yet the 
muster-rolls of the Revolutionary soldiers and sailors of 
Massachusetts contain the names of seventy-eight Mur- 
phys and eight McMurphys. In Maryland a total of 
forty-seven Murphys of both sexes is shown, but the 
Revolutionary records of that State contain the names 
of eighty-five Murphys. Similar discrepancies are shown 
in the case of the Kellys, only to a much greater extent, 
for among the Irish names appearing in early American 
records the Kellys far outnumber any other family. 

In a table entitled "Nomenclature, dealing with 
names represented by at least 100 white persons, by 



378 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



States and Territories, at the First Census, 1790," in 
A Century of Population Growth, numerous surnames 
are listed and opposite each are given statistics showing 
the number of "Heads of Families" and the number of 
persons of each name in the various States represented 
in the First Census. As a further aid in determining 
the reliability of these statistics, the following twenty- 
Irish surnames have been selected with the number of 
people of each name supposed to have been in the United 
States in the year 1790, and in a parallel column is shown 
the number of soldiers and sailors of the same surnames 
that are recorded in the Revolutionary muster-rolls : 



c S£gS S5« 

w ZB<<j 15513 

Callaghan 164 140 

Crowley . ., none* 54 

Dempsey 141 73 

Donohue 125 73 

Duffy ... 133 78 

Dwyer .1. none* 57 

Flynn 188 108 

Gallagher 177 86 

Haggerty none* 62 

Lafferty 129 6I 



fec5 %^ 

o . c ° >.o 

a ajMiQ to © cj-2 

Mahony 110 89 

Maloney 127 97 

Malloy 127 89 

McGahy, McGahan. none* 72 

McMahon 207 143 

McManus . none* 72 

O'Hara none* 122 

Quinn 191 122 

Shea 134 73 

Sheehan none* Q6 



Totals 2055 1669 

Now, the total of 2055 includes adult men and women, 
the "lame, the blind and the halt," boys and girls and 



*Number said to have been less than 100. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 379 

babes in arms, and if we add an average of 75 persons 
for each of the seven surnames where the number is 
said to have been less than one hundred, we have a 
total of 2580 persons of these twenty surnames in the 
United States in 1790. If we assume that there were 
an equal number of persons so named in the Colonies in 
1775 and that seventy per cent, of them were non-com- 
batants — which, according to all known statistics, is a 
low average — that would leave approximately 775 men 
of these twenty surnames capable of bearing arms. But, 
as it is shown there are at least 1669 soldiers and sailors 
so named on the Revolutionary muster-rolls, we can 
understand at once how reliable are the figures furnished 
to us through A Century of Population Growth. Of 
such surnames as O'Neill, Sullivan, McCarthy, Reilly, 
Ryan, Kelly, O'Brien, Murphy, Connor, Burke, 
Doherty and Connelly, there are shown to have been 
9044 of both sexes and of all ages in the United States in 
1790, included in which number there could hardly have 
been more than 3000 fit fighting men when the Revolu- 
tionary war broke out, and even some of these must 
necessarily have remained at home to provide a living for 
their dependents. But, as the total nimiber of soldiers 
and sailors of these nine names was 3841, we have a 
further insight into the truth and logic of the Govern- 
ment figures. 

The name of Donnelly is a striking illustration of this. 
Of persons of this name of both sexes there are said to 
have been a total of one hundred and eighty-seven in the 
United States in 1790, yet there were one hundred and 
fifty-five Revolutionary soldiers so named. On the basis 



380 



A HIDDEN PHASE 



of the one hundred and fifty-five Donnellys who joined 
the Revolutionary army, I estimate there must have been 
nearly six hundred persons of that name in America dur- 
ing the period of the war, and since the census of 1790 
gives a total of only one hundred and eighty-seven, it is 
perfectly plain that all of the Donnellys were not 
counted. To consider the question from another stand- 
point, the following data are submitted as showing a 
comparison between the number of soldiers and sailors 
of the Revolution and the number of persons on the 
Census Returns of 1790 in the States of Pennsylvania 
and Massachusetts, these two being selected because it 
is admitted that it was in Pennsylvania the greatest 
number of Irish immigrants settled and the population 
of Massachusetts is claimed to have been the most 
English of any part of the Colonies. 



« 


et 

(0 3 

sis 

P<BO 


o 
XI3 


d> 

i 

a 

u 

3 
72 






•s| 

o 3 
COS 

3 <B O 


o 
at 

t- 

v cs 

ja3 
c m 

Sc 


Brannan 1 
Brennan / 


In Penna. 


41 


none 


Doyle . . . 
Dugan . . 


In 
In 


Mass. 
Mass. 


38 
14 


15 
10 


Casey . . . 


In Mass, 


28 


11 


Dwyer . . 


In 


Mass. 


, 17 


none 




In Penna. 


18 


15 


Farrell .. 


In 


Mass. 


20 


none 


Cassidy . 


, In Mass. 


11 


10 




In Penna. 


28 


30 


Cavanagh , 


, In Mass. 


22 


none 


Fitzgerald 


In 


Penna. 


42 


none 




In Penna. 


23 


none 


Fitzpatrick 


In 


Mass. 


6 


none 


Crowley . 


In Penna. 


22 


none 


Flynn . . . 


.In Penna. 


31 


21 




In Mass. 


11 


none 




In 


Mass. 


34 


13 


Donohue . 


In Mass. 


11 


none 


Keating . 


In Penna. 


26 


none 




In Penna. 


38 


11 




In 


Mass. 


10 


none 


Donovan . 


In Penna. 


17 


14 


Leary . . . 


In 


Mass. 


17 


5 




In Mass. 


8 


none 


Mahony . . 


In 


Mass. 


20 


none 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



381 



« 




3 OJ O 


h 


0) 

S 

C 
u 

3 


S <u o 


o 

u 
<D m 

C TO 

i§ 


Mahony. . . 


In Penna. 19 


12 


McNamara 


In Mass. 11 


none 


Malone . . 


In 


Mass. 17 


none 


O'Donnell. 


In Mass. 19 


none 


Maloney . 


In 


Mass. S2 


10 


O'Neill .. 


In Penna.104 


47 


McCaffrey 


In 


Mass. 11 


none 


Quinn . . . 


In Mass. 20 


10 


McCormick In 


Mass. 11 


none 


Ryan .... 


InPenna.118 


115 


McGuire . 


In 


Mass. 21 


none 




In Mass. 76 


60 


McLaughlin In 


Mass. 22 


none 


Sullivan . . 


In Penna. 90 


80 


McMahon . 


In 


Mass. 23 


none 




In Mass. 49 


15 


McManus . 


In 


Mass. 11 


none 









Of the forty-one names all told, selected for the pur- 
pose of this inquiry, there were 6770 Revolutionary sol- 
diers and sailors, so that, when we consider the fact that 
there must be added to this number the vast number of 
persons of the same names appearing in the land and 
court records, in the baptismal, marriage and death rec- 
ords and in the various other classes of vital records of 
colonial times, we are in a position to say that the 
Government publication here under review is utterly 
inconsistent with truth or reason. If the same inquiry 
were made in the case of each Irish name, with an 
analysis of the number in each of the original Thirteen 
Colonies, I am satisfied the same identical result could 
be shown, with greater or lesser variations, and the ab- 
surdity of the Government figures would then appear in 
a more glaring light. The statistics as to Irish emigra- 
tion to the Colonies previous to the Revolution, gathered 
from a thousand sources, supported by official records 
and newspapers of the time, prove how idle it would be 



382 A HIDDEN PHASE 

to give any further consideration to the Government 
figures and impartial readers may safelj^ be left to form 
their own judgment of the value of the compilation in 
view of the irrefutable facts here presented. 

And yet, this publication is the basis upon which is 
built the theory that the Irish constituted only one and 
six-tenths per cent, of the population of the United 
States in 1790 and, as a logical inference, that the Irish 
contributed very little to the achievement of American 
independence! It is the "authority" usually quoted by 
learned college professors and "near historians" in their 
disquisitions upon the racial elements from which the 
great American people have sprung and for the asser- 
tion, made by more than one historical writer, that the 
Colonies which now form the United States should be 
considered as "England transplanted"! The Pharisees 
of history may have withheld from Ireland the credit 
that is her due, but, thanks to the never-failing guidance 
of the records, we are able to show that Irish blood, 
brain and brawn have been a valuable acquisition to the 
building of the fabric of American institutions and that 
the sons of Ireland merit more prominent recognition 
than has been accorded them in the pages of American 
history. The testimony presented in this volume has 
been adduced from sources which can hardly be called 
into question and its perusal by those who so amusingly 
glorify the Anglo-Saxon as the sole founder of the 
American race and American institutions would have a 
chastening influence on their ignorance of early Ameri- 
can history, and would reopen the long vista of the years 
at the very beginning of which they would see Celt and 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 383 

Saxon, Teuton and Gaul, working side by side solidify- 
ing the foundations upon which this great nation of 
freemen rests. 

In reviewing this subject, there is an almost uncon- 
trollable desire to go into the facts at greater length, 
so vast is the wealth of material from which to draw. 
But I have thought that too much detail would only 
result in confusing the salient features, and, in any event, 
the story of the early Irish settlements in any one section 
of the country seems to be almost a repetition of the 
story of the Irish pioneers in other sections of our land. 
With this in mind, I have not done more than touch 
the surface, and have dealt only with concrete facts ob- 
tained from unquestionable sources. In case there 
should be a desire to verify any statement made in this 
book, it can be done readily by reference to the records 
and historical works already alluded to, and by exam- 
ination of the records preserved at such offices as those 
of the Secretaries of State, Land Commissioners, and 
other custodians of public records of the various States. 
For the convenience of those who cannot consult the 
originals, authentic copies of many of these records are 
available at the leading public libraries, the Library of 
Congress and the historical societies, but those men- 
tioned in the text and in the footnotes of this work con- 
stitute only a fraction of the great number of authori- 
ties I have examined during a period of nearly twenty 
years tracing "the footsteps of the Celt" in America. 

When we bear all these historic facts in mind, and 
when we consider the further fact that the Irish immi- 
grants, for the most part, were driven into exile by the 



384 A HIDDEN PHASE 

oppressions of an alien government and of rack-renting 
landlords, we need not wonder that large numbers of 
Irishmen and their sons are found enrolled in the army 
of the Revolution, and that they were so eager to offer 
their hands and hearts to the service of their adopted 
country. And I think that impartial readers will recog- 
nize, even from this short review of the evidence afforded 
by the records, that the testimony given before the 
English Parliament in 1779 by disinterested witnesses 
could not have been very far short of the truth, and that 
the descendants of the Irish in America are fully justi- 
fied in claiming that were it not for the numbers and 
influence of the Irish and their participation in the con- 
flict, the emancipation of the American people from 
English rule would have been postponed for many years. 



CHAPTER XXIV 

AMERICA'S DEBT TO IRELAND 

End of the World War. France repaid for her aid to the struggling 
Colonies. America's contribution to the Allied cause. What 
will be England's response.'' Self-determination by all nations, 
great and small, the only means by which permanent peace can 
be secured. Ireland's claims to nationhood and to the gratitude 
of America. 

THE preceding chapters deal with Ireland's part 
in America's struggle for liberty. This, the con- 
cluding chapter, will be devoted to a brief survey of the 
influence exerted by the achievement of American in- 
dependence upon the establishment of liberty through- 
out the world. 

Now that the terrible struggle in Europe has drawn 
to a close, and America has triumphantly vindicated the 
justice of the cause which impelled her to war on Ger- 
man autocracy, it is pertinent to recall the situation at 
present existing in Ireland. Much has been said, and 
properly said, since the outbreak of the war, of the debt 
of gratitude which we owed to France because of the 
services rendered by that nation in the struggle for 
American liberty. America has well disproved the as- 
sertion that "republics are ungrateful"; the American 
people have not forgotten the favors that were done for 
them by the gallant French nation; and in this, her 
hour of strength, America has well repaid the debt. At 

385 



386 A HIDDEN PHASE 

the outset of the Revolution, America appealed to Ire- 
land, and not in vain, for Ireland's sons answered the 
call with the same cheerful readiness that they have 
responded to all similar appeals in the wars in which 
America has been engaged, and the words of Lord 
Chatham in the House of Commons in 1775, that "the 
Irish are with the Americans to a man," are just as 
applicable to-day. 

Irishmen and their descendants, in every land under 
the sun, rejoice that the light of liberty is to shine once 
again for the oppressed nations of Europe, and espe- 
cially that this happy result has been achieved through 
America's participation in the war. But what of Ire- 
land itself, one of the ''small nations" of Europe? She 
contributed more fighting men to the Revolution than 
even the gallant French, and America owes more to Ire- 
land for the success of that Revolution than to any 
other European country, for in the days when it was 
unfashionable and dangerous to speak of American 
Independence the Irish immigrants and their sons were 
planting the seeds of liberty on this continent. Ireland 
has waged the longest and most bitter struggle in his- 
tory for human freedom, and her people still cry out to 
the generosity of their American friends. Will the call 
be heard in America, as the call of the Americans was 
heard in Ireland one hundred and forty-three years 
ago? There is every reason to hope that it will; that 
the great-hearted American people will pay the debt 
their country owes to Ireland for the part played by her 
sons in the achievement of our liberties; and that the 
American doctrine of human freedom will be consist- 




ff£Pf?0DUC£O BY AA'.VA FRANCES LEV/A/S 



GENERAL RICHARD BUTLF^.R 

OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 387 

ently applied to all, including the "Island of Sorrows." 
And how may that debt be paid? Our great Presi- 
dent has solemnly declared that after this war "the small 
nationalities shall have the right to self-determination," 
and that this question shall be settled at the Peace Con- 
ference ; and Ireland has every reason to expect that her 
inalienable right to self-determination shall not be ex- 
cluded from the great subjects to be discussed at this 
historic convention. A well-known American jurist, a 
serious student of this question, thus expresses himself 
on the present relations between England and Ireland, 
especially as they apply to the forthcoming Peace Con- 
ference, and the timeliness of his views justifies their 
citation here: 

"Surely every American, and every lover of liberty 
and humanity throughout the world, is anxious that this 
should be the last great war and that peace and good 
will among the various races of mankind shall per- 
manently take the place of the rule of force and of the 
horrors of war. How can this end be attained until and 
unless all peoples and all nations are permitted to enjoy 
the right of self-determination and to select for them- 
selves the form of government under which they are to 
live? We entered this war to put an end to autocracy 
and to bring into existence the rule of democracy. That 
does not mean merely the end of German autocracy, or 
British autocracy, or Russian autocracy, but of all au- 
tocracy. It does not mean to bring freedom to the 
Poles alone, nor to restore freedom to the Serbians 
alone, but to bring freedom to all the oppressed peoples 
and to all the down-trodden nations. 



388 A HIDDEN PHASE 

"And what people deserve such consideration at our 
hands as do the Irish? What other land has sent us 
sons who have been so numerous and so constant in 
our behalf in every hour of our existence and in every 
battle for our honor and our flag? Not alone were 
they in great numbers in the Revolutionary armies, not 
alone did they make certain the success of the Revolu- 
tion and since then render decisive aid in every war in 
which we have engaged, but their services in times of 
peace, in every walk in life, in the development of our 
great country have been well-nigh priceless to us. And 
this not alone in the material things, the building of our 
railroads and bridges and roads and cities and the 
clearing of our forests, but even more in the develop- 
ment of our ideals and of the spiritual side of our 
nature — that side which made us enter this gigantic war 
in order to bring to others that liberty which we value 
above all other riches. Think of their contributions to 
our national character; their indomitable perseverance; 
their indestructible optimism ; the charm and vivacity of 
their manner even in dark hours of gloom and storm; 
their inexhaustible humor and their brilliant wit; and, 
above all, their belief in the invisible world around us 
that makes for the certain triumph of the moral forces 
in every great contest among men ! We have shown the 
world that we are not ungrateful to France, that great 
country whose service to us we have now many times 
repaid. Can we afford to let history record that it was 
only to the strong that we were grateful, and that in our 
hour of victory and triumph, when the whole world ac- 
claimed our power and our strength, we turned a deaf 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 389 

ear to the call of the people whose blood has helped so 
greatly to make us what we are to-day, and refused to 
pay to Ireland the debt so long owed? Let it not be 
so, for in that direction lies not alone ingratitude — 
'basest of vices' — but danger for the future of all man- 
kind! 

"While Ireland, in its present condition, stands fes- 
tering like a great sore in the side of England, there can 
be no security or peace for England or for Europe. 
English statesmen have tried through the centuries 
every method suggested by ingenuity or force or craft 
to settle this question, — except the method of leaving 
Ireland to the Irish; and the Premier of England was 
forced to confess recently that the people of Ireland 
are now as dissatisfied with English rule as they were 
in the time of Cromwell. 

"It is entirely within the bounds of propriety for 
America to remind England of the situation as it existed 
in the spring of 1917, when England, with her back 
to the wall, according to the admissions of her own 
generals and statesmen, found herself beaten and prac- 
tically at the end of her resources, in which crucial 
moment America entered the war and brought victory 
and triumph to the Allied cause. The former enemies 
became the co-belligerents of the great World War! 
The despised and derided Colonies became, through 
liberty and the opportunity to develop their resources, 
the saviours in the great hour of fate! Had Washing- 
ton failed, who can say that America to-day would have 
been much more powerful than Canada or Australia, 



390 A HIDDEN PHASE 

and under such conditions what would have been th 
fate of the Allies? 

"Justice demands that Ireland should have the sam 
right accorded to her as that which is to be given t 
the other small nations of Europe. Experience, dearl 
bought by England, suggests the wisdom of turnin 
an age-long enemy into a friendly neighbor. Gratitud 
and consistency call on America to help Ireland t 
liberty, now that we have it in our power to do so. Th 
history of mankind, and the cry of humanity which cal 
out for permanent peace to end all wars, both urge ths 
only by self-determination can tyranny and war be bar 
ished from the earth. A thousand selfish interests prol 
ably will call out in England, now that her hour of per 
has passed, to make no concessions to America on th: 
question. But that extraordinary genius which ha 
watched over England's destinies for the last three cer 
turies, and which has made her survive trials and outliv 
storms that seemed certain to engulf her, may raise u 
among her sons one who will remind her that it will b 
well to listen to the voice of that great country but fc 
which she would have gone to inevitable destruction, an 
to do now in her hour of triumph that act of justic 
which she has so long deferred. 

"And that act may result in building up anothe 
great and prosperous country near her shores, whos 
commerce would be with all mankind, instead of wit 
her alone, but the portion of that commerce which sh 
would secure would be greater than the whole of tha 
which she now monopolizes. It may result in bringinj 
into existence a government in Ireland which wouL 



OF AMERICAN HISTORY 391 

mean the creation of a hundred ties that would make 
for friendliness and neighborly kindliness, and of con- 
tributions to mankind, in the benefits of which England 
would necessarily share, that would outweigh many 
times any losses she would sustain. It may, indeed, re- 
sult in loosening her control of the seas, but it would 
remove the enmity and hostility of England's governing 
classes that have gone wherever the Irish or their de- 
scendants are to be found on earth, — and where is it 
that they are not to be found ? And such an act will do 
more to remove the differences that have existed be- 
tween America and England than all other things that 
she can do, in that it will satisfy the vast body of 
Americans of the sincerity of England in talking of self- 
determination for the small nations. 

"Possibly, England may be told by her zealous 
friends here that America has been won so completely 
from her old ideas that, to all intents and purposes, the 
separation of the two countries is a thing of the past. 
But let her make no such mistake. Never, underneath 
the surface, was the spirit of American nationality so 
vibrant and so strong; never was there such pride in 
what our country has been able to do and is determined 
to do for the cause of liberty and mankind; never so 
certain the reaction which will come against any failure 
unselfishly to keep promises and professions made in 
the hour of danger and distress. America has awakened 
for the first time to a realization of her wonderful 
strength, not merely in material resources, but in the 
moral leadership of the progressive forces of the world, 
which will remain with her so long, and only so long, as 



392 A HIDDEN PHASE 

she is faithful to the eternal truths contained in tha 
immortal document — in the common language, it is wel 
to remember, of America and England — the Declara 
tion of Independence, which startled the tyrants of man 
kind and started that procession of peoples towar< 
liberty, which should not and will not end until all gov 
ernments on earth derive their powers from the consen 
of those whom they govern. 

"In that path lie safety and security for mankind 
peace and good will among men, and freedom from wai 
with its attendant horrors ; an end to the colossal arma 
ments and preparations for war which bring in thei 
train the over-taxation which breeds anarchy and hatrei 
of all authority ; the League of Nations and the rule o 
justice of which idealists all over the world are dream 
ing, and the permanent peace which will secure to Eng 
land, as to all the rest of the world, the exemption whic 
she needs from another test of her strength in armi 
May her statesmen have the courage to rise to the occa 
sion and by their devotion to justice and the fulfilmen 
of their pledges help our great President, at the Peac 
Conference, to make that permanent, because jusi 
peace which will be a lasting blessing to all mankind! 



APPENDIX 

OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY AND NAVY 
OF THE REVOLUTION OF IRISH BIRTH OR 
DESCENT 

Note — Those marked with an asterisk (*) were born in Ireland. 
There can be no doubt that many of the others were also native 
Irishmen, but the place of birth is not given in the records from 
which these names are obtained. 

*Armstrong, John, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
*Armstrong, James, Captain, Virginia Light Horse 
*Adams, William, Surgeon, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 

Adair, John, Major, South Carolina Militia 
* Aiken, John, Lieutenant, Bedford, N. H., Militia 

Barry, David, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Barry, Richard, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
*Barry, Andrew, Captain, South Carolina Partisan Rangers 
Barry, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, Philadelphia County Mili- 
tia 
*Barry, Michael, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 

Barry, John, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
*Barry, Michael, Surgeon, 3d Continental Dragoons, Va. 
*Barry, John, Captain, Continental Navy 
*Barry, Patrick, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
Barry, Theodore, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
Baldwin, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Colonel William Malcom's 

Regiment of New York Levies 
Baldwin, Cornelius, Surgeon, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Banning, John, Captain, Virginia Militia 
Barnwell, John, Brigadier-General, South Carolina Militia 

393 



394 APPENDIX 

Barrett, Bartholomew, Captain, 9th Regiment, Albany Coun- 
ty, N. Y., Militia 
Barrett, James, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, New York Line 
Barrett, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, Mass. Militia 
Barrett, James, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
Barrett, Joseph, Captain, Nichols* N. H. Regiment, Conti- 
nental Line 
Barrett, Richard, Captain, Philadelphia City Guards 
Barrett, Oliver, Ensign, Warner's N. H. Regiment, Conti- 
nental Line 
Barrett, William, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
Barrett, Robert, Captain, Virginia Convention Guards 
Barrett, Thomas, Captain, New York Militia 
Barrett, William, Captain, Baylor's N. C. Dragoons 
Barron, James, Brigadier-General, Virginia State Troops 
Barron, James, Lieutenant, Virginia Militia 
Barron, John, Lieutenant, Massachusetts Militia 
Barron, Oliver, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
Barron, Timothy, Captain, Bedell's Regiment, Vermont Mili- 
tia 
Barron, William, Captain, Col. Isaac Wyman's N. H. 

Regiment 
Barron, Richard, Captain, Virginia State Navy 
Barber, Francis, Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
Barber, John, Colonel, New York Line 

Bennett, Patrick, Quartermaster, 4th Continental Dragoons 
*Blaine, Ephraim, Commissary-General of Purchases, Penna. 
Line 
Bohannon, Ambrose, Captain, 1st Va. Continental Artillery 
Bolan, Thomas, Adjutant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Bowen, Daniel, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
*Boylan, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
Boylan, James, Captain, Penna. Battalion of the Flying Camp 
Boyle, Alexander, Adjutant, Philadelphia City Militia 
Boyle, James, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
Boyle, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Boyle, John, Officer, First City Troop of Philadelphia 
*Boyle, Peter, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Boyle, Peter, Ensign, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 



APPENDIX 395 

Boyle, Philip, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
*Bradigan, Daniel, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
Brady, Christopher, Lieutenant, Stephenson's Va. Rifle Regi- 
ment 
Brady, David, Surgeon, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Brady, John, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Brady, John, Major, Northumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Brady, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Brady, Joseph, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Brady, Samuel, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Brady, William, Captain, Stephenson's Va. Rifle Regiment 
Bradey, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 

Brady, , Captain, Morgan's Rifle Corps 

Brannon, Benjamin, Lieutenant-Colonel, Chester County, Pa., 

Militia 
Brannon, B., Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Bohan, Joseph, Captain, Pulaski Legion (Ga. ) 
Breslin, Thomas, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Bradley, Daniel, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Connecticut Line 
Bradley, Daniel, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Broderick, James, Captain, Spencer's Regiment, N. J. Line 

Broderick, , Captain, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 

Brandon, John, Major, Rowan County, N. C, Troops 
Brandon, Thomas, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Brandon, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Brandon, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Bulger, Edward, Major, Kentucky troops 
Bulger, John, Captain, Kentucky troops 
•^Bourke, James, Captain, Privateer Neptune, Mass. Naval 

Service 
•^Bourke, Thomas, Captain, 4th Maryland Battalion of the 

Flying Camp 
Burke, Adam, Lieutenant, South Carolina troops 
Burke, Edward, Captain, Patton's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Burke, Edward, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
Burke, Edward, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Burke, Edward, Lieutenant, ship Columbus, Continental Navy 
Burke, Henry, Captain, Virginia Militia 
Burke, Jacob, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 



396 APPENDIX 

Burke, John, Captain, brigantine Good Hope, Mass. Navy 
Burke, John, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Burke, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Burke, Lewis, Captain, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Burke, Thomas, Colonel, North Carolina Line 

*Burke, William, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
Burke, William, Captain, ship Warner, Continental Navy 
Burke, John, Captain, schooner Constitution, Mass. Navy 
Burke, William, Captain, ship Skyrocket, Mass. Navy 

*Brown, Andrew, Muster-Master General, Continental Army 
Browne, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Browne, Thomas, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Butler, Charles, Lieutenant, 22d Continental Infantry, Conn. 

*Butler, Edward, Captain, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Butler, Edward, Adjutant, 3d Regiment, Penna Line 
Butler, Edward, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Butler, Edmond, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 

Line 
Butler, Henry, Captain, N. H. Militia 
Butler, James, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Butler, James, Captain, Goshen, N. Y., Regiment 
Butler, John, Adjutant, Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment 
Butler, John, Brigadier-General, North Carolina Militia 
Butler, John, Captain, Marion's South Carolina Brigade 
Butler, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, North Carolina troops 
Butler, Joseph, Lieutenant, Smallwood's Md. Regiment of 

the Line 
Butler, Joseph, Captain, 4th Mass. Continental Infantry 
Butler, Lawrence, Captain, 14th Regiment, Virginia Line 

*Butler, Pierce, Major, South Carolina Militia 

*Butler, Percival, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Butler, Richard, Major-General, Continental Line 
Butler, Samuel, Lieutenant, 15th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Butler, Thomas, Lieutenant, Scammon's Mass. Regiment | 

*Butler, Thomas, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Butler, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
Line 



APPENDIX 397 

*Butler, William, Colonel, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Butler, William, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
Byrne, Clifford, Captain, brigantine Greyhound, Continental 
Navy 

*Byrne, James, Captain, privateer Two Esthers, Penna. Naval 
Service 

*Byrne, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Byrne, John, Captain, Thurston's Va. Regiment of the Line 
Byrne, Joseph, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 

*Byrne, Simon, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 

Cain, Morris, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
Callaghan, Charles, Captain, sloop Polli/, Mass. Naval Service 

*Callaghan, William, Captain, sloop Ranger, Mass. Naval 
Service 

*Callahan, John, Lieutenant, North Carolina Militia 
Callahan, John, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
Calanan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
Callan, William, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Calhoun, Mark, Ensign, Delaware Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
Calhoun, George, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Calhoun, Patrick, Ensign, South Carolina Militia 
Calhoun, William, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Cannon, Luke, Lieutenant, 15th Regiment, Va. Line 
Cannon, Daniel, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Cannon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Cannon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Va. Line 
Cannon, William, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 

*Cargill, Henry, Captain, New Hampshire troops 
Carberry, Henry, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Carberry, Henry, Captain, Hartley's Maryland Regiment 
Carragen, Joseph, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Cavender, Garret, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 

Carrell, , Captain, Chester County, Pa., Militia 

Carroll, Butler, Ensign, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Carroll, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Carroll, John, Ensign, York County, Pa,, Militia 



398 APPENDIX 

Carroll, Jonathan, Lieutenant, Learned's Mass. Regiment 

Carnes, Patrick, Surgeon, Virginia troops 

Carnes, Patrick, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 

Dragoons 
Carney, Arthur, Captain, 4th Battalion, Georgia Troops 
Carney, Arthur, Quartermaster, 8th Regiment, Va. Line 
Carney, Martin, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Carney, Richard, Lieutenant, Vermont State Line 
Carthy, Daniel, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster-General, 

Continental Army 
Carty, A., Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Penna Line 
*Casey, John, Captain, ship Thomas, Mass. Naval Service 
Casey, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Maryland Line 
Casey, John, Major, Pasquotank County, N. C, troops 
Casey, Benjamin, Captain, 12th Regiment, Va. State Line 
Casey, Gideon, Lieutenant, 1st Rhode Island Regiment 
*Casey, Thomas, Colonel, Kentucky troops 
*Carr, Patrick, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Carleton, Patrick, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
Line 

Cantey, , Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 

Carley, Peter, Ensign, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
Clinton, George, Brigadier-General, New York troops 
Clinton, James, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
Carnaghan, James, Lieutenant, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
Cranaghan, John, Ensign, Morehead's Penna. Guards 
Carnahan, William, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
Coleman, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Coleman, Robert, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Line 
Coleman, Timothy, Lieutenant, Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. 
Levies 
*Cogan, Patrick, Lieutenant, 5th N. H. Continental Regiment 
^Collins, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Georgia Line 
Collins, Daniel, Lieutenant, 12th Connecticut Infantry 
Collins, Daniel, Lieutenant, Little's Mass. Regiment 
Collins, Daniel, Captain, Connecticut Militia 
Collins, Francis, Captain, New York Militia 
Collins, John, Deputy Commissary of Military Stores 
Collins, James, Major, Little's Mass. Regiment 



APPENDIX 399 

Collins, Joseph, Captain, New Jersey Militia 
Collins, Joseph, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
Collins, Mark, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
Collins, Robert, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
Collins, Thomas, Colonel, Delaware Militia 
Collins, Williams, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
Comerford, Joseph, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Condry, Dennis, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
Connell, Daniel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
ing Camp 
Connell, Samuel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
ing Camp 
Connelly, John, Captain, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
*Connelly, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Artillery 
Connelly, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia Militia 
Connelly, Michael, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, N. Y. Line 
*Connelly, Patrick, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
Line 
Connelly, Robert, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Connolly, Michael, Captain, 2d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
*Connolly, Robert, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Connolly, Thomas, Captain, privateer Nancy, Mass. Naval 
Service 
Connor, Conrad, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
Connor, Daniel, Lieutenant of a Georgia Regiment 
Connor, Edward, Captain, Willett's Regiment, N. Y. Levies 
Connor, Edward, Cornet, 3d Regiment Dragoons, Conti- 
nental Line 
Connor, Edward, Quartermaster, Wessenfels' N. Y. Regiment 
Connor, Edward, Lieutenant, 3d Continental Dragoons 

Connor, John, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
Connor, James, Captain, privateer Providence, Penna. Naval 
Service 
*Connor, Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11th Regiment, Penna. 
Line and Adjutant-General to General Washington 



400 APPENDIX 

Connor, Walter, Captain, privateer St. John, Penna. Naval 

Service 
Connors, Benjamin, Captain, privateer Hyder Ally, Mass. 

Naval Service 
Connors, Samuel, Lieutenant-Colonel, Wingate's N. H. Regi- 
ment 
Connor, William, Ensign, 7th Regiment, Virginia Line 
*Connors, Timothy, Quartermaster, Lancaster County, Pa., 
Militia 
Conners, John, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Conner, William, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
Conway, Charles, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Conway, Francis, Lieutenant, King George County, Va., 

Militia 
Conway, Henry, Captain, 14th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Conway, James, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
Conway, John, Captain, 1st Battalion 1st Establishment, 

N. J. State troops 
Conway, John, Captain, American brigantine Terrible 
Conway, John, Major, 4th Battalion 2d Establishment, N. J. 

State troops 
Conway, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
Conway, Joseph, Captain, 15th Regiment, Va., Continental 
Line 
*Conway, Thomas, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
Conville, Andrew, Captain, Virginia Militia 
Conwell, Daniel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
ing Camp 
Conwell, Samuel, Lieutenant, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
Conwell, William, Colonel, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
Conwell, William, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
Conyers, Daniel, Captain, Marion's S. C. Brigade 
Conyers, James, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Coburn, Peter, Captain, Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment 
Coghlan, Terence, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Cotter, John, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Coughlan, Richard, Quartermaster, Reed's N. H. Regiment 
Coughlin, Richard, Lieutenant, 2d Continental Artillery 



APPENDIX 401 

Coughran, John, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
Convey, Peter, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
*Cosgrove, Joseph, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., 

Militia 
*Costigan, Francis, Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 1st Establish- 
ment, N. J. State troops 
Costigan, Lewis J., Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 2d Establish- 
ment, N, J, State troops 
*Cronan, Patrick, Lieutenant, Malcom's Regiment, N. Y. 

Levies 
*Crowley, Florence, Lieutenant, Sd Massachusetts Artillery 
*Constable, William, Aide-de-Camp to General Lafayette 
*Cox, Paul, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
Coyle, Samuel, Ensign, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
Coyle, Thomas, Lieutenant, 5th South Carolina Regiment 
*Croghan, William, Major, Virginia Continental Line 
Cruise, Walter, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Craig, Isaac, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 
*Cross, William, Lieutenant (regiment unknown — served in 
invasion of Canada in 1775) 
Cruise, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
*Courtenay, Hercules, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artil- 
lery 
Cullen, Charles, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Dutchess County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Cummins, Daniel, Lieutenant, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
Cummins, John, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Cummins, John, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Cummins, Robert, Surgeon, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
Cummins, William, Lieutenant, Heard's New Jersey Brigade 
Cummings, John, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
Cunningham, Arthur, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Cunningham, Andrew, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., 
Militia 
*Conyngham, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d N. Y. Continental 
Artillery 



402 APPENDIX 

*Conyngham, Gustavus, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
Cunningham, Henry, Lieutenant, Lamb's Artillery 
Cunningham, James, Colonel, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Cunningham, John, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Cunningham, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Militia 
Cunningham, Paul, Ensign, North Carolina troops 
Cunningham, Peter, Ensign, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Cunningham, Robert, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
Cunningham, William, Major, Virginia Line 

Daley, Daniel, Captain, 1st South Carolina Regiment 
Daley, Joshua, Lieutenant, 7th North Carolina Regiment 
*Dayley, Dennis, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Dalton, Jeremiah, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
Dalton, Joseph, Captain, 3d Continental Artillery (N. J.) 
Dalton, Michael, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
Dalton, Thomas V., Captain, 4th Maryland Battalion of the 

Flying Camp 
Dalton, Valentine, Lieutenant, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
Dealey, John, Lieutenant, Brigantine Sturdy Beggar, Mass. 
Davin, Richard, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
D'Arcy, James, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 

Brigade 
D'Arcy, John, Surgeon's Mate, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
D'Arcy, Lewis, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Darrah, Henry, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
*Darragh, Daniel, Ensign, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Darragh, Charles, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Darragh, Henry, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Fly- 
ing Camp 
Demsey, Joseph, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
Dempsey, William, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Dempsey, William, Ensign, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
DeCourcy, Edward, Lieutenant, Veazey's Independent Mary- 
land Company 
Deevy, Thomas, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 



APPENDIX 403 

*Delany, Sharp, Colonel, 2d Pennsylvania Regiment 
Dennis, Daniel, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Dennis, Patrick, Lieutenant, Rutgers' N. Y. Artillery 
*Denny, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Line 
Denny, Robert, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Denny, Walter, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Denny, William, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Devinny, Andrew, Major, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Devinny, William, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., 

Militia 
Dennison, Daniel, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. Y. Line 
*Dennison, James, Captain, 4th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
*Dillon, Count Arthur, Colonel, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
*Dillon, Bartholomew, Lieutenant-Colonel, Regiment de Dil- 
lon, French-Irish Brigade 
Dillon, Benjamin, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Dillon, James, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Dillon, James, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
Dillon, James, Captain, 2d Battalion, 2d Establishment, N. J. 

State troops 
Dillon, John, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Dillon, Morris, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
Brigade 
*Dillon, Theobald, Colonel-en-seconde, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
*Divver, Anthony, Captain, ship Cicero, Mass. Navy 

Dobbins, Hugh, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
*Donaldson, John, Captain, brigantine Captain, Mass. Navy 
Doherty, George, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
Doherty, George, Major, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Doherty, James, Major, South Carolina Militia 
*Dougherty, Bernard, Lieutenant-Colonel, Bedford County, 
Pa., Militia 
Dougherty, Charles, Lieutenant, 6th Continental Infantry 

(Mass.) 
Dougherty, Henry, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 



404 APPENDIX 

*Dougherty, John, Lieutenant, Magaw's Penna. Rifle Regi- 
ment 
Dougherty, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
Dougherty, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Mihtia 

*Dougherty, Michael, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Maryland 
Line 
Dougherty, Michael, Lieutenant, 13th Mass. Regiment 
Donohoe, Thomas, Major, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Dongan, Thomas, Colonel, Randolph County, Va., Militia 
Dongan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Donovan, Richard, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Md. Line 

*Donovan, Matthew, Major, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Dooley, George, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
Donlevy, James, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Virginia State Line 

*Dooley, John, Colonel, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Dooley, Thomas, Captain, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
Dooley, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Georgia Line 
Dulin, Henry, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Dooley, Thomas, Captain, Virginia Militia 
Dugan, James, Ensign, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
Dugan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Guards 
Dugan, Thomas, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Dugan, Thomas, Paymaster, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
Dugan, Thomas, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Dugan, Jeremiah, Major, BattaHon of Rangers 
Dugan, James, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Duggan, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
DufFy, Hugh, Ensign, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 

*Duff'y, Timothy, Surgeon's Mate, Hazen's Continental Regi- 
ment 

*DufFy, Patrick, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 
Dorrance, David, Captain, 5th Regiment, Connecticut Line 
Dorrance, George, Lieutenant-Colonel, Connecticut Militia 
Dorrance, George, Lieutenant, Hitchcock's R. I. Regiment 
Dowling, David, Captain, Philadelphia County Militia 

*Dunning, Michael, Lieutenant, Warner's N. H. Continental 
Regiment 
Doyle, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 



APPENDIX 405 

*Doyle, Thomas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Doyle, William, Commander of Pennsylvania Frontier troops 
Downey, Daniel, Lieutenant of a South Carolina Regiment 
Downey, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Downey, John, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Downey, Sylvester, Surgeon's Mate, 9th Regiment, Penna. 

Line 
Downey, Thomas, Quartermaster, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Downey, Thomas, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
J)oran, Morris, Captain, sloop PoUy, Mass. Naval Service 
Donnahou, George, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
Donnell, James, Captain, 12th Massachusetts Regiment 
Donnell, Nathaniel, Captain, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
Donnell, Timothy, Ensign, 1st Massachusetts Regiment 
Danelly, Patrick, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 

*Donnally, Andrew, Colonel, Botetourt County, Va., Militia 
Donnelly, Patrick, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Donley, Moses, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 

*Driscoll, Darby, Lieutenant, brigantine Civil Usage, Mass. 
Navy 
Driskell, Joseph, Lieutenant, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
Driskill, John, Lieutenant, 3d Mass. Artillery 

*Drennan, William, Captain, Cumberland, County, Pa., Militia 
Downing, Timothy, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
Doudel, Michael, Captain, Thompson's Battalion of Penna. 

Riflemen 
Dungan, Garrett, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Dungan, John, Lieutenant, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
Dungan, Thomas, Paymaster, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Dungan, Thomas, Jr., Lieutenant, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 
Dunn, Jeremiah, Lieutenant, Thompson's New Jersey Bat- 
talion 
Dunn, James, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia' 
Dunn, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Dunn, James, Captain, Patterson's Battalion of the Dela- 
ware Flying Camp 
Dunn, John, Lieutenant, Wynkoop's Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
Dunn, John, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 



406 APPENDIX 

Dunn, John, Quartermaster, Northampton County, Pa., 
Militia 
*Dunn, Peter, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Dunn, Samuel, Captain, Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment 
Dunn, Thomas, Captain, Charming Molly, Mass. Naval Serv- 
ice 
Dunwoody, Hugh, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Dunwoody, David, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
Dunwoody, Robert, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
Dunwoody, Thomas, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
Dunlevy, Francis, Lieutenant, Penna. troops under conunand 

of Colonel William Crawford 
Dorsey, Daniel, Ensign, 3d Battalion Maryland Flying Camp 
Dorsey, John, Surgeon's Mate, 3d Battalion Md. Flying 

Camp 
Dorsey, John W., Lieutenant, 3d Battalion Maryland Flying 

Camp 
Dorsey, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Dorsey, Richard, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
Dorsey, Thomas, Captain, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 

Ennis, Daniel, Ensign, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
Ennis, William, Lieutenant, Olney's R. I. Battalion 

Farley, Joseph, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Va. Line 
Fanning, Charles, Lieutenant, 4th Connecticut Regiment 
Fanning, John, Captain, ship Trojan, Penna. State Navy 
Fanning, John, Surgeon's Mate, Conn. Hospital Department 
Fanning, Thomas, Quartermaster, 17th Continental Infantry 

Farrell, , Adjutant, Virginia troops 

Farrell, John, Conductor of Military Stores, Penna. Line 
Ferrall, M., Ensign, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Ferrell, Luke M., Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Ferrell, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
Ferrell, Simon, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, N. Y., 

Militia 
Ferrell, Thomas, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Farris, John, Commander of Privateers, Mass. Naval Service 
Farley, Andrew, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 



APPENDIX 407 

Fay, Joseph, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. H. Line 
Feeley, Timothy, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 

*Fegan, Lawrence, Quartermaster, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
Fennell, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Fergus, James, Surgeon, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Finney, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Finn, John, Captain, South Carolina Artillery 
Finn, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Virginia Artillery 
Finley, Andrew, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Finley, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Finley, John H., Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Finley, Joseph I., Captain, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Finley, Samuel, Lieutenant, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
Finley, Samuel, Surgeon, 14th Massachusetts Regiment 
Finley, Samuel, Major, 7th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Finley, Thomas, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
Fitzgerald, Benjamin, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
Fitzgerald, Bartley, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Mihtia 
Fitzgerald, Edward, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
French-Irish Brigade 

*Fitzgerald, John, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Fitzgerald, John, Captain, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 

*Fitzgerald, John, Major, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Fitzgerald, John Henry, Captain, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 
Fitzgerald, Thomas, Midshipman, Continental Frigate Trumr 

hull 
Fitzgerald, William, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, 

N. Y., Regiment 
Fitzgerald, William, Captain, Virginia Militia 
Fitzgerald, , Captain, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 

*Fitzpatrick, Patrick, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Fitzpatrick, William, Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 

*FitzSimmons, Nicholas, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 

*FitzSimmons, Thomas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Flahavan, John, Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 1st Establish- 
ment, N. J. State Troops 



408 APPENDIX ) 

Flahavan, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. J. Continental 

Line 
Flanagan, Samuel, Captain, 3d Battalion 1st Establishment 

N. J. State Troops 
*Flanagan, William, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Flinn, James, Quartermaster, Colonel Foster's Mass. Regi- 
ment 
Flinn, John, Ensign, Colonel Malcom's N. Y. Regiment of 

the Line 
*Flinn, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Fling, Lemuel, Lieutenant, Sd Regiment, Connecticut Line 
Flood, Daniel, Captain, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
*Fogarty, Joseph, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
Foley, Mason, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Fox, Jeremiah, Lieutenant, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
Fox, Michael, Ensign, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Forrester, James, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Forrester, Simon, Captain, Ship Rover, Mass. Navy 
*Fullerton, Patrick, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of 

Foot 
Fullerton, Edward, Surgeon, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
Fullerton, Richard, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Frailey, Peter, Captain, Philadelphia County, Pa., Militia 
Ford, Peter, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 

*Gallagher, Bernard, Privateer Captain, Virginia Navy 
Gallagher, Bernard, Captain, ship Batchelor, Penna. State 

Navy 
Gallagher, Charles, Captain, Frederick County, Va., Militia 
Gallahue, Charles, Captain, Morgan's Rifle Corps 
Garvan, Edward, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Garvin, James, Lieutenant, Colonel Wingate's N. H. Regi- 
ment 

Gallagher, , Lieutenant, Philadelphia County, Pa., 

Militia 
Garrett, Andrew, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Mass. Line 
Garrett, John, Captain, Delaware Militia 



APPENDIX 409 

Garrett, Joseph, Ensign, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
Garrett, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Geary, James, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
Geary, John, Ensign, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
Geary, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Gaston, Hugh, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 

Militia 
Gaston, Alexander, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Gaston, William, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 

Mihtia 
*Geoghegan, John, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Gillespie, Christopher, Captain, Northumberland County, 

Pa., Mihtia 
Gillespie, Henry, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Gillespie, Charles, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Gillespie, Robert, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Gillespie, William, Lieutenant-Colonel, Georgia Continental 

Brigade 
Gillespy, Samuel, Lieutenant, 4!th Regiment, Ulster County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Gilliland, David, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
Gilliland, James, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
*Gilliland, James, Captain, N, Y. Regiment of Sappers and 

Miners 
Gilliland, William, Lieutenant-Colonel, York County, Pa., 

Militia 
*Gilliland, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, New York Line 
Gillelan, Samuel, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Gibbons, John, Surgeon, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, 4th Pennsylvania Battalion 
Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Gibbons, Philip, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Gibbons, William, Colonel, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Gill, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina Mihtia 
Gill, William, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Gilmore, George, Captain, 16th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
Gilmore, James, Captain, South Carolina Militia 



410 APPENDIX 

Gilmore, William, Lieutenant, Brewer's Massachusetts Regi- 
ment 
Gilmore, Hugh, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Glahan, James, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Gillon, Alexander, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Gleason, Timothy, Quartermaster, Colonel Mooney's N. H. 

Regiment 
Gilmore, Roger, Captain, Heald's N. H. Battalion 
Gilmore, James, Captain, Hale's New Hampshire Volunteers 
*Goffe, John, Major, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. H. Regiment 
Grady, Elisha, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
Gorman, Joseph, Ensign, New Jersey Militia 
Gorman, Joseph, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Grattan, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Griffin, Daniel, Captain, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
Griffin, John, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. H. Line 
*Greaton, John, Colonel, Heath's Mass. Regiment and Briga- 
dier-General Continental Line 
Gumey, Francis, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Griffin, Stephen, Ensign, 2d Regiment, New York Line 

Hafferty, Edward, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Haggerty, John, Captain, Venango County, Pa., Rangers 
*Haley, Martin, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
*Hainey, Patrick, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 

Hand, Daniel, Captain, Connecticut Militia 
*Hand, Edward, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
Handy, Henry, Lieutenant-Colonel, New Jersey Militia 
Hand, John, Major, New Jersey Militia 
Handy, George, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 

Dragoons 
Handy, John, Quartermaster, Richmond's and Tallman's 

R. I. Regiment 
Hannon, Matthew, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., 
Militia 
*Hare, Patrick, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
*Haslett, John, Colonel, Delaware Regiment of the Line 



APPENDIX 411 

Hart, Daniel, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Hart, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Haviland, John, Lieutenant, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
Harney, Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. C. 

Line 
Hayes, Arthur, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
Hayes, Christopher, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Hayes, George, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Hayes, James, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Hayes, Hugh, Lieutenant, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
*Hayes, John, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
Hayes, John, Ensign, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
Hayes, Joseph, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 

Militia 
Hayes, Samuel, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, New Jersey Line 
Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion Flying 

Camp 
Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
Hayes, Patrick, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
*Healey, Martin, Captain of a Virginia State Regiment 
Healey, Nathaniel, Captain, Learned*s Massachusetts Regi- 
ment 
*Heggarty, Jeremiah, Captain, privateer Lam,guedoc, Mass. 

Navy 
Hennion, Cornelius, Captain, 3d Battalion 2d Establishment, 

N. J. State troops 
Herron, James, Captain, Congress' Own Regiment (N. J.) 
Hallanan, John, Lieutenant, Phila. City Artillery 
Higgins, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
*Higgins, Cornelius, Captain, 5th Battalion, Wadsworth's 

Brigade 
Higgins, Cornelius, Jr., Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
Higgins, Gabriel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 

N. Y., Militia 



412 APPENDIX 

Higgins, James, Captain, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Higgins, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
Higgins, Joseph, Surgeon's Mate, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
Higgins, Peter, Lieutenant, 4<th Regiment, Va. Line 
Higgins, Robert, Captain, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 

Higgins, , Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 

Higgins, Sylvanus, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
Higgins, WilHam, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
Higgins, William, Midshipman, Oliver Cromwell, Conn. Navy 
Higgins, William, Quartermaster, 3d Regiment, Conn. Line 
Hines, Ambrose, Lieutenant, Douglas' Conn. State Regiment 

*Hynes, Andrew, Captain, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Hynes, William, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Hynes, William, Ensign, Hart's Penna. Battalion Flying 

Camp 
Hines, Thomas, Major, Wake County, N. C, Troops 
Hynes, , Captain, Philadelphia County, Pa., Militia 

*Hill, Hugh, Captain, privateer Pilgrim, Mass. Navy 
Hoey, Benjamin, Lieutenant, Penna. Artillery Artificers 

*Huey, Martin, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 

*Heard, Stephen, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Holland, Thomas, Ensign, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
Hurley, James, Lieutenant, N. J. Continental Line 

*Hurley, Martin, Ensign, 1st Battalion 2d Establishment, 

N. J. State Troops 
Hogan, Francis, Ensign, 14th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
Hogan, George, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Hogan, Henry, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Orange County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Hogan, Henry, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. 
Hogan, James, Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line and Briga- 
dier-General Continental Army 

*Hogan, Lawrence, Captain, sloop Success, Mass. Naval Serv- 
ice 

Hogan, Dr., Surgeon-in-Chief, Sullivan's Expedition 

of 1779 

*Hogan, James, Paymaster, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
Hogan, John, Colonel, Orange County, N. C, Troops 



APPENDIX 413 

Hogan, Jurian, Captain, 5th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Hogan, Philip, Hospital Physician and Surgeon, S. C. 

Hogan, , Captain, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 

Hogan, , Captain, 5th Regiment, Georgia Line 

Hughes, Timothy, Captain, Livingston's Regiment, N. Y. 

Line 
Hunter, Patrick, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Hussey, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Hyland, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Militia 

Irvine, Matthew, Captain, Malcom's Regiment, N. Y. Line 
*Irvine, Mathew, Surgeon, Lee's Battalion of Light Dragoons 
*Irvine, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
*Irvine, William, Colonel, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line and 
Brigadier-General Continental Line 

Jordan, John, Captain, Penna. Artillery Artificers 
Jordan, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
* Johnston, Francis, Lieutenant-Colonel, 4fth Penna. Battalion 

*Kean, John, Captain, Dauphin County, Penna., Militia 
Keating, William, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Kelley, Aaron, Captain, 17th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
Kelley, David, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Worcester County, 

Mass. 
Kelley, David, Lieutenant, Colonel Rand's Mass. Regiment 
Kelley, Daniel, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Kelley, David, Lieutenant, 2d New Hampshire Regiment 
*Kelley, Dennis, Lieutenant and Adjutant, 4th Regiment, 
Va. Line 
Kelley, John, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, N. Y., Regi- 
ment 
Kelley, John, Captain, Salem County, N. J., Militia 
Kelley, Moses, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
Kelley, Samuel, Lieutenant, New Hampshire Militia 



414 APPENDIX 

Kelley, William, Lieutenant, Shepard's Battalion of Va. 

Riflemen 
Kelley, William, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Kelley, William, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Kelly, Abram, Captain, Boykin's South Carolina Rangers 
Kelly, Daniel, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
Kelly, James, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
Kelly, John, Sub-Lieutenant Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Kelly, John, Colonel, Pennsylvania Militia 
Kelly, Joseph, Major, Colonel Sargent's Mass. Regiment 

*Kelly, Matthew, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 

*Kelly, Michael, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Kelly, Moses, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Kelly, Moses, Muster-Master, Wyman's N. H. Regiment 
Kelly, John, Captain, Morris County, N. J., Militia 
Kelly, Robert, Lieutenant, Colonel Dike's Mass. Regiment 
Kelly, Samuel, Lieutenant, Colonel Gilman's N. H. Regiment 
Kelly, Samuel, Lieutenant, Colonel Mooney's N. H. Regiment 

*Kelly, Thady, Captain, Virginia State Line 
Kelly, William, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Kelly, William, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
Kelly, William, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Kaley, Robert, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Worcester County, 

Mass. 
Kenna, A., Ensign, Stanton's Rhode Island Regiment 
Kenrick, Daniel, Captain, New Hampshire Militia 
Keane, Roger, Privateer Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
Keane, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment 
Keene, Lawrence, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Keene, Samuel, Surgeon's Mate, Maryland Line 
Kain, Thomas, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 

*Kearns, Daniel, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
Kerns, William, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Kerns, William, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
Keeley, Mathias, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 

*Kehoe, John, Captain, privateer Centipede, Mass. Navy 



APPENDIX 415 

Keeler, Thaddeus, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
Kellinan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
Kearney, James, Lieutenant, Hartley's Additional Regiment 

(Pa.) 
Kearney, John, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 

Militia 
Kerney, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
Kenney, Abraham, Lieutenant, New Jersey Militia 
Kenney, James, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 
Kenney, Peter, Lieutenant, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
Kenney, Samuel, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
Kenny, James, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Kenan, James, Colonel, Duplin County, N. C, Militia 
Kennon, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Kennon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
Kennon, Richard, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Kennon, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Kennessey, John, Captain, Privateer, Penna. Navy 
Keran, Edward, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Kemaghan, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Kennedy, Andrew, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
Kennedy, Daniel, Adjutant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Kennedy, James, Lieutenant, 1st South Carolina Regiment 
Kennedy, James, Adjutant, Virginia Militia 
Kennedy, John, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, N. Y., 

Regiment 
Kennedy, John, Lieutenant, 15th Massachusetts Regiment 
Kennedy, Joseph, Ensign of a Virginia Regiment 
Kennedy, Lobert, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Kennedy, Samuel, Captain, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Kennedy, Samuel, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Kennedy, Thomas, Captain, North Carolina Militia 
Kennedy, Thomas, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Kennedy, William, Major, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Killen, Mark, Lieutenant, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
Kilty, John, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
Kilty, John, Captain, '3d Continental Dragoons (Md.) 
Kilty, William, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 



416 APPENDIX 

Kilpatrick, William^ Ensign, 24th Continental Infantry 
(Mass.) 
*Knox, James, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
Kurtan, Peter, Ensign, Nicholson's Conn. Regiment 
Kyle, John, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
Kyle, Robert, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Kyle, William, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*Lawler, Matthew, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
Lawler, Thomas, Quartermaster, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 
Lawless, William, Lieutenant, Tallman's R. I. Regiment 
Lacey, Daniel, Captain, Connecticut Guards 
Lane, Cornelius, Captain, Hunterdon County, N. J., Militia 
Larty, John, Captain, Virginia Line 
*Lawrie, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
Laughery, Jeremiah, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Laughlin, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Penna., Militia 
Laughlin, James, Ensign, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
Lavery, Henry, Ensign, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
*Lewis, Andrew, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 

Lewis, Andrew, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Lewis, Charles, Colonel, Virginia Troops 
*Lewis, John, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
*Lewis, Thomas, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Va. Line 
*Lewis, William, Major, 10th Regiment, Va. Line 
Leamy, John, Captain, ship Adventure, Penna. Navy 
Leary, James, Lieutenant, Colonel Brooks' Mass. Regiment 
Leary, James, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment Continental Line 

(Mass.) 
Leary, William, Lieutenant, New Jersey Militia 
*Leary, William, Town Major of New York and Lieutenant of 
Militia 
Larey, John, Lieutenant, 7th Massachusetts Regiment 

Lary, , Captain, Bradley's N. H. Militia 

Logue, James, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Lowney, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Hunterdon County, 

N. J., Militia 
Lochry, Jeremiah, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
Militia 



APPENDIX 417 

Logan, Benjamin, Colonel, Kentucky Troops 

Logan, David, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 

Logan, George, Captain, South Carolina troops 

Logan, Francis, Captain, South Carolina Militia 

*Logan, Samuel, Major, 5th Regiment, New York Line 
Logan, Samuel, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
Logan, Thomas, Ensign, Nicholson's Conn. Regiment 
Logan, Thomas, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Logan, William, Captain, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 
Long, Andrew, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa,, Militit^ 
Long, Gabriel, Captain, 11th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Long, Hugh, Captain, Hart's Penna. Battalion of the Fly- 
ing Camp 
Long, John, Captain, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
Long, Edward, Captain, Dorset, N. Y., Militia 
Long, Nicholas, Colonel, North Carolina Militia 
Long, Nicholas, Lieutenant of a Virginia Regiment 

*Long, Pierse, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
Long, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Va. Line 
Long, Thomas, Major, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 
Long, William, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Looney, William, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 

*Lyon, Mathew, Lieutenant, "Green Mountain Boys'* (N. H.) 
Lynch, Charles, Colonel of a Virginia Rifle Regiment 
Lynch, Cornelius, Ensign, Elmore's Conn. State Regiment 
Lynch, Isidore, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Lynch, James, Surgeon, Pulaski's Legion and S. C. State 

troops 
Lynch, John, Major, 5th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Lynch, John, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Lynch, John, Lieutenant, Md. Battalion of the Flying Camp 
Lynch, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Lynch, Thomas, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 

*Lynch, Thomas, Captain, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
Linch, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
Lyons, John, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Lyons, John, Surgeon, Va. Continental Line 



418 APPENDIX , 

Lyons, Mathlas, Captain, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
Lyons, Samuel, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 

Madden, Matthew, Captain, Commodore de Galvez, Pa. Navy 
Madden, Michael, Ensign, Colonel Smith's Mass. Regiment 
*Magee, Bernard, First Officer, ship Jefferson, Mass. Navy 
Magee, James, Captain, Colonel Graham's Regiment, N. Y. 

Levies 
Magee, James, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
*Magee, James, Captain, brig General Arnold, Mass. Navy 
Magee, John, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
Magee, Peter, Lieutenant, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia 
Magee, Peter, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
Magee, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of 

N. Y. Levies 
Magee, William, Ensign, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Magee, William, Ensign, 4th Penna. Battalion 
McGee, Hugh, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
McGee, James, Captain, Colonel Dubois' Regiment, N. Y. 

Line 
McGee, James, Captain, Cumberland County, N. J., Militia 
McGee, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Penna., Militia 
McGee, John, Ensign, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McGee, Robert, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Militia 
McGee, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Magill, Charles, Colonel of a Virginia Regiment 

Magill, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Magaw, Robert, Colonel, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Magaw, William, Colonel, Penna. Rifle Regiment 
Magaw, William, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mahon, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mahon, John, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mahon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mahoney, John, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Mahony, Dennis, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
Malone, William, Captain, privateer Harbinffer, R. I. Navy 



APPENDIX 419 

Mallone, James, Captain, Colonel Putnam's Mass. Regiment 
Malon, James, Lieutenant, General Michael Farley's Mass. 

Brigade 
Malloon, John, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Essex County, 

Mass. 
Maloney, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Malony, , Captain, privateer Buckram, Mass. Naval 

Service 
*Mullowney, John, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
Maroney, Philip, Captain, 1st Battalion Maryland Flying 

Camp 
Maroney, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Militia 
•^Maxwell, William, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
Maney, William, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Va. Line 
Manley, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
Manning, Jeremiah, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., MUItia 
Manning, James, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., Mihtia 
Manning, Lawrence, Ensign, Hazen's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Manning, Lawrence, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 

Dragoons 
Manning, Richard, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Manning, William, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
Manning, William, Lieutenant, Ward's Conn. State Regiment 
*Mease, James, Commissary, Penna. Troops 
*Mease, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Mease, James, Paymaster and Treasurer, Continental Army 
*Mease, Matthew, Purser, Bon Homme Richard, Continental 

Navy 
Mebane, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. 

Militia 
Menema, Daniel, Surgeon, 2d Regiment, N, Y. Line 
Manghan, John, Lieutenant, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Meade, George, Officer, Philadelphia City Militia 
Meighan, George, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Meleaney, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. 

Line 
Mellin, John, Captain, Colonel Enoch Hale's N. H. Regiment 



420 APPENDIX 

Mellagan, James, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
Mamey, Thomas, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 

*Melally, Michael, Captain, Oliver Cromwell, Conn. Navy 
Maley, William, Captain, privateer Rambler, Mass. Navy 
Maloy, James, Ensign, 5th Penna. Battalion 
Meloy, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, South Carolina Line 
Molloy, Edward, Quartermaster, Continental Frigate Deane 
Molloy, James, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mulloy, Hugh, Lieutenant, Colonel Tupper's Mass. Regiment 
Mulloy, James, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Miles, James, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Miles, John, Lieutenant, Lamb's Artillery 

*Mitchell, Anthony, Officer of Penna. Troops (Regiment un- 
known) 
Monaghan, David, Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
Mooney, Benjamin, Lieutenant, Wyman's N. H. Militia Regi- 
ment 

*Mooney, Hercules, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
Moore, Gerard, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Moore, William, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-IrisH 
Brigade 

*Moore, Daniel, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
Morgan, John Baptist, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
MoneaneUy, Bartholomew, Quartermaster, Regiment de Dil- 
lon, French-Irish Brigade 

*Montgomery, , Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 

Moran, Edward, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
Moriarty, Thomas, Privateer Captain, Mssachusetts Navy 
Mulligan, Francis, Captain, Privateer Chance, R. I. Navy 

*Moylan, Jasper, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 

*Moylan, Stephen, Colonel, 4th Penna. Dragoons and Quarter- 
master-General Continental Army 

*Moylan, John, Quartermaster-General, Penna. Line 
Mullens, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Continental Army 
Murley, William, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
Murran, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Mulhollen, William, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 



APPENDIX 421 

Murphy, Archibald, Colonel, Caswell County, N. C, Militia 
Murphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, New Hampshire Militia 
Murphy, Daniel, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
Murphy, John, Captain, privateer Swallow, R. I. Naval 

Service 
Murphy, John, Ensign, Henry County, Va., Militia 
Murphy, John, Captain, privateer Speedwell, Mass. Navy 
Murphy, John, Jr., Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
Murphy, Maurice, Captain, Hicks' South Carolina Regiment 
Murphy, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
Murphy, Zachariah, Captain, privateer Recusett, Mass. 

Naval Service 
Murphy, , Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Murfree, Hardy, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Regiment, N. C. 

Line 
McMurphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, Hobart's N. H. Regiment 
McMurphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, Stark's N. H. Regiment 
McMurphy, Robert, Lieutenant, Peabody's N. H. Regiment 
McAfee, Robert, Captain, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
McAllen, James, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McAteer, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McAuley, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McAlevy, William, Colonel, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
McAllister, Hugh, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McAllister, Neil, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
McAvoy, George, Captain, Perseverance, Penna. Navy 
McBride, Archibald, Ensign, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 

N. Y., Militia 
McBride, James, Captain, Orange County, N. Y., Militia 
McBride, James, Major, Kentucky troops 
McBride, John, Lieutenant, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, 

N. Y. Levies 
McBride, John, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
McBride, John, Jr., Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
McBride, John, Ensign, Hartley's Penna. Regiment of the 

Line 



422 APPENDIX 

McBride, John, Captain, Colonel Dubois's Regiment, N. Y. 

Levies 
McBride, Robert, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McBride, William, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McCalla, Daniel, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
McCalla, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
McCalla, Thomas, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4th Penna. Dragoons 
McCalla, Thomas, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
McCarter, Charles, Surgeon, Morgan's Rifle Corps 
*McCauley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McCauley, John, Lieutenant, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
McCabe, Edward, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*McCabe, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McCabe, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
McCall, George, Lieutenant, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
McCall, Hugh, Major, South Carolina Militia 
McCall, James, Captain, South Carolina Rangers 
McCall, John, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
McCall, William, Lieutenant, Spencer's N. J. Regiment of the 

Line 
McCall, William, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
*McCarthy, Florence, Ensign, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
*McCarthy, John, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
McCarthy, John, Privateer Captain, Mass. Navy 
McCarthy, John, Captain, privateer Black Princess, Conn. 

Naval Service 
MacCarthy, Eugene, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
McCarthy, Timothy, Ensign, 2d Regiment, R. I. Line 
McCarty, Benjamin, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., 

Militia 
McCarty, Charles, Captain, Richmond County, Va., Militia 
McCarty, Daniel, Lieutenant, Grayson's Va. Continental 

Regiment 
McCarty, Richard, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
*McCarty, Richard, Privateer Captain, Conn. Naval Service 
McCarty, Richard, Captain, Virginia State Line 
McCarty, William, Quartermaster, 15th Mass. Regiment 



APPENDIX 428 

McCartney, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
McCann, Andrew, Major, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
McCann, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McCausland, William, Major, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McClary, Andrew, Major, 1st New Hampshire Regiment 
McClary, David, Lieutenant, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
McClary, John, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
McClary, Michael, Captain, 3d New Hampshire Regiment 
McCleary, Daniel, Lieutenant, Charlotte County, N. Y., 

Mihtia 
McCleery, William, Colonel, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
McClanin, William, Lieutenant, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
McClannen, William, Lieutenant, 18th Mass. Continental In- 
fantry 
McClenaghan, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Mihtia 
McClenahan, John F., Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., 

Militia 
McClenahan, William, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
McClaughry, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
McClees, Peter, Lieutenant, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia 
McCauley, James, Lieutenant, 5th New Hampshire Regiment 
McCauley, James, Captain, Marion's S. C. Brigade 
McCauley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McCauley, Thomas, Surgeon's Mate, 4th Continental 

Dragoons 
McClellan, Daniel, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McClellan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
McCloskey, Alexander, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
McCloskey, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
McCloskey, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
McConan, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McConaughey, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
McClellan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
McCollum, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Gloucester County, N. J., 

Militia 
McConnel, Charles, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 



424 APPENDIX 

McConnel, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McConnell, James, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McConnell, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
*McConnell, Hugh, Ensign, 4th Regiment, New York Line 

McConnell, Matthew, Captain, Hazen's Regiment, Pa. Line 
*McConnell, Matthew, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
McConnell, Robert, Captain, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
McConnell, Robert, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Penna., 

Militia 
McConnell, Samuel, Captain, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. H. 

Regiment 

McConnell, , Captain, Bartlett's N. H. Militia 

McConnell, Hugh, Adjutant, Dubois' New York Regiment of 

the Line 
McCormackj D., Colonel, Georgia Continental Brigade 
McCormick, Alexander, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., 

Militia 
McCormick, Alexander, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. 

Line 
McCormick, George, Captain, 13th Regiment, Virginia Line 
McCormick, Henry, Adjutant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
McCormick, Henry, Brigade Major, 1st Penna. Brigade 
McCormick, Henry, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Militia 
McCormick, John, Ensign, Northumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
*McCormick, John, Ensign, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 

McCormick, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
*McCormick, Thomas, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McCormick, William, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McClune, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, New York Line 
McClure, David, Lieutenant, Mott's Conn. State Regiment 
McClure, James, Adjutant, Long's N. H. Regiment 
McClure, James, Lieutenant, 2d Connecticut Artillery 
McClure, James, Ensign, North Carolina Militia 
McClure, James, Captain, Montgomery's Penna. Battalion 

Flying Camp 



APPENDIX 425 

McClure, James, Captain, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
McClure, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
McClure, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McClure, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McClure, John, Major, Georgia Continental Brigade 
McClure, John, Captain, South Carolina Rangers 
McClure, Neil, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
McClure, William, Surgeon, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McClure, William, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McClure, Joseph, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
McCrellis, Henry, Ensign, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
McConkey, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McCrory, Thomas, Captain, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McCoy, Charles, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
McCoy, Daniel, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
McCoy, James, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
McCoy, James, Adjutant, Northumberland County, Pa., 

Mihtia 
McCoy, John, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
McCoy, Joseph, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McCoy, Matthew, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McCoy, Neal, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McCoy, Thomas, Ensign, 6th Penna. Battalion 
McCoy, Thomas, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McCoy, Thomas, Captain, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McCoy, William, Lieutenant, Malcom*s N. Y. Regiment of 

the Line 
McCoy, Robert, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McCullen, James, Captain, N. Y. Artificers, Continental Army 
McDuffee, Daniel, Captain, Colonel Stephen Evans' N. H. 

Regiment 
McDuffee, William, Captain, 2d N. H. Continental Regiment 
McDuffie, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Stark's N. H. Regiment 
McDaniel, Timothy, Major, 'Sd Cumberland County, Me., 

Regiment 
McDonnol, John, Captain, Shee's Penna. Regiment 
*McDonald, Barney, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Virginia Line 
McDonald, Daniel, Captain, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 



426 APPENDIX 

McDonald, Daniel, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
McDonald, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 
McDonald, John, Lieutenant, 6th Penna. Battalion 
McDonald, John, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
McDonald, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 
McDonald, John Baptist, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
McDonald, Richard, Captain, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 
McDonald, William, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Georgia Line 
McDonough, James, Lieutenant, Haslett's Delaware Regi- 
ment 
McDonough, Thomas, Major, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
McDermott, David, Ensign, Pennsylvania Militia 
McDermott, Bernard, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
McDermott, Thomas, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
McDermond, Daniel, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McDowell, Andrew, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., 

Militia 
McDowell, Bernard, Ensign, 4th Regiment, Virginia Line 
McDowell, Charles, Lieutenant-Colonel, Rowan County, 

N. C, troops 
McDowell, Edward, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McDowell, James, Captain, Chester County, Pa., Regiment 
McDowell, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McDowell, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
McDowell, John, Surgeon, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McDowell, John, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McDowell, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Chester County, Pa., 

Militia 
McDowell, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McDowell, John, Lieutenant, Virginia Continental Line 
McDowell, Joseph, Brigadier-General, North Carolina Militia 
McDowell, Joseph, Captain, North Carolina Militia 
McDowell, Thomas, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
McDowell, Thomas, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 



APPENDIX 427 

McDowell, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
McDowell, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
McElderry, John, Lieutenant, lltli Regiment, Penna Line 

*McElhatton, William, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Pa. Line 
McElhinney, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
McElhaney, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
McElheney, James, Captain, 2d South Carolina Dragoons 
Mcllhaney, James, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
McFadden, James, Captain, North Carolina Militia 
McFadden, James, Captain, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
McFadden, James, Lieutenant, Maryland Artillery 
McFadden, Samuel, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
McFadden, William, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
McGra, John, Captain, Privateer Ranger, Mass. Navy 
McFall, Patrick, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
McFall, John, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McFall, Patrick, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McGafFey, Andrew, Lieutenant, Wingate's N. H. Regiment 
McGaffey, Neal, Lieutenant, Stark's N. H. Regiment 

*McGahey, James, Ensign, North Carolina troops 
McGaughey, Thomas, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., 
Mihtia 

*McGannon, Michael, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
McGeary, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*McGarry, Hugh, Captain, Kentucky troops 
McGarrough, James, Major, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
Militia 

*McGibbony, Patrick, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McGinley, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Artillery 
McGinley, John, Superintendent, Penna. Artillery Artificers 

•McGinnis, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 

McGinnis, , Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 

McGinness, Samuel, Ensign, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
Maginess, James, Ensign, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
McGlauhan, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 

*McGowan, John, Brigade Inspector, Penna. Line 
McGowan, John, Captain, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
McGowan, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 



428 APPENDIX 

McGowan, James, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 

*McGowan, Thomas, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 

McGowan, , Lieutenant of a Georgia Battalion 

McGuffey, Robert, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McGuire, Archibald, Lieutenant, Malcom's Regiment, N. Y. 

Levies 
McGuire, Archibald, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 

*McGuire, James, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McGuire, James, Captain, Grayson's Virginia Regiment 
McGuire, John, Captain, Grayson's Virginia Regiment 
McGuire, John, Ensign, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 
McGuire, "Merry," Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, S. C. Line 

*McGuire, Matthew, Captain, 4th Continental Artillery 
McGuire, Mathew, Captain, 1st Penna. Artillery 
McGuire, Philip, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
McGuire, William, Captain, 1st Continental Artillery (Va.) 
McGuire, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Virginia Line 
Maguire, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Line 

*Maguire, Nathaniel, Major, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
McGrady, Samuel, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McHenry, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 

*McHenry, Charles, Captain, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McHenry, Daniel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 

*McHenry, James, Surgeon, 5th Penna. Battalion 
McHaney, James, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Va. Line 
Mclllroy, George, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McKall, John, Captain, Norwich, Conn., Company 
McKee, David, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 

Militia 
McKee, Hugh, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Mihtia 
McKee, Robert, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Mihtia 

*McKee, William, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 

*McKean, Robert, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. Y. Line 
McKean, Thomas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
McKee, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Mihtia 



APPENDIX 429 

*McKelvey, James, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
Militia 
McKenney, John, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McKenny, James, Captain Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
McKenny, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
McKenny, Robert, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McKenny, William, Lieutenant, 10th Massachusetts Regi- 
ment 
McKinney, Harry, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
*McKarraghan, William, Captain, 24th Regiment, Hanover, 

Pa., Militia 
♦McKinley, Henry, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McKinnie, Walter, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McKennan, William, Captain, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
McKeown, John, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McQuown, David, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McQuown, Richard, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McQuown, Robert, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Militia 
McLane, Daniel, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
McLane, Daniel, Lieutenant, 3d Continental Artillery 
McLane, John, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Flying 

Camp 
McLane, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McLane, William, Surgeon's Mate, North Carolina Line 
McLarey, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, New York Militia 
McClaughlin, William, Captain, Colleton County, S. C, Foot 

Regiment 
McLaughlin, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
McLaughlin, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina troops 
*McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, Stark's New Hampshire 

Regiment 
*McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. H. 
Regiment 
McLaughlin, John, Lieutenant, Frederick County, Va., 

Militia 
McGlaughlan, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McKelwaine, Samuel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 



430 APPENDIX 

McManus, Hugh, Lieutenant, Rensselaer County, N. Y., 
Militia 
*McMahon, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
Militia 
McManus, , Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Albany Coun- 
ty, N. Y., Militia 
McMahon, William, Surgeon, Virginia Line 

*McMahon, , Major, Frontier troops of Georgia 

McMurran, John, Ensign, Wolcott's Conn. State Regiment 
McMullen, John, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
McMullan, John, Lieutenant, Thurston's Continental Regi- 
ment 
McMullen, Robert, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
McMullan, Nathaniel, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
McMullin, Samuel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
McMullen, Thomas, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
McMullen, William, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
*McMullen, William, Captain, Philadelphia City Guards 
Mulan, Robert, Captain, Philadelphia City Marines 
Mullen, James, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
Mullen, John, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Mullin, Charles, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Mullin, Michael, Major, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
McMurray, Joseph, Captain, Berks County, Penna., Militia 
McMurray, William, Lieutenant, Doyle's Penna. Independent 

Rifle Company 
McMurray, William, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
McNamara, James, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
*McNamara, Michael, Lieutenant, 1st Continental Artillery 
McNaughton, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McNeal, Loughlin, Lieutenant, ship Effingham, Penna. State 

Navy 
McNees, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
McNeill, Daniel, Lieutenant, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
McRenolds, Robert, Ensign, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
*McSheehy, Miles, Adjutant, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
McSheehy, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
French-Irish Brigade 
*McShane, Barnabas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 



APPENDIX 431 

McSheery, Barnabas, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
♦McSweeney, James, Lieutenant, Hartley's Additional Regi- 
ment 

Newlan, Edward, Captain, Phoenix, Penna. Navy 

Nugent, Anselm, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Nagle, James, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Nagle, Charles, Adjutant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Nagle, Peter, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Nealey, Samuel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
Nealley, William, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Neeley, Henry, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
Neeley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Neeley, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
*Neill, Daniel, Captain-Lieutenant, N. J. State Artillery 
Neill, Henry, Colonel, Delaware Line Regiment 
Neill, John, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
Neill, Robert, Captain, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
Neill, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
*Neilson, John, Colonel, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
*Nesbitt, John, Paymaster, Penna. State Navy 
♦Nichols, Francis, Major, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Nevins, Daniel, Captain, 6th Connecticut Regiment 
Nevins, William, Lieutenant, 7th Connecticut Infantry 
*Noland, Pierce, Lieutenant, Virginia Continental Line 
Nowlan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Maryland Battalion Fly- 
ing Camp 
Norris, George, Lieutenant, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
Norris, James, Captain, Col. Nathan Hale's N. H. Regiment 
Norton, Miles, Lieutenant, Connecticut Provisional Regiment 

O'Brien, Michael, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
Brigade 
*0'Brian, Thomas, Lieutenant, Connecticut Provisional Regi- 
ment 

O'Brien, Jeremiah, Captain, Machias Liberty, Mass. Navy 



432 APPENDIX 

O'Brien, John, Captain, Ship Adventure, Mass. Navy 

O'Brien, John, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
Brigade 

O'Brien, Thaddeus, Major, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
Brigade 

O'Brien, Richard, Lieutenant, Ship Jefferson, Continental 
Navy 

O'Brien, William, Lieutenant, Ship Hibernia, Massachusetts 
Navy 

O'Brien, William, Lieutenant, Machias Liberty, Massachu- 
setts Navy 

O'Bryan, William, Captain, Georgia troops and Treasurer 
Georgia Revolutionary Committees 

O'Brien, Joseph, Privateer Captain, Massachusetts Navy 

O'Cahill, Louis, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 

O'Connor, Chevalier Armand, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, 
French-Irish Brigade 
♦O'Connor, Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11th Regiment, Pa. 
Line 

O'Crowley, Felix, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, 
French-Irish Brigade 

O'Croly, Charles, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
Brigade 

O'Donnell, John, Ensign, Washington County, Pa., Militia 

O'Doyer, Dennis, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
Brigade 

O'Driscoll, James, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
Brigade 

O'Bannon, John, Colonel, Fauquier County, Virginia, Militia 

O'Farrell, Emanuel, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 

O'Farrell, Claude, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 

O'Farrell, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 

OTlynn, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 



APPENDIX 433 

O'Flynn, Patrick, Captain, Neill's Delaware Regiment of 

the Line 
O'Gorman, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
O'Hara, Henry, Captain, 13th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
O'Hara, Henry, Captain, Hazen's Continental Regiment 
O'Hara, James, Captain (regiment not stated, served at 

Fort Pitt, Pa., in 1776) 
O'Hara, James, Brigadier-General, Penna. Militia and 
Quartermaster-General, Continental Army 

O'Hara, , Captain, New Jersey Militia 

O'Hara, , Captain, Connecticut troops (regiment not 

stated) 
O'Keefe, Patrick, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Oakley, Miles, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. Y. Line 
O'Mara, Henry, Captain, Wynkoop's Regiment of New York 

Militia 
O'Meara, Daniel, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 

French-Irish Brigade 
O'Meara, John Baptist, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, 

French-Irish Brigade 
O'Moran, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
O'Moran, James, Major, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
O'Neill, Bernard, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
O'Neill, John, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
O'Neill, Charles, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
O'Neill, Francis, Surgeon, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
O'Neill, Ferdinand, Captain, Virginia Cavalry 
O'Neill, Henry, Ensign, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
O'Neal, John, Adjutant, Col. Daniel Moore's N. H. Regiment 
O'Neal, Ferdinand, Captain, Lee's Battalion S. C. Light 

Dragoons 
O'Reilly, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 



434 APPENDIX 

O'Reilly, John, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
O'Riordan, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
O'Sheil, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Owens, Barney, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Owens, Barney, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, New York Line 
Owens, Henry, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 

Purdon, Henry, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Purdon, Simon, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irishi 

Brigade 

Patton, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Penna., Militia 
Patton, James, Lieutenant, 2d Continental Dragoons 

*Patton, John, Colonel, Pennsylvania Line J 

Patton, John, Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line . 

Patton, John, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 

*Patton, John, Quartermaster, 1st Regiment, N. H. Line 
Patton, Robert, Lieutenant, Klotz's Penna. Battalion Fly- 
ing Camp 
Patton, Robert, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Patton, William, Captain, Patton's Regiment, Penna. Line 
Phelon, Edward, Aide-de-Camp to General Putnam 
Phelon, Edward, Captain, 4th Regiment, Mass. Line 
Phelon, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Mass. Line 

*Phelan, Patrick, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Mass. Line 
Phelon, Patrick, Captain, Jackson's Mass. Continental Regi- 
ment 
Piggott, James, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Piggott, John, Captain, General Clark's Illinois Regiment 
Pickens, Andrew, Colonel, S. C. Militia and Brigadier-Gren- 

eral. State troops 
Pickett, Martin, Colonel, Virginia Militia 
Pickett, Thomas, Ensign, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Pickett, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Pickett, William, Major, Virginia Militia 



APPENDIX 435 

*Plunkett, David, Captain, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
Plunkett, Francis, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Prendergast, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 
Prendergast, William, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland 
Line 
*Preston, William, Captain, Virginia Rangers 
Power, Augustine, Major, Philadelphia City Militia 
Power, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Power, Robert, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion S. C. Light 

Dragoons 
Power, John, Captain, ship William, Massachusetts Navy 
Power, William, Captain, 4th Continental Artillery 
Power, William, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Powers, Alexander, Quartermaster, Miles' Penna. Line Regi- 
ment 
Powers, James, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
Powers, James, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Powers, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Hampshire County, 

Mass., Militia 
Powers, Thomas, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Hampshire 

County, Mass., Militia 
Powers, Thomas, Captain, Privateer Dauphin, Massachusetts 

Navy 
Powers, William, Lieutenant, Gregory's Virginia Scouts 
*Proctor, Francis, Lieutenant, 1st Penna. Artillery 
*Proctor, Thomas, Colonel, 1st Penna. Artillery 

Quigley, Christopher, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 

Militia 
Quigley, James, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Quigley, Joseph, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Mihtia 

*Quigley, Philip, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Quigley, Robert, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
Quigley, Robert, Captain, Pennsylvania Militia 

*Quigley, Thomas, Conm[iander, schooner General Putnam, 
N. Y. Navy 
Quigley, Thomas, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 



436 APPENDIX 

Quinlan, Joseph, Surgeon, 3d Regiment, Virginia Line 
*Quinn, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 

Quinn, John, Surgeon, 3d Regiment, N. H. Line 
*Quinn, Michael, Captain, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 

Quin, Michael, Captain, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 

Quin, Samuel, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
*Quirk, Thomas, Major, Virginia State Line 

Quirk, , Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Virginia Conti- 
nental Line 

i 

Ragan, Daniel, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Reagan, Richard, Captain, Rockingham County, Virginia, 

Mihtia 
Redmond, Andrew, Military Storekeeper, South Carolina 

troops 
*Redmond, Andrew, Officer, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Redmond, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, S. C. Militia 
Rice, John, Captain, North Carolina troops ■ 

Rice, John, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy | 

*Reynolds, Daniel, Major, Mooney's N. H. Regiment 
Reynolds, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Burlington County, 

N. J., Militia 
Reiley, John, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Reiley, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 
Reiley, John, Captain, New York Rangers 
Reiley, John, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
Reilley, John, Captain, Webb's Connecticut Regiment 
Reilly, James, Lieutenant, BurralPs Connecticut Regiment 
Riley, A., Captain, Brig Ranger, Connecticut Navy 
Riley, John, Captain, Sloop Hero, Connecticut Navy 
Riley, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Riley, Roger, Captain, New Jersey Militia 
Reiley, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 
*Roach, Francis, Captain, ship Master, Mass. Navy 
Roach, John, Captain, ship Ranger, Continental service 
Roach, Nicholas, Surgeon, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
Roche, Edward, Lieutenant, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
Roche, Thomas, Captain, Sloop PoUy, Mass. Naval Service" 



APPENDIX 437 

Roche, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Roane, Christopher, Captain, Virginia Artillery 
Rowan, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
Rowan, John, Captain, Salem County, N. J., Militia 
Rowan, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Rowan, Robert, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 

*Rogers, Patrick, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
Roney, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia County, Pa, Militia 
Roney, John, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
Russell, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Conn. Line 

♦Rutherford, Griffith, Brigadier-General, N. C. Militia 

*Rutledge, Edward, Captain, S. C. Artillery 
Rutledge, Thomas, Major, Duplin County, N. C, Militia 
Rutledge, William, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 

*Ryan, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Militia 
Ryan, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
Ryan, Michael, Captain, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, New York Line 
Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant-Colonel, Fairfax County, Va., 

Mihtia 
Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant, 14th Regiment, New York Militia 

*Ryan, Michael, Brigade Major, Wheelock's Mass. Regiment 

*Ryan, Michael, Inspector-General, Penna. Militia 
Ryan, Matthew, Lieutenant, Wheelock's Mass. Regiment 

*Ryan, Philip, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
Ryan, Robert, Major, Georgia Continental Brigade 
Ryan, William, Lieutenant, Nixon's Mass. Regiment 
Ryan, William, Captain, Henry County, Va., Militia 
Rhyne, John, Lieutenant, 14th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 

Shaw, Daniel, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 

*Shaw, , Commodore, Continental Navy 

*Shaw, Michael, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 

Shaw, Patrick, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
*Shahan, Darby, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., 
Militia 

Shay, Daniel, Captain, 5th Regiment, Mass. Line 
*Shea, John, Colonel, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 



438 APPENDIX 

Shee^ Robert, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Shee, William, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Sexton, Samuel, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
Shields, David, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Shields, George, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
Shields, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
Shields, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Westmoreland County, 

Penna., Militia 
Shields, Joseph, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Shields, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Virginia Line 
Shields, R., Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
* Shields, Peter, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Shannon, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
Shannon, Robert, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
*Smith, James, Colonel, Pennsylvania Militia 
*Smith, Patrick, Lieutenant-Colonel, Dorset, N. Y., Militia 
Strahan, William, Lieutenant, Lamb's N. Y. Artillery 
Sullivan, Daniel, Captain, 6th Regiment, Lincoln County, 

Maine 
Sullivan, Eben, Captain, 30th Regiment, Lincoln County, 

Maine 
Sullivan, Ebenezer, Captain, 15th Continental Infantry 
Sullivan, Jacob, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Albany County, 

N. Y., Militia 
Sullivan, James, Quartermaster, Lancaster County, Pa., 

Militia 
Sullivan, James, Commissary, Massachusetts troops 
Sullivan, James, Captain, 13th Regiment, Virginia Line 
Sullivan, John, Major-General, Continental Army 
Sullivan, John, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
Sullivan, Patrick, Quartermaster, York County, Pa., Militia 
Sullivan, Samuel, Captain, Pulaski Legion 

Sullivan, , Captain, Privateer Willing Maid 

Stack, Edward, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 

Brigade 
*Stack, Edward, Ensign, Bon Homme Richard, Continental 

Navy 



APPENDIX 439 

Stewart, John, Colonel, Corps of Light Infantry 
Stewart, Walter, Colonel, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
Strange, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon 
French-Irish Brigade 

Sweany, , Captain, Commander-in-Chief's Guard 

Sweeney, Isaac, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Sweeney, James, Lieutenant, Penna. Artillery 
Sweeney, Robert, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
Sweeney, , Lieutenant, Hartley's Pa. Additional Regi- 
ment 
Swigny, Edmond, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Swigny, Paul, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
Brigade 

Taggart, Charles, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
Taggart, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. H. Line 
Taggart, John, Lieutenant, Wyman's N. H. Regiment 
Paggart, William, Quartermaster, Long's N. H. Regiment 
Taggart, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, S. C. Line 
Taggart, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. H. Line 
Talbot, Jeremiah, Major, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Thompson, William, Colonel, Penna, Rifle Regiment and 

Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
Tobin, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Tobin, Thomas, Lieutenant, Hunterdon County, N. J., 

Militia 
Thornton, Matthew, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
Taaffe, Christopher, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Taaffe, Lawrence, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 

Brigade 
Toole, Henry, Captain, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
Toole, James, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion Flying Camp 
Toomy, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Maryland Line 
Torrence, Joseph, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
Torrence, Robert, Lieutenant, Warner's Continental Regi- 
ment 



440 APPENDIX 

Tracy, Andrew H., Lieutenant, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
Tracy, James, Captain, Yankee Hero, Mass. Navy 
Tracy, John, Aide-de-Camp to General Glover 
*Tracy, John, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
*Tracy, Michael, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
*Tracy, Nicholas, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
*Tracy, Patrick, Builder of Privateers, Mass. Navy 
Tracy, Nathaniel, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
Turney, Daniel, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
Militia 

Walsh, Chevalier Charles, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, 
French-Irish Brigade 

*Walsh, David, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
Walsh, James, Superintendent of Arms, Penna. troops 

*Walsh, James, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Militia 
Walsh, John, Captain, Dolphin, Penna. Navy 
Walsh, John, Captain, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 
Walsh, Enoch, Lieutenant, Pulaski Legion 
Walsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, Patterson's Mass. Regiment 

*Ward, Edward, Major, Pennsylvania Line 

*Ward, James, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
Welch, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
Welsh, Edward, Captain, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 
Welsh, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
Welsh, Michael, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
Irish Brigade 
Welsh, John, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, R. I. Line 
Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, 15th Continental Infantry 
Welsh, Nathaniel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia State 
Line 

•Welsh, Patrick, Major, South Carolina Dragoons 
Welsh, Peter, Quartermaster, Wessenfels' Regiment of N. Y. 

Levies 
Welsh, Peter, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Mass. Line 
Welsh, Richard, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Mass. Line j 

Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant-Colonel, Trask's N. H. Regiment 
Whalen, James, Lieutenant, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 



APPENDIX 441 

Whelan, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
Wayne, Anthony, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 

♦Wright, Patrick, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 

♦Wright, John, Quartermaster, N. J. troops 



APPENDIX 

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND EnLISTED MeN, NaMED 

Burke, Connolly, Connor, Doherty, Kelly, Murphy, 
McCarthy, O'Brien, O'Neill, Reilly, Ryan, and Sullivan, 
IN the American Army and Navy of the Revolution. 

Burke, Alexander, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Burke, Alexander, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Burke, Charles, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Charles, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Burke, Cornelius, Chester County, Penna., Militia. 

Burke, David, North Carolina Continental Line. 

Burke, David, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

Burke, David, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Edward, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Edward, Ship Columbus, Continental Navy. 

Burke, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Suffolk County, Mass. 

Burke, Edward, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Burke, Edward, Colonel Little's Mass. Regiment. 

Burke, Edward, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Burke, Edward, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Edward, North Carolina Continental Line. 

Burke, Edmund, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Francis, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Garret, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, Henry, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Burke, James, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, James, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, James, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Burke, James, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Burke, James, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 

Burke, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Burke, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, James, Virginia Navy. 

Burke, Joseph, Colonel Hale's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Burke, Joseph, Colonel Topham's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burke, Joseph, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Burke, Joseph, Colonel Brooks' Mass. Regiment. 

443 



444 APPENDIX 

Burke, Jacob, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Burke, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops, S. C. 

Burke, John, Third Battalion, Maryland Line. 

Burke, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burke, John, Patterson's Massachusetts Battalion. 

Burke, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Burke, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Burke, John, Virginia Navy. 

Burke, John, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Burke, John, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Burke, John, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 

Burke, John, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, John, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Levy, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Michael, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, Michael, Salem, Massachusetts, Company. 

Burke, Michael, Colonel Nixon's Mass. Regiment. 

Burke, Michael, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Burke, Matthew, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burke, Philip, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Burke, Peter, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Burke, Patrick, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Burke, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, Patrick, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Burke, Robert, Colonel John Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Burke, Richard, Colonel Henley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Samuel, Colonel Baldwin's Mass. Regiment. 

Burke, Sylvanus, Colonel Vose's Mass. Regiment. 

Burke, Sylvanus, Seventh Mass. Regiment of the Line. 

Burke, Simeon, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Burke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Thomas, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Thomas, Queen Anne's County, Maryland troops. 

Burke, Thomas, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 

Burke, Thomas, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Burke, Thomas, Captain John Evans' Mass. Company. 

Burke, Thomas, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burke, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burke, Thomas, Secona Regiment, New York Line. 



APPENDIX 445 

Burke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Penna, Line. 

Burke, Tobias, Colonel Church's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burke, Timothy, Colonel Smith's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burke, Theophilus, Georgia troops, (regiment unknown). 

Burke, Tilley, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burke, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Burke, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Burke, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Burke, Walter, Colonel Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, William, Colonel Craft's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burke, William, Schooner Warren, Massachusetts Navy. 

Burke, William, Ship Skyrocket, Massachusetts Navy. 

Burke, Walter, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 

Burke, William, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Burke, William, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Burke, William, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, Walter, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burke, William, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burk, Anthony, Colonel Freeman's Mass. Regiment. 

Burk, Anthony, Colonel Greaton's Mass. Regiment, 

Burk, Andrew, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burk, David, Colonel Smith's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burk, Daniel, Massachusetts troops, (regiment unknown). 

Burk, Edward, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Burk, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Burk, Elihu, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Burk, Francis, Colonel Chapin's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, George, Colonel Willett's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Burk, Garret, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Burk, Henry, Colonel Willett's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Burk, Hubert, First Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. Line. 

Burk, Henry, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Burk, Henry, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, James, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burk, James, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 

Burk, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burk, Jacob, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Burk, Jeremiah, Colonel Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Jeremiah, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Jesse, Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Burk, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Burk, John, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Captain James Lemcnt's Mass. Seacoast Company. 

Burk, John, Fourth Worcester County, Mass., Company. 

Burk, John, Brigantine Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 



446 APPENDIX 

Burk, John, Framingham, Mass., Company. 

Burk, John, Colonel Porter's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Colonel Learned's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Sloop Despatch, Massachusetts Navy. 

Burk, John, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, John, Rockingham County, Virginia, troops. 

Burk, John, Colonel Rawlings' Maryland Regiment. 

Burk, John, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burk, John, Captain Thomas Beall's Maryland Corps. 

Burk, John, Philadelphia County, Penna., MiUtia. 

Burk, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Burk, John, York County, Penna., Militia. 

Burk, Jonah, Colonel Williams' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Joseph, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Joseph, Ship Tartar, Massachusetts Navy. 

Burk, Josiah, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Joseph, Colonel Little's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Justus, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Justin, Colonel Chapin's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Moses, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Michael, Berkeley County, Virginia, troops. 

Burk, Michael, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Burk, Nicholas, Virginia State Line. 

Burk, Patrick, Colonel Metcalf s Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Patrick, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Burk, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Burk, Patrick, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Burk, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Burk, Patrick, Colonel Haven's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Patrick, Delaware Line, (regiment unknown). 

Burk, Peter, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burk, Richard, Invalid Regiment, (Pennsylvania troops). 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Howe's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Webster, Mass., Company of Minute Men. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Chesterfield, Massachusetts, Company. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Wells' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Dickinson Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Colonel Woodbridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Richard, Middletown, Mass., Company. 

Burk, Stephen, Washington County, Penna., Militia. 



APPENDIX U7 

Burk, Samuel, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burk, Sylvanus, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, Thomas, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burk, Thomas, York County, Penna., Militia. 

Burk, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Virginia State Line. 

Burk, William, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Burk, William, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 

Burk, William, Virginia Continental Line. 

Burk, William, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, William, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, William, Crane's Massachusetts ArtiUery. 

Burk, William, Colonel Prescott's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, William, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, William, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burk, William, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Burck, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Burck, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Burck, Michael, Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Burck, Michael, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Burck, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Bourke, Edmund, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Bourke, George, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Bourke, Herbert, Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 

Bourke, Henry, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Bourke, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Bourke, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Bourke, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Bourke, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Bourke, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Bourke, John, Twelfth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Bourke, John, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Bourke, John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Bourke, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Bourke, Michael, Colonel Eddy's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Bourke, Patrick, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Bourke, Peter, New York Line, (regiment unknown). 

Bourke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Bourke, Tobias, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Bourke, William, Invalid Regiment, (Pennsylvania troops). 

Bourke, William, Captain Lithgow's Company of Mass. Coast Artiller;^. 

Bourke, William, McFarland's Invalid Corps. 

Bourke, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 

Bourke, Walter, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Mass. Navy. 

Canely, Patrick, New York Line (regiment unknown). 
Coneley, John, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 



448 APPENDIX 

Conely, Dennis, Col. Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

Conely, John, Col. Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conely, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Conely, Thomas, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conely, Thomas, 1st. Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 

Conely, "William, Medfield, Mass. Militia. 

Conlee, William, Newburg, Mass. Company, 

Conlee, William, Col. Sergeant's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conley, Charles, 6th. Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Conley, H., Prince George County, Md. troops. 

Conley, Jacob, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Conley, Neal, N. J. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Conley, Timothy, Va. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Conley, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Conley, John, Capt. Abijah Rowlee's Mass. Company. 

Conley, John, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons, 

Conley, John, Capt. Lewis' Rhode Island Continental Company, 

Conley, Thomas, Cal. Wessons' Massachusetts Regiment, 

Conley, William, Col. Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conley, William, Col. Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conly, John, Capt, Hauchett's Connecticut Company. 

Conly, John, 2nd. Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Conly, William, Capt. Lincoln's Co. of Matrosses, Mass. Artillery. 

Connally, Edward, Col. Holman's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conually, Francis, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, James, New Jersey, Line (regiment unknown). 

Connally, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, James, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Connally, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Connally, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Connally, John, Maryland Artillery. 

Connally, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

ConnaUy, Lawrence, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, Patrick, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Connally, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Connally, Patrick, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connally, Philip, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connally, Thomas, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Connally, Thomas, Dighton, Mass. Volunteers. 

Connally, William, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 



APPENDIX 449 

Connally, William, Va. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Conneley, Jeremiah, Privateer Cato, Massachusetts Navy. 

Conneley, James, Ship General Mifflin, Massachusetts Navy. 

Conneley, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conneley, John, Col. Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conneley, Michael, Fellows' Berkshire, Mass. Brigade. 

Conneley, Patrick, Lincoln Galley, Massachusetts Navy. 

Conneley, Patrick, Col. Webb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conneley, Patrick, Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Connelley, John, Col. Mcintosh's Boston, Mass. Regiment. 

Connelly, Bryan, Bergen County, N. J. Militia. 

Connelly, Charles, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Connelly, Daniel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Edward, Frederick County, Md. troops. 

Connelly, George, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Coiinelly, George, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Connelly, Henry, Third Maryland Battalion. 

Connelly, Henry, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Connelly, Hugh, 3rd. Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connelly, Hugh, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Hugh, Col. Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Connelly, Jacob, Col. Graham's New York Levies. 

Connelly, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connelly, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, James, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, John, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, John, Invalid Regiment (Penna.). 

Connelly, John 3rd, Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Connelly, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Connelly, John, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 

Connelly, John, Monmouth County, N. J. Militia. 

Connelly, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Connelly, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, John, Prince George County, Md. troops. 

Connelly, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Connelly, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Connelly, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Connelly, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connelly, John, Additional Corps, N. Y. Line— "Green Mountain Boys." 

Connelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, John, Col. Wessenfels' New York Levies. 

Connelly, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Connelly, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, John, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 



450 APPENDIX 

Connelly, John, Seventh Regiment Penna, Line. 

Connelly, John, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Connelly, John, Col. Bond's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, John, Col. Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, John, Vermont troops. 

Connelly, John, Capt. William Brown's Maryland Artillery. 

Connelly, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Lawrence, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Lawrence, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Lawrence, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Michael, Col. Williams' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Michael, Col. Simonds' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, Neil, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 

Connelly, "Patt," First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Patrick, Seventh, Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, Patrick, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Connelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Connelly, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, Patrick, Col. Fellows' Massachusetts Militia. 

Connelly, Patrick, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Connelly, Patrick, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connelly, Patrick, Montgomery County, Md. troops. 

Connelly Patrick, Col. Proctor's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, Robert, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County N. Y. Militia. 

Connelly, Robert, Philadelphia County Militia. 

Connelly, Robert, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Connelly, Roger, Caroline County, Md. troops. 

Connelly, Simon, Invalid Regiment (Penna). 

Connelly, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Connelly, Thomas, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connelly, Thomas, Col. Walker's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connelly, William, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connelly, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Connelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, William, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Connelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Connelly, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 

Connelly, William, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 

Connerly, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 



APPENDIX 451 

Connerly, Patrick, Dorchester County, Md, Militia. 

Connerly, William, Col. Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Colnely, Robert, Col. Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Coonley, John, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kanallie, John, Hazen's Additional Corps, N. Y. Line. 

Kanallie, Patrick, Hazen's Additional Corps, N. Y. Line. 

McC'onely, Nicholas, Philadelphia County Militia. 

McConeley, Philip, Third Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

McConnally, James, Second Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

McConnally, Patrick, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 

McConnely, Daniel, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

McConnely, Edward, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

McConnely, Hugh, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCbnnoly, Hugh, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McConnoly, Patrick, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

McConnoUey, Hugh, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

O'ConnoUy, James, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Connolly, Andrew, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connolly, Darby, Randolph County, "W. Va. Militia. 

Connolly, Edward, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connolly, Edward, Col. Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connolly, George, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connolly, George, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Connolly, Henry, Maryland State Regiment. 

Connolly, Israel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Connolly, James, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons. 

Connolly, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connolly, John, Maryland Militia. 

Connolly, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Connolly, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connolly, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Connolly, John, Second Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connolly, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, John, Thompson's Penna, Rifle Battalion. 

Connolly, John, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 

Connolly, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 

Connolly, John, Sloop Providence, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connolly, John, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Connolly, John, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Cormolly, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Connolly, John, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Connolly, Lawrence, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, Lawrence, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 



452 APPENDIX 

Connolly, Michael, Anne Arundel County, Md. Militia. 

Connolly, Michael, Baltimore County, Md. Militia. 

Connolly, Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Connolly, Michael, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Connolly, Maurice, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Connolly, Patrick, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, Patrick, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connolly, Patrick, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Connolly, Patrick, Col. Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Connolly, Patrick, Col. Malcom's New York Levies. 

Connolly, Patrick, Brigantine Tyranncide, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connolly, Philip, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Connolly, Philip, Virginia Continental Line. 

Connolly, Roger, Maryland Militia. 

Connolly, Patrick, Capt. Bradley's Company of Connecticut Guards. 

Connolly, Thomas, Brigantine Franklin, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connolly, Thomas, Col. Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connolly, Thomas, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Connolly, Thomas, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment N. J. State Line. 

Connolly, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connolly, Timothy, Capt. Wm. Brown's Maryland Artillery. 

Connolly, William, Col. Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connolly, William, Newbury, Massachusetts Company. 

Connolly, William, Capt. Wm. Brown's Maryland Artillery. 

Connoly, Jacob, Col. Graham's New York Regiment. 

Connoly, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Connoly, John, Col. Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connoly, John, West Virginia troTops. 

Connoly, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connoly, Michael, Delaware Line (regiment unknown). 

Connoly, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 

Connoly, William, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 

Connoly, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Connoly, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, Alexander, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, Aaron, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Ambrose, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Ambrose, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Ambrose, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Benjamin, New Jersey State troops. 

Connor, Benjamin, Colonel Tash's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Connor, Bryan, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Connor, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Cornelius, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

Connor, Cornelius, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



APPENDIX 453 

Connor, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Charles, Sixth Maryland Battalion. 

Connor, Charles, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 

Connor, Charles, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Connor, Daniel, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Daniel, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 

Connor, Daniel, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, Daniel, Third Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Connor, Daniel, Maryland Militia. 

Connor, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Connor, David, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Connor, David, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Connor, Dennis, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

Connor, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, Edward, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, Edward, Bedford County, Penna, Militia. 

Connor, Edward, First Batt. First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Connor, Edward, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 

Connor, Edward, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Eliphalet, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Connor, Felix, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

Connor, Francis, Colonel Tuppe^'s Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, George, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, George, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 

Connor, Henry, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Connor, Henry, Lancaster County, Penna, Militia. 

Connor, Henry, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Hugh, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Isaac, Essex County, N. J. Militia. 

Connor, Jacob, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Connor, Jacob, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, James, Col. Harper's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 

Connor, James, Col. Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 

Connor, James, Second Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, James, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, James (1st.), Maryland Flying Camp Militia. 

Connor, James (2nd.), Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 



454j 



APPENDIX 



Connor, 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor. 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor. 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor. 
Connor. 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor. 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor 
Connor, 
Connor 



James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

James, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

James, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 

James, Benton's South Carolina Rangers. 

James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Jacob, Seventh Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Jeremiah, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

John, Second Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

John, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

John, Col. Doolittle's Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, Frederick County, Va. troops. 

John, Jr., Third Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 

John, Col. Arnold's Detachment, Massachusetts troops. 

John, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, Fourth Regiment, New York --Line. 

John, Col. Bartlett's New Hampshire Regiment. 

John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, Continental ship Cabot. 

John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

John, (Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

John, Third Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 

John, Second Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 

John, Twelfth Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Militia. 

John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Washington County, Penna. MUitia. 

John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

John, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

John, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

John, Sr., First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 

John, Jr., First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 

John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 

Joseph, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Joseph, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Joseph, Col. Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Joseph, Col. Baldwin's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Joseph, Major William Rogers' Rhode Island Company. 

Joseph, Col. Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 



I 



APPENDIX 455 

Connor, Lewis, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

Connor, Littleton, Col. Hutchinson's Massachusetts Regiment, 

Connor, Michael, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Connor, Michael, Dorchester County, Maryland Militia. 

Connor, Michael, Brig Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connor, Matthew, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Matthew, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Matthew, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Matthew, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 

Connor, Matthew, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Connor, Martin, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Moses, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Connor, Maurice, Col. Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Patrick, Capt. McDowell's Co., 7th Reg't. Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Capt. Miller's Co., 7th. Reg't. Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Capt. Lusk's Co., 7th. Reg't. Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Connor, Patrick, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Connor, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Salem County, N. J. Militia. 

Connor, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, Patrick, Sixth Reg't., Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, Patrick, Continental frigate, Boston. 

Connor, Philip, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Philip, Thompson's Batt., Penna. Riflemen. 

Connor, Philip, Virginia Continental Line. 

Connor, Philip, Virginia State Line. 

Connor, Samuel, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

Connor, Samuel, Colonel Tash's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Connor, Samuel, Second Regiment, N. H. Continental Line. 

Connor, Simon, Second Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Connor, Simon, Capt. Atkinson's New Hampshire Company. 

Connor, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Thomas, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, Thomas, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, Thomas, Monmouth County, N. J. Militia. 

Connor, Thomas, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

Connor, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. Regiment of Foot. 

Connor, Thomas, Col. Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, Thomas, Brig Deane, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connor, Timothy, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Connor, Timothy, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 



456 APPENDIX 

Connor, Timothy, Queen Anne's County, Md. troops. 

Connor, Timothy, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, Timothy, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, Timothy, Second Regiment, New Jersey Line. 

Connor, Timothy, Salem County, New Jersey Militia. 

Connor, Timothy, Sloop Fox, Massachusetts Navy. 

Connor, Timothy, First Maryland Battalion. 

Connor, Timothy, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Connor, William, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connor, William, Twelfth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Connor, William, Col. Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies, 

Connor, William, Col. Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, William, Col. Little's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Connor, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Connor, William, Col. Allen's Massachusetts Artillerj'. 

Connor, William, Seventh Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Connor, William, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Conner, Barney, First Partisan Legion, Penna. 

Conner, Cornelius, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Conner, Cornelius, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Cornelius, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Cornelius, West Virginia troops. 

Conner, Charles, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, Charles, Col. McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conner, Daniel, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Daniel, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Conner, Daniel, Col. Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Conner, Daniel, Caroline County, Md. troops. 

Conner, Daniel, Col. Knowlton's Connecticut troops. 

Conner, David, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, David, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Darby, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Conner, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Edward, Fourth Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N, J. State Line. 

Conner, Edward, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, Edward, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, Edward, Virginia Continental Line. 

Conner, Edward, Arnold's Detachment, Mass. troops. 

Conner, Edmund, Ship Skyrocket, Mass. Navy. 

Conner, E., Vermont troops. 

Conner, Francis, Major Heath's Massachusetts Guards. 

Conner, George, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 



APPENDIX 457 

Conner, George, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Conner, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Hugh, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Conner, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, James, Col. Mansfield's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, James, Ship General Putnam, Mass. Navy. 

Conner, James, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, James, Third Reg't. Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Conner, James, Virginia Continental Line. 

Conner, John, Albany County, N. Y. Militia, 

Conner, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Conner, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, John, Sr., Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, John, Jr., Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Conner, John, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Conner, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, John, Col. Fellows' Mass. Regiment 

Conner, John, Col. Shepard's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, John, Gen'l. Patterson's Mass. Battalion. 

Conner, John, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, John, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, John, West Virginia troops. 

Conner, John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 

Conner, John, Virginia State Line. 

Conner, John, Third Regiment, Conn. Line. 

Conner, John, St. Clair's Penna. Battalion. 

Conner, John, Col. Doolittle's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, Joseph, Capt. Hancock's Newbury, Mass. Company. 

Conner, Joseph, Sheldon's Conn. Light Dragoons. 

Conner, Joseph, Col. Stark's New Hampshire Reg't. 

Conner, Lewis, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Mark, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Conner, Matthew, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Conner, Matthew, First Regiment, Conn. Line. 

Conner, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Michael, Ship General Putnam, Mass. Navy. 

Conner, Owen, Col. Patterson's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, Owen, Col. Preston's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, Patrick, Second Regiment, New York Line. 



458 APPENDIX 

Conner, Patrick, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Peter, Fifth Penna, Battalion, 

Conner, Richard, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 

Conner, Robert, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Conner, Samuel, Col. Scammel's N. H. Regiment. 

Conner, Simon, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Conner, Terrance, Company No. 2, Morgan's Riflemen. 

Conner, Terrence, Co. No. 9, Morgan's Riflemen. 

Conner, Thomas, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Thomas, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, Thomas, Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 

Conner, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, Timothy, Kent County, Maryland troops. 

Conner, Timothy, 2nd, Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Conner, Timothy, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Conner, Timothy, Arnold's Detachment, Mass, troops. 

Conner, Timothy, Fourth Regiment, New York Line, 

Conner, William, Col, Malcolm's Reg't. New York Levies. 

Conner, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Conner, William, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, William, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line 

Conner, William, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Conner, William, Lieut, Col. Baldwin's Mass. Guards. 

Conner, William, Col. Little's Mass. Regiment. 

Conner, William, Col. Brewer's Mass, Regiment. 

Conner, William, Ship General Putnam, Mass, Navy. 

Conner, William, Col, Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Conner, William, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Conner, William, Worcester County, Md, troops. 

Conners, Edmund, Col. Sergeant's Mass. Regiment. 

Conners, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

C6nnors, Benjamin, Galley Hyder Ally, Mass. Navy. 

Connors, Benjamin, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 

Connors, James, Col. Mansfield's Mass. Regiment. 

Connors, John, Col. Nixon's Mass. Regiment. 

Connors, John, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 

Connors, John, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 

Connors, Joseph, Col. Greene's Mass. Regiment. 

Connors, Nathaniel, Third Regiment, S. C. Line. 

Connors, William, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 

Connors, William, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 

Connyrs, Dennis, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Connyrs, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conyers, Dennis, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 459 

Conyers, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Conyers, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Conyers, William, George Continental Brigade. 

McConner, James, Col. Prescott's Mass. Regiment. 

McConner, James, Col. Jackson's Mass. Regiment. 

McConnor, James, Second Mass. Regiment. 

McConner, Joseph, Hingham, Mass. Company. 

McConnor, James, Mollis, N. H. Company of Minute Men. 

O'Conner, Bryan, Philadelphia City Militia. 

D'Connor, Cornelius, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

O'Connor, Dennis, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

D'Connor, Edward, New York troops (regiment unknown). 

O'Connor, Eliphalet, Col. Senter's New Hampshire Regiment, 

OConnor, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

D'Connor, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

O'Connor, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Connor, John, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Connor, John, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 

O'Connor, John, Philadelphia City Artillery. 

O'Connor. Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Connor, Morgan, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

O'Connor, Timothy, Virginia Continental Line. 

O'Connor, William, Col. Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Doherty, Andrew, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
Doherty, Archibald, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
Doherty, Anthony, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
Doherty, Anthony, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 
Doherty, Bamabeis, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
Doherty, Barneby, Third Penna. Battalion. 
Doherty, Benjamin, Col. Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
Doherty, George, Sixth Reg't., North Carolina Line. 
Doherty, James, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
Doherty, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
Doherty, John, Ninth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
Doherty, Michael, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
Doherty, Michael, Sr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
Doherty, Michael, Jr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
Doherty, Michael, Col. Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
Doherty, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Doherty, Richard, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
Doherty, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Orange Co., N. Y. Militia. 
Doherty, Thomas, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
Doharty, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Doharty, John, Essex County, N. J. Militia. 



460 APPENDIX 

Doharty, Peter, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Doharty, Arthur, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Doharty, Barney, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Doharty, Francis, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Doharty, Jesse, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, Archibald, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, Anthony, First Regiment, N. J., Continental Line. 

Dougherty, Anthony, Spencer's Regiment, N. J., Continental Line. 

Dougherty, Anthony, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Anthony, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Dougherty, Anthony, 1st Batt. 2nd Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Dougherty, Barnaby, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, Barney, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Dougherty, Barney, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Bernard, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, Bernard, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, Charles, Col. Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Dougherty, Charles, Col. Whitcomb's Mass. Regiment. 

Dougherty, Charles, Col. Wigglesworth's Mass, Regiment. 

Dougherty, Charles, Vermont troops. 

Dougherty, Charles, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Dougherty, Charles, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. j 

Dougherty, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. { 

Dougherty, Charles, Col. Learned's Mass. Regiment. j 

Dougherty, Cornelius, First Regiment, Penna. Line. f 

Dougherty, Cornelius, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Cornelius, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

Dougherty, Cornelius, 10th Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Militia. 

Dougherty, Cornelius, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Dougherty, Cornelius, West Virginia troops. 

Dougherty, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Dougherty, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Daniel, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, Daniel, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Dempsey, Second Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Frigate Deane, Mass. Navy. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Lancaster Co., Pa. Militia, Gilchrist's Company. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Lancaster Co., Pa. Malitia, Rutherford's Company. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Dougherty, Dennis, Sloop Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Dougherty, Dudley, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Edward, Hazen's Continental Regiment (Penna.). 



APPENDIX 461 

Dougherty, Edward, Haven's Continental Regiment (N. H.). 

Dougherty, Edward, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 

Dougherty, Edmund, Chester County, Penna. Militia, 

Dougherty, Frederick, Cumberland, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, George, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, George, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, George, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, George, Cumberland County, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, George, Second Penna. Battalion. 

Dougherty, George, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Dougherty, George, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Dougherty, Henry, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Dougherty, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Henry, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Henry, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Dougherty, Henry, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Estabhshment, N. J. State Line. 

Dougherty, Henry, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Hugh, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Dougherty, Hugh, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Hugh, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Hugh, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Hugh, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Dougherty, James, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Dougherty, James, Connecticut Artillery Artificers. 

Dougherty, James, Sr., First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Jr., First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Twelfth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Dougherty, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia, 

Dougherty, James, Lancaster, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, Robinson's Penna. Rangers. 

Dougherty, James, Hartley's Penna. Regiment. 

Dougherty, James, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

Dougherty, James, 3rd, Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J, State Line. 

Dougherty, James, 2nd, Batt. 2nd, Establishment, N, J. State Line. 

Dougherty, James, Charleston, S, C, Volunteer Horse, 

Dougherty, James, York County, Penna. Militia, 

Dougherty, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, Philadelphia City Militia. 



462 APPENDIX 

Dougherty, James, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 

Dougherty, James, First Penna. Battalion. 

Dougherty, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Dougherty, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Dougherty, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Dougherty, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Dougherty, John, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Dougherty, John, Lee's Legion, N. J. Line. 

Dougherty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Douglierty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Phila. County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Dougherty, John, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

Dougherty, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. ; 

Dougherty, John, Pennsylvania Navy. ) 

Dougherty, John, Somerset Company, N. J. Militia. 

Dougherty, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Dougherty, John, Col. Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Dougherty, John, Col. Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. ' 

Dougherty, John, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Dougherty, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Dougherty, John, Ritchie County, W. Va. troops. ^ 

Dougherty, John, New Castle County, Del. Militia. ^ 

Dougherty, John, First Regiment, Virginia Cont. Line. ', 

Dougherty, Mark, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. {j 

Dougherty, Mathias, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Dougherty, Matthew, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Mathew, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Dougherty, Matthew, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

Dougherty, Michael, Harford County, Maryland troops. 

Dougherty, Michael, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Dougherty, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Dougherty, Michael, Capt. Harris' Company, Md. Flying Camp. 

Dougherty, Michael, Courtenay's Penna. Artillery. 

Dougherty, Michael, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 

Dougherty, Michael, Col. Whitcomb's Mass. Regiment. 



' 



' 



APPENDIX 463 

Dougherty, Michael, Pennsylvania Navy, 
Dougherty, Michael, Colonel Neill's Delaware Reg't 
Dougherty, Michael, Delaware Militia, 
Dougherty, Michael, Providence, R, I. Company, 
Dougherty, Michael, Col, Marshall's Mass. Regiment. 
Dougherty, Mordecai, Eighth Reg't., Penna, Line, 
Dougherty, Moses, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Nathaniel, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
Dougherty, Neil, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Patrick, Charleston, S. C. Volunteer Horse. 
Dougherty, Patrick, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Patrick, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Patrick, Virginia Continental Line. 
Dougherty, Peter, 1st. Reg't,, N. J, Continental Line. 
Dougherty, Peter, 1st, Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N, J. State Line. 
Dougherty, Peter, Cumberland County, Penna, Militia. 
Dougherty, Peter, Cumberland, Penna, Militia, 
Dougherty, Philip, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Robert, York County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Roger, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Roger, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
Dougherty, Samuel, Capt. Cooper's Barre, Mass, Company. 
Dougherty, Thomas, Col, Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 
Dougherty, Thomas, Col, Brewer's Masachusetts Regiment. 
Dougherty, Thomas, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, Thomas, Capt. Ward's Westerly, R. I. Company. 
Dougherty, William, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
Dougherty, William, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
Dougherty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, William, Northumberland County, Penna. MUitla. 
Dougherty, William, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 
Dougherty, WiUiam, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
Dougherty, William, Robinson's Penna. Rangers. 
Dougherty, William, Col. Brewer's Mass, Regiment. 
Dougherty, William, First Regiment, New York Line. 
Dougherty, William, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
Dougherty, William, 4th. Reg't., Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
Daugharty, John, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 
Daugharty, John, Stevens' Mass. Artillery. 
Daugharty, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Daugharty, Michael, Col. Marshall's Mass. Regiment. 
Daugherty, Edmund, Capt, Robert Harris' Co,, Md. Flying Camp. 



464 APPENDIX 

Daugherty, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). * 

Daugherty, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Daugherty, William, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Daugherty, Benjamin, Col, Haslet's Delaware Regiment. j* 

Daugherty, James, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. ^' 

Daugherty, John, Frederick County, Md. troops. ^ 

Daugherty, Patrick, New Castle County, Del. Militia. ' 

Docherty, Cornelius, 3rd. Reg't., Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

Docherty, George, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. ^ 

Docherty, George, St. Clair's Penna. Battalion. ( 

Docherty, James, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Docherty, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

Docherty, John, Charleston, S. C. Volunteer Horse. 

Docherty, John, New 11th Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Docherty, Joseph, Arnold's Detachment, Mass. troops. 

Docherty, Michael, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Docherty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Doucherty, William, Sixth Penna. Battalion. , 

Docherty, John, 1st. Reg't., N. J. Continental Line. 

Dogharty, Charles, Bergen County, N. J. Militia. 

Dogharty, James, Third Regiment, S. C. Line. 

Dogharty, Neil, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Dogharty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Doherda, John, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 

Doherda, William, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Doherdy, John, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Dorety, Jesse, Dorset County, N. Y. Militia. 

Dority, Francis, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Dority, Charles, Col. CiUey's New Hampshire Reg't. 

Dorrity, William, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Dority, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Doghorthy, Mark, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Droharty, William, Col. Bradford's Mass. Regiment. 

Dorathy, Charles, Col. Bedell's New Hampshire Reg't. 

Dorothy, Michael, Col. Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 

Doughaty, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Andrew, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Kelley, Andrew, Virginia Continental Line. 
Kelley, Andrew, Colonel Little's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelley, Andrew, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelley, Abraham, Additional Corps of New York Levies. 
Kelley, Abraham, Vermont troops — "Green Mountain Boys." 
Kelley, Abraham, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Kelley, Abner, Harwich, Massachusetts Company. 
Kelley, Abner, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 



APPENDIX 465 

Kelley, Aaron, Captain Langdon's Company of Boothbay, Maine. 

Kelley, Aaron, Lieut. John Jones' Volunteer Scouts. 

Kelley, Alexander, Colonel Bullard's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Alexander, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Alexander, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Alexander, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Militia. 

Kelley, Anthony, Colonel Merrill's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Alexander, Vermont troops. 

Kelley, Bartholomew, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelley, Benjamin, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelley, Beriah, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelley, Charles, Seventh Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelley, Charles, Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers. 

Kelley, Charles, Washington County, Penna, Militia. 

Kelley, Cornelius, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelley, Conrad, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Christopher, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Christopher, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Daniel, Captain Ormsbee's Warren, R. I. Company. 

Kelley, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna, Militia. 

Kelley, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Daniel, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Daniel, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelley, Daniel, Captain Jonathan Drown's Massachusetts Company. 

Kelley, David, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, David, Colonel Sprout's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, David, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, David, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, David, Third Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 

Kelley, David, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, David, Capt. Joshua Gray's Massachusetts Company. 

Kelley, David, Captain Smith Emerson's New Hampshire Company. 

Kelley, David, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Kelley, David, Third Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Dennis, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

KeUey, Dennis, First Maryland Battalion. 

Kelley, Dennis, Thompson's Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

Kelley, Dennis, Sloop Winthrop, Massachusetts Navy. 

Kelley, Dennis, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

KeUey, Dennis, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, Edward, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Edward, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Edward, Captain Thomas Whipple's Company of Mass. Guards. 

Kelley, Edward, Captain t)avid Copp's New Hampshire Company. 



466 APPENDIX 

Kelley, Edward, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Edward, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Edward, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Edward, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, Edward, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelley, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

KeUey, Elias, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Elijah, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, Eleazar, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Elias, Vermont troops. 

Kelley, E., Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Francis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelley, George, Second Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, George, Colonel Howe's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, George, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, Giles, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Henry, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Isaac, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Isaac, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

KeUey, Jacob, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, James, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelley, James, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Kelley, James, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelley, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, James, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, James, Colonel Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelley, James, Connecticut Artillery Artificers. 

Kelley, James, Second Philadelphia Regiment of Foot. 

Kelley, James, Fourth Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Kelley, James, Second Regiment, New Heunpshire Line. 

Kelley, James, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Jonathan, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Jonathan, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Jonathan, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Kelley, Johnston, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Joshua, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 



APPENDIX 467 

Kelley, John, Additional Corps of the New York Line. 

Kelley, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Seventh Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Sixth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Captain William Reiley's Maryland troops. 

Kelley, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Kelley, John, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUey, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, John, Thompson's Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

Kelley, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, John, Moylsui's Fourth Pennsylvania Dragoons. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Patterson's Masaschusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Glover's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Woodbridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, General Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Dudley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Danielson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Rice's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, John, Ship Putnam, Massachusetts Navy. 

Kelley, John, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, John, Shirley, Massachusetts Company. 

Kelley, John, Vermont troops. 

Kelley, John, Henry County, Virginia Militia. • 

Kelley, John, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelley, John, Ship Cromwell, Connecticut Navy. 

Kelley, John, Virginia State Line. 



468 APPENDIX 

Kelley, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Joseph, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Joseph, Jr., Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Joseph, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Joseph, Third Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 

Kelley, Joseph, Captain Ormsbee's Company, Warren, R. I. Militia. 

Kelley, Joshua, Twenty-sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Joshua, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelley, Lawrence, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Lawrence, Third Battalion, Wadsworth's Connecticut Brigade. 

Kelley, Levi, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Longley, Colonel Johnson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Luke, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Mathias, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Kelley, Matthew, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Matthew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Matthew, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Matthew, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Kelley, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Michael, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, 

Kelley, Michael, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Foot Regiment. 

Kelley, Michael, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Mitchell, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, Mordecai, Washington County, Penna. Militia, 

Kelley, Morris, Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Moses, Colonel Porter's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Moses, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Moses, Third Battalion, Wadsworth's Connecticut Brigade. 

Kelley, Nathan, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Nathaniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Nathaniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Nathaniel, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Nathaniel, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Kelley, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Patrick, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Patrick, German Regiment of Pennsylvania. 

Kelley, Patrick, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Kelley, Patrick, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 



APPENDIX 469 

Kelley, Patrick, Saint Mary's County, Maryland troops. 

Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUey, Patrick, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Hatch's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Patrick, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops. 

Kelley, Peter, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Peter, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Peter, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Peter, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Reuben, Third Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Richard, Captain Jacob Webster's New Hampshire Company. 

Kelley, Robert, Chester County, Penna. Militia, 

Kelley, Robert, Colonel Holman's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Robert, Colonel Dike's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Robert, New York Naval Service. 

Kelley, Robert, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Robert, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Samuel, Delaware Militia. 

Kelley, Samuel, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Samuel, "Vermont troops. 

Kelley, Samuel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Samuel, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 

Kelley, Samuel, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, Seymour, Hampshire County, Mass. troops. 

Kelley, Silvanus, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. troops. 

Kelley, Stephen, Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelley, Stephen, Colonel Daggit's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, Thomas, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown)." 

Kelley, Thomas, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelley, Thomas, Second Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelley, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Thomas, Washington County, Penna. Militia, 

Kelley, Thomas, Jr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, Thomas, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Kelley, Thomas, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelley, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelley, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelley, Thomas, Lanesborough, Massachusetts, Company. 

Kelley, Thomas, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 

Kelley, Thomas, Tender, General Hospital. 

Kelley, Timothy, Colonel Eno's Connecticut Militia Regiment. 

Kelley, Timothy, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Kelley, ""Verny," Yarmouth, Massachusetts Company. 

Kelley, William, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelley, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 



470 APPENDIX 

Kelley, William, Cumberland Coimty, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelley, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUey, WilUam, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

KeUey, William, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelley, William, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

KeUey, William, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Kelley, William, Third Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 

Kelley, William, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards, 

Kelley, William, Twenty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, William, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, William, Colonel Sprout's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUey, William, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUey, WUliam, Colonel Senter's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelley, WiUiam, Colonel Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelley, WiUiam, Brigantine Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 

KeUey, William, Sloop Providence, Massachusetts Navy. 

Kelley, William, Frigate Boston, Continental Navy. 

Kelley, WilUam, Captain Morgan's Company, Hampshire and Worcester 

Counties, Massachusetts troops. 
KeUey, WiUiam, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelley, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
Kelley, WiUiam, Captain Hugh Stephenson's West Virginia Riflemen. 
KeUey, William, Vermont troops. 
Kelley, WilUam, Dutchess County, New York MiUtia. 
KeUey, WiUiam, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 
Kelley, WiUiam, Barrington, Rhode Island Militia Guards. 
KeUy, Andrew, Virginia Continental Line (regiment tmknown). 
KeUy, Andrew, Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
KeUy, Andrew, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelly, Andrew, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelly, Andrew, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
Kelly, Anthony, Stevens' New York Artillery. 
Kelly, Aaron, Schooner General Putnam, Massachusetts Navy. 
KeUy, Abijah, Colonel Johnson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelly, Abner, Colonel Cushing's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Kelly, Abner, Colonel Wells' Massachusetts Regiment. 
KeUy, Abner, Colonel Samuel Carr's Springfield, Mass. Compaojr. 
KeUy, Andrew, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
KeUy, Abel, Philadelphia County, Penna. MiUtia. 
Kelly, Abram, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
KeUy, Abram, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 
Kelly, Abram, Captain Boykin's South Carolina Rangers. 
Kelly, Alexander, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Kelly, Barney, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry BattaUon. 



APPENDIX 471 

Kelly, Barney, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Barney, Captain Bradt's New York Rangers. 

Kelly, Barnabas, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 

Kelly, Barnabas, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Barnaby, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 

Kelly, Bartholomew, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Kelly, Benjamin, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, Benjamin, Virginia State Line. 

Kelly, Benjamin, Virginia Continental Line. 

Kelly, Benjamin, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Benjamin, Bucks County, Penna, Militia. 

Kelly, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

t^elly, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Jelly, Charles, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, Charles, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

(Celly, Charles, Richmond, Rhode Island Company. 

Kelly, "Carpenter," Bergen County, New Jersey Militia. 

Kelly, "Carpenter," Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Christopher, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Daniel, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Kelly, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Kelly, Daniel, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Colonel Tyler's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Rhode Island Continental Line. 

Kelly, David, Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, David, First Regiment New York Line. 

Kelly, David, Seventeenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, David, Somerset County, New Jersey Militia. 

Kelly, David, Burlington County, New Jersey Militia. 

Jelly, David, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelly, David, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, David, Colonel Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 

Kelly, Dennis, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Dennis, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

Kelly, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Dennis, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line, 

Kelly, Dennis, Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

Kelly, Dennis, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Dennis, Colonel Wessenfels' New York Levies. 

Kelly, Dennis, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 



472 APPENDIX 

Kelly, Dennis, Jr., Orange County, N. Y. Associators. 

Kelly, Duncan, Barrington, Rhode Island Company. 

Kelly, Edward, Colonel Webster's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Edward, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Edward, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Edward, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Edward, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Edward, Kent County, Maryland troops. 

Kelly, Edward, Colonel Harper's Regiment, New York Levies. 

Kelly, Edward, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Edward, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Kelly, Edmund, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Edmund, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Elijah, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Ephraim, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Francis, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

KeUy, George, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, George, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Kelly, George, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, George, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, George, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, George, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, George, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, George, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 

Kelly, George, Danvers, Massachusetts Company. 

Kelly, George, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, George, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUy, Gordon, Virginia Continental Line. 

Kelly, Henry, Colonel Willett's Regiment, New York Levies. 

Kelly, Henry, Colonel Harper's Regiment, New York Levies. 

Kelly, Henry, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, Henry, Lieut. Colonel Park's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Hugh, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Hugh, Dorchester County, Maryland Militia. 

Kelly, Hugh, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Hugh, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Hugh, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, Hugh, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelly, Hugh, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

KeUy, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Isaac, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Isaac, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly Jacob, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Kelly, Jacob, 1st. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Kelly, Jared, New Jersey Line (regiment unknown). 






APPENDIX 473 

James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

James, Preston County, West Virginia troops. 

James, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

James, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

James, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 

James, Rockland County, New York Associators. 

James, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

James, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

James, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

James, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

James, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

James, York County, Penna. Militia. 

James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

James, Harford County, Maryland troops. 

James, Captain Samuel Smith's Company, Maryland Militia. 

James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

James, Colonel DeHaas' Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

James, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

James, Prince George County, Maryland troops. 

James, Kent County, Maryland troops. 

James, First Maryland Battalion. 

James, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

James, Ship Viper, Massachusetts Navy. 

James, Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 

James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Colonel Glover's, Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Methuen, Massachusetts Company. 

James, Colonel Ashley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Smith's Company, Massachusetts Coast ArtiUery. 

James, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

James, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 

Jeremiah, Essex County, New Jersey Militia. 

Jesse, Virginia Continental Line. 

John, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 



474 APPENDIX 

Kelly, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, John, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, John, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Kelly, John, Independent Artillery Regiment (Penna.). 

KeUy, John, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Kelly, John, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, John, Vermont troops. 

Kelly, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, John, Kent County, Marj^land troops. 

Kelly, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, John, Third Regiment, New York Line, 

Kelly, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 

Kelly, John, Somerset County, New Jersey Militia. 

Kelly, John, Salem County, New Jersey, Militia. 

Kelly, John, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 

Kelly, John, Preston County, West Virginia troops. 

Kelly, John, Frederick County, W. Va. troops. 

Kelly, John, Company No. 4, Morgan's Riflemen. 

Kelly, John, Company No. 8, Morgan's Riflemen. 

Kelly, John, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, John, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, John, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 

Kelly, John, Colonel Schuyler's New York Regiment. 

Kelly, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

KeUy, Jonathan, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Joshua, Ipswich, Massachusetts, Company. 

Kelly, Joseph, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Joseph, Jr., Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Joseph, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Joseph, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Joseph, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

KeUy, Kern, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 



APPENDIX 4,75 

Kelly, Killian, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Killen, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Lawrence, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Levi, Killingworth, Connecticut Company. 

Kelly, Luke, Capt Morton's Company, Mass. Coast Artillery. 

KeUy, Mathias, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Matthew, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Kelly, Matthew, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Matthew, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Kelly, Matthew, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Matthew, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUy, Matthew, Continental Frigate Boston. 

Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

KeUy, Maurice, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Michael, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Michael, York County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUy, Michael, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

KeUy, Michael, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 

KeUy, Moses, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

KeUy, Moses, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUy, Moses, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUy, Moses, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

KeUy, Moses, "Vermont troops. 

KeUy, Morris, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

KeUy, Nathaniel, Colonel Bartlett's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Nehemiah, Colonel Drake's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Oliver, Neill's New Jersey ArtiUery. 

KeUy, Oliver, North Carolina Artillery. 

KeUy, Oliver, Barrington, Rhode Island Company. 

KeUy, Patrick, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 

Kelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 

Kelly, Patrick, Capt. Dibbell's Company, Mass. Minute Men. 

KeUy, Patrick, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Patrick, Colonel Van Schaick's First N. Y. BattaUon. 

Kelly, Patrick, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Patrick, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

KeUy, Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



476; APPENDIX 

Kelly, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Kelly, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Patrick, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. , 

Kelly, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Patrick, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. i 

Kelly, Patrick, German Regiment, Maryland Line. . 

Kelly, Patrick, Third Maryland Battalion, ; 

Kelly, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Patrick, 4th. Batt. 2nd, Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Kelly, Patrick, New Jersey Militia. i 

Kelly, Patrick, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. '^ 

Kelly, Patrick, 1st. Batt, 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. ! 

Kelly, Peter, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Peter, Third Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Peter, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Peter, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelly, Philip, Moylan's Fourth Dragoons. 

Kelly, Philip, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Kelly, Philip, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Philip, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Kelly, Richard, Fourth Penna. Battalion, 

Kelly, Richard, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Kelly, Richard, Amesbury, Massachusetts Company. 

Kelly, Richard, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUy, Richard, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Richard, Jr., Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Rodger, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Robert, Hazen's Penna. Regiment. 

Kelly, Robert, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Kelly, Robert, Cumberland County, Penna, Militia. 

Kelly, Robert, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Robert, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

KeUy, Robert, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

KeUy, Robert, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Samuel, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, Samuel, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, Samuel, Colonel Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUy, Samuel, Somerset County, N. J. Militia, 

Kelly, Shubel, Dutchess County, N. Y, Minute Men. 

Kelly, Shubael, Colonel Gray's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Silvinus, Second Regiment, New York Line, 

Kelly, Stephen, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men, 

Kelly, Stephen, Amesbury, Massachusetts Company. 



APPENDIX 477 

Kelly, Stephen, Colonel Walker's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Stephen, Kanawha County, W. Va. Militia. 

Kelly, Stephen, Rhode Island Militia. 

Kelly, Thomas, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

KeUy, Thomas, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

KeUy, Thomas, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, Thomas, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Kelly, Thomas, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Kelly, Thomas, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Thomas, Colonel DeHaas' Penna. Riflemen. 

Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, Thomas, Sufl'olk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 

Kelly, Thomas, Rockland County, N. Y. Associators. 

Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 

Kelly, Thomas, Plymouth, Massachusetts Company. 

KeUy, Thomas, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, Thomas, Delaware Militia. 

Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Kelly, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Kelly, Thadey, Virginia State Line. 

Kelly, Timothy, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 

Kelly, Timothy, Hazen's Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Kelly, Timothy, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, Timothy, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, Timothy, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Kelly, Timothy, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, Timothy, Colonel BuUard's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, Timothy, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 

Kelly, Timothy, Colonel Wade's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KeUy, Timothy, Virginia Continental Line. 

Kelly, Timothy, Capt. Benjamin West's Rhode Island Company. 

KeUy, Uriah, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 

Kelly, Walter, Virginia Line. 

Kelly, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

KeUy, WUliam, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

KeUy, WilUam, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line, 



478 APPENDIX 

Kelly, William, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Kelly, William, Proctor's Penna. Artillery. 

Kelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Moore's Company of Penna. Infantry. 

Kelly, William, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 

Kelly, William, First Maryland Battalion. 

Kelly, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Kelly, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Fifth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Norfolk County, Virginia troops. 

Kelly, William, Virginia Continental Line. 

Kelly, William, Stevens' New York Artillery. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Peabody's New Hampshire Regiment 

Kelly, William, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Kelly, William, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Kelly, William, Rhode Island Naval forces. 

Kelly, William, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Kelly, WUliam, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Tyler's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kelly, William, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kellee, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Kellee, Joseph, Prince George County, Md. troops. 

Kaley, Robert, Fifth Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 

KaUey, John, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KaUey, Robert, Colonel Dike's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Kayle, James, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 

Kayle, William, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 

Killee, James, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Killey, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Albany County N. Y. Militia. 

Killey, David, Colonel Pawling's New York Levies. 

Killey, David, Capt. Ezra Wood's Massachusetts Company. 

Killey, David, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 



APPENDIX 479 

Killey, David, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Killey, David, Ck)Ionel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Killey, David, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 

KiUey, David, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Killey, Dennis, Colonel Pawling's New York Levies. 

Killey, James, Baltimore County, Md. troops. 

Killey, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

KiUey, John, Colonel Miller's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Killey, John, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 

Killey, John, N. J. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Killey, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Killey, Jonathan, Capt. John Russell's Massachusetts Company. 

Killey, Luke, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 

Killey, Matthew, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 

KiUey, Michael, Newport, Rhode Island Company. 

Killey, Morris, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Killey, Patrick, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Killey, Philip, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

KiUey, Stephen, Colonel Fry's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Killey, Samuel, Springfield, Massachusetts Company. 

Killey, Thomas, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Killey, William, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 

Killey, William, Capt. Samuel Smith's Company, Lincoln Co., Me. 

McKeUy, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. MiUtia. 

CKKelly, Edward, New Jersey MiUtia. 

O'Kelly, Ephraim, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O' Kelly, John, Warren, Rhode Island MiUtia Company. 

O'Kelly, Patrick, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

O'Kelley, Patrick, South Carolina Militia. 

McCarthy, Bartholomew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Bartholomew, Colonel Brooks' Regiment of Mass. Guards. 

McCarthy, Charles, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Charles, Philadelphia City, Penna. ArtiUery. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. MiUtia. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 

McCarthy, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Continental frigate Confederacy. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Grayson's Maryland Continental Regiment. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Colonel Greaton's Masachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Colonel Mcintosh's Suffolk County, Mass. Regiment 

McCarthy, Daniel, Dutchess County, New York troops. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Jr., Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, Daniel, Frigate Hague, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarthy, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. MUitia. 



480 APPENDIX 

McCarthy, Dennis, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarthy, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarthy, Dennis, Colonel Gansevoort's New York Regiment. 

McCarthy, Ewen, First Pennsylvania Artillery. 

McCarthy, Felix, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Francis, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarthy, Florence, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

McCarthy, Florence, North Carolina troops, (regiment unknown). 

McCarthy, George, Colonel Warner's Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCarthy, Jeremiah, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarthy, James, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

McCarthy, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

McCarthy, James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

McCarthy, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, John, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Regiment. 

McCarthy, John, Colonel Ruggles' Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, John, Colonel Ruggles' Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, John, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarthy, John, Philadelphia City Volunteers. 

McCarthy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

McCarthy, John, Invalid Guards (Pennsylvania). 

McCarthy, John, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

McCarthy, John, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

McCarthy, John, Fourth Pennsylvania Artillery. 

McCarthy, Justin, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

McCarthy, Miles, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarthy, Mathias, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 

McCarthy, Moses, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarthy, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McCarthy, Owen, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

McCarthy, Owen, Independent Pennsylvania Artillery Regiment. 

McCarthy, Owen, Knox's ArtiUery Corps. 

McCarthy, Peter, Virginia Continental Line. 

McCarthy, Peter, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarthy, Richard, Virginia State Line (regiment unknown). ]; 

McCarthy, Roger, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknovm). 

McCarthy, Stephen, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarthy, Thomas, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Timothy, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 

McCarthy, Timothy, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

McCarthy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McCarthy, Timothy, Suffolk County, Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarthy, Timothy, Ship Protector, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarthy, William, Fairfield, Connecticut Volunteers. 



APPENDIX 481 

McCarthy, William, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarty, Alexander, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 

McCarty, Andrew, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 

McCarty, Andrew, Frigate Hague, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarty, Andrew, Captain Stephenson's Company of West Va. Riflemen. 

McCarty, Benjamin, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Charles, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Charles, Virginia State Line. 

McCarty, Charles, Richmond County, "Virginia Militia. 

McCarty, Charles, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McCarty, Charles, Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, Charles, Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, Charles, Scammell's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, Charles, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Cornelius, Second Regiment, South Carolina Line. 

McCarty, Cornelius, Prince William Parish, S. C. Volunteer Company. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarty, Daniel, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Daniel, Northampton County, Penna. Militia 

McCarty, Daniel, York County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Daniel, Thompson's Pennsylvania Rifle Battalion. 

McCarty, Daniel, Moylan's Fourth Pennsylvania Dragoons. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Virginia State Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Kingston, New Hampshire, Company. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment Lincoln County, Mass. 

McCarty, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Virginia Continental Line. 

McCarty, Daniel, Captain Robert MuUan's Philadelphia Marines. 

McCarty, Dennis, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Charleston, S. C. Company of Rangers. 

McCarty, Dennis, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

McCarty, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 

McCarty, Dennis, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCarty, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Sussex County, N. J. Militia. 



482 APPENDIX 

McCarty, Dennis, Third Re^ment, South Carolina Line. 

McCarty, Dennis, Heatly's South Carolina Rangers. 

McCarty, Dennis, Colonel Whitney's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarty, Dugal, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCarty, Dunkon, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. MilitiB. 

McCarty, Eben, Savannah, Ga. Volunteers. 

McCarty, Edward, Kanawha County, W. Va. Militia. '; 

McCarty, Elias, Philadelphia City Militia. i 

McCarty, Felix, Tenth Regiment, Penna, Line. 1 

McCarty, Florence, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. | 

McCarty, Florence, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. \ 

McCarty, Francis, Sloop Defence, Massachusetts Navy. Jj 

McCarty, George, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, George, Bigelow's Connecticut Artillery. 

McCarty, George, Third Battalion, North Carolina Line. ^ 

McCarty, George, Colonel Warren's Connecticut Regiment. 

McCarty, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Hugh, Colonel Malcom's New York Regiment. 

McCarty, Hugh, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

McCarty, Hugh, First Battalion, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 

McCarty, Hugh, Second Battalion, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 

McCarty, Hugh, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 

McCarty, Isaac, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Isaac, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Isaac, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Jere, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Jeremiah, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C 

McCarty, Jeremiah, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, Jeremiah, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, James, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, James, Harford County, Md. troops. 

McCarty, James, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCarty, Jesse, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Jessy, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Jonathan, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarty, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McCarty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 



APPENDIX 483 

McCarty, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, John, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Ninth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Frederick County, Va. troops. 

McCarty, John, Colonel Peabody's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Kingston, New Hampshire Company. 

McCarty, John, Capt. Kimball's Lunenburg, Mass. Company. 

McCarty, John, Orange County, N. Y. Associators. 

McCarty, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Beverly, Massachusetts Company. 

McCarty, John, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarty, John, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarty, John, Bradford's Philadelphia Foot Regiment. 

McCarty, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCarty Joseph, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Justin, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Justin, Ship General Mifflin, Massachusetts Narjr. 

McCarty, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Michael, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

McCarty, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, Moses, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarty, Neil, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Nicklos, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Owen, Lamb's Artillery. 

McCarty, Owen, Scott's Detachment, Lincoln County, Mass. 

McCarty, Patrick, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Peter, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Peter, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Peter, Virginia State Line. 

McCarty, Phelix, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Phelix, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, Philip, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Richard, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, Thomas, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

McCarty, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Thomas, Colonel Malcom's New York Levies. 

McCarty, Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCarty Thomas, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCarty, Thomas, Elizabeth, N. J. Militia Company. 



484 APPENDIX 

McCarty, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line, 

McCarty, Timothy, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Timothy, Colonel Price's Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, Timothy, Ship Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 

McCarty, Timothy, Virginia State Line. 

McCarty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCarty, William, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 

McCarty, William, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCarty, William, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 

McCarty, William, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCarty, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCarty, William, Salem County, N. J. Militia. 

McCarty, William, Col. Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCarty, William, Sullivan's Brigade, Rhode Island troops. 

McCart, James, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McCart, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McCart, John, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 

McCarte, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McCarte, Jere, New Milford, Connecticut Company. 

McCarte, John, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia Line. 

McCarte, John, Fifteenth Regiment, Virginia Line. 

McCarte, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment 

McCarte, Paul, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartee, Jeremiah, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCartee, Thomas, Hartford, Connecticut Volunteers. 

McCartee, Dennis, Colonel Eddy's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCartee, Felix, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McCartee, James, Virginia State Line. 

McCartey, Daniel, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 

McCartey, Dunkon, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 

McCartey, Cornelius, South Carolina Militia. 

McCartey, George, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCartey, Hugh, Vermont troops. 

McCartey, James, Second Regiment, Plymouth County, Mass. 

McCartey, James, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCartey, John, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCartey, John, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

McCartey, John, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 

McCartey, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCartey, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartey, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartey, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCartey, John, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

McCartey, Owen, Philadelphia City Militia. 

McCartey, Philip, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 485 

McCartie, Jeremiah, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

McCartie, Sharrod, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

McCartie, "Titan," Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

McArthey, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCardy, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCharty, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McClarty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartey, Jeremiah, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Macartie, Daniel, Colonel Hale's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Maccarty, William Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Mccarty, William, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 

McKarty, James, Ship General Mifflin, Massachusetts Navy. 

McKart, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McKerty, Hugh, York County, Penna. Militia, 

McKarty, Tim., Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCartney, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, Andrew, Chester County, Penna. MiUtia. 

McCartney, David, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, Edward, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McCartney, Henry, Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 

McCartney, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McCartney, Peter, West Virginia troops. 

McCartney, Timothy, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

Carty, Charles, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Carty, Darby, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Carty, Daniel, Maryland Flying Camp. 

Carty, Daniel, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Carty, Daniel, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Carty, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Carty, Francis, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Carty, James, Maryland Flying Camp. 

Carty, John, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Carty, John, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 

Carty, Lawrence, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Carty, Matthew, Third Maryland Battalion. 

Carty, Timothy, Maryland Flying Camp. 

Carty, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment, Lieut. Col. Pope's Co. 

Carty, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment, Capt. Jaquett's Co. 

Carty, William, New Jersey Militia. 

Cartey, Benjamin, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Cartey, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 



486 APPENDIX 

Cartey, Dennis, Capt. Thomas Beall's Maryland Corps. 

Cartey, Henry, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Cartey, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Cartey, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Cartey, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Cartey, John, Colonel WiUett's New York Levies. 

Cartey, Martin, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Cartey, Matthew, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Cartey, Silas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Cartey, Solomon, Colonel Harper's New York Levies. 

Cartey, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Cartey, Timothy, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Cartey, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Cartey, William, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Carte, Dennis, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Carte, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Carte, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Carte, William, Colonel Pawlings' New York Levies. 

Carthy, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Carthey, Isaac, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Carthey, WUliam, Frederick County, Md. troops. 

Cartee, William, Vermont troops. 

Murphy, Alexander, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Anthony, Capt. Richard Smith's Company, Maryland Flying Camp. 

Murphy, Anthony, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Anthony, Suffolk County, Virginia Militia. 

Murphy, Andrew, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Andrew, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Andrew, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Archibald, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Murphy, Archibald, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Archibald, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Murphy, Archibald, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Murphy, Archibald, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Archibald, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 

Murphy, Archibald, Caswell County, North Carolina troops. 

Murphy, Arthur, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Arthur, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Murphy, Arthur, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Arthur, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Barney, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Barney, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Barney, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Barney, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



APPENDIX 487 

Murphy, Bryan, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
Murphy, Charles, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
Murphy, Charles, Orange County, Virginia, troops. 
Murphy, Charles, First Regiment, Maryland Line, 
Murphy, Charles, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
Murphy, Charles, Tenth Regiment, Virginia Line. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Third Maryland Battalion. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Pennsylvania Navy. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
Murphy, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Christian, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Lin& 
Murphy, Christian, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Murphy, Christopher, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
Murphy, Daniel, Delaware Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
Murphy, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
Murphy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, New Jersey Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Daniel, Third Pennsylvania Battalion. 
Murphy, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Murphy, Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Murphy, Daniel, Colonel Bradford's Philadelphia Foot Regiment. 
Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
Murphy, Daniel, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Murphy, Daniel, Hampshire County, Massachusetts troops. 
Murphy, Daniel, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
Murphy, David, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
Murphy, David, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, David, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
Murphy, Dennis, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Hurphy, Dennis, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
Murphy, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Hurphy, Dennis, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Murphy, Dennis, Patton's Additional Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



488 APPENDIX 

Murphy, Dennis, Captain Cooper's Company of Philadelphia Volunteers. 

Murphy, Dennis, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Dennis, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Murphy, Edward, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Edward, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Edward, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphy, Edward, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Edward, Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Edward, Barnstable, Massachusetts Company. 

Murphy, Edward, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Murphy, Edward, Second Regiment, South Carolina Foot. 

Murphy, Elijah, Coldnel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphy, Francis, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, George, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, George, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, George, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, George, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, George, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Murphy, Henry, Suffolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 

Murphy, Henry, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Henry, New York troops (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Hugh, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Hugh, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Isaac, Captain Pollock's troop of Delaware Horse. 

Murphy, Israel, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, James, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

Murphy, James, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 

Murphy, James, German Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, James, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Murphy, James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, James, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, James, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Murphy, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, James, Lancaster County Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, James, Captain Rawlings' Company of Maryland Militia. 

Murphy, James, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 



APPENDIX 489 

Murphy, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, James, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, James, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 

Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphy, James, Stevens' New York Artillery. 

Murphy, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, James, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, James, Shrawder's Pennsylvania Rangers. 

Murphy, James, Sturbridge, Massachusetts Company, 

Murphy, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphy, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphy, James, Colonel Patterson's Battalion, Delaware Flying Camp. 

Murphy, James, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

Murphy, James, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphy, James, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Murphy, James, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons. 

Murphy, James, Wolcott's Connecticut Brigade. 

Murphy, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Murphy, James, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Murphy, Jacob, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Jones, Washington Countj% Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Jones, Colonel- Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Murphy, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Murphy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Murphy, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, John, Fourth Regiment, Marjiand Line. 

Murphy, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line, 

Murphy, John, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 

Murphy, John, 6th Independent Co., Dorchester Co., Md. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, John, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Murphy, John, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Murphy, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 

Murphy, John, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, John, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Thompson's Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

Murphy, John, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Chester County, Penna. MiUtia. 



490 APPENDIX 

Murphy, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Jr., York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, John, Capt. Samuel Sloane's Co. of Mass. Minute Men. 

Murphy, John, Hingham, Massachusetts Company. 

Murphy, John, Ship Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, John, Ship Thorn, Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, John, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Murphj, John, Third Regiment, Newf Jersey Continental Line. 

Murphy, John, Brigantine Speedwell, Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, John, Continental frigate Deane. 

Murphy, John, Continental frigate Hague. 

Murphy, John, Henry County, Virginia, Militia, 

Murphy, John, Second New York Artillery. 

Murphy, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Colonel Scammel's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, John, Rhode Island Naval forces. 

Murphy, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphy, Joseph, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Joseph, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphy, Joseph, Eighth Regiment Connecticut Line. 

Murphy, Labach, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Murphy, Leander, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Murphy, Lambert, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy, 

Murphy, Lawrence, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Lawrence, Invalid Regiment (Penna.). 

Murphy, Lawrence, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 

Murphy, Levi, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Levy, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Martin, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphy, Martin, Capt. William McMuUin's Co. of Phila. City Guards. 

Murphy, Martin, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Martin, Rhode Island Militia. 

Murphy, Martin, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Murphy, Malachi, South Carolina Artillery Artificers. 

Murphy, Matthew, Charleston, S. C. Regiment of Foot. 

Murphy, Maurice, Colonel Hicks' South Carolina Regiment. 

Murphy, Maurice, St. David's Parish, South Carolina Volunteers. 

Murphy, Michael, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 



APPENDIX 491 

Murphy, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Michael, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Michael, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Michael, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Michael, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 

Murphy, Michael, Capt. Moses Maxwell's Company, Mass. Coast Artillery. 

Murphy, Michael, Continental frigate Deane. 

Murphy, Michael, Continental frigate Boston. 

Murphy, Michael, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 

Murphy, Miles, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Miles, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, "Mill," Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Morgan, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Murphy, Mylon, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Owen, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphy, Owen, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Owen, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Patrick, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Patrick, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Hale's Battalion of New Hampshire troops. 

Murphy, Patrick, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Continental Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Stockley's Pennsylvania Rangers. 

Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, Patrick, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Patrick, Boston, Massachusetts, Company. 

Murphy, Patrick, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, Patrick, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Benedict Arnold's Canadian Detachment. 

Murphy, Patrick, Capt. Hugh Stephenson's Company, West Va. Riflemen. 

Murphy, Patrick, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphy, Patrick, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Murphy, Patrick M., Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Peter, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



492 APPENDIX 

Murphy, Peter, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Peter, Fifth Regiment, SuflFolk County, Massachusetts. 

Murphy, Peter, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Peter, First Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Peter, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

Murphy, Philip, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Philip, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Philip, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Philip, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Pierce, Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Pierce, Continental frigate Raleigh. 

Murphy, Richard, Queen Anne's County, Maryland troops. 

Murphy, Richard, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Richard, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphy, Richard, Continental frigate Hague. 

Murphy, Robert, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Murphy, Robert, Second Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 

Murphy, Robert, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Robert, New Jersey Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Robert, Second Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

Murphy, Robert, Fourth Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

Murphy, Robert, Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphy, Samuel, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Murphy, Samuel, Eighth Battalion, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Murphy, Seumas, York County, Penna. Militia 

Murphy, Solomon, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Murphy, Stephen, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Murphy, Sylvester, Colonel Cobb's Massachusetts Navy. 

Murphy, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphy, Thomas, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Murphy, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Murphy, Thomas, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Thomas, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Murphy, Thomas, Capt. Robert MuUan's Company, Philadelphia Marines. 

Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Delaney's Philadelphia Battalion of Foot. 

Murphy, Thomas, Huntingdon County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphy, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphy, Thomas, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 

Murphy, Thomas, Captain William Reiley's Maryland troops. 

Murphy, Thomas, Third Maryland Battalion. 

Murphy, Thomas, Marj^land Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Wessenfels' Regiment, New York Levies. 



APPENDIX 



493 



Thomas, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Levies. 

Thomas, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, New York Levies. 

Thomas, Suffolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 

Thomas, New York Line (regiment unknown). 

Thomas, Ship Pilgrim, Massachusetts Navy. 

Thomas, Colonel North's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Thomas, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Thomas, Continental frigate Deane. 

Thomas, Continental frigate Hague. 

Thomas, Continental frigate Raleigh. 

Thomas, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Thomas, East Haddam, Connecticut Volunteers. 

Timothy, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Timothy, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Timothy, Thompson's Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

Timothy, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Timothy, Hampshire, Massachusetts Militia. 

Timothy, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Timothy, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Timothy, Colonel Harper's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Timothy, Fifteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

William, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

William, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

William, York County, Penna. Militia. 

William, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

William, Dorchester County, Maryland troops. 

William, Harford County, Maryland troops. 

William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

William, 4th. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

William, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

William, New Jersey Militia. 

William, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

William, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

William, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

William, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 

William, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

William, Fitchburg, Massachusetts Company. 

William, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Militia. 

William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

William, Berkeley County, Virginia troops. 

William, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

William, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 



494 



APPENDIX 



Murphy, William, Taunton, Massachusetts, Company. 

Murphy, William, Jr., Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphey, Andrew, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, Barnabas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia^ 

Murphey, Cornelius, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line, 

Murphey, Daniel, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, Daniel, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

Murphey, Darby, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, David, Shrawder's Pennsylvania Rangers. 

Murphey, Edward, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, Edward, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, Edward, Capt. Jesse Rowe's Company, Knox's Artillery Corps. 

Murphey, Hezekiah, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Murphey, James, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphey, James, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphey, James, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, Joab, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphey, John, Colonel Simonds' Berkshire County, Mass. Regiment. 

Murphey, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, John, Continental frigate Deane. 

Murphey, Joseph, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, Joseph, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

Murphey, Lemuel, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphey, Martin, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphey, Martin, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murphey, Matthew, St. David's Parish, South Carolina, Volunteers. 

Murphey, Michael, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphey, Miland, Danvers, Massachusetts Company. 

Murphey, Owen, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murphey, Patrick, Kent County, Maryland troops. 

Murphey, Patrick, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphey, Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 495 

Murphey, Peter, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Murphey, Philip, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 

Murphey, Richard, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Murphey, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line, 

Murphey, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Murphey, Timothy, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, Timothy, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murphey, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murphey, William Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, William, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphey, William T., Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Murpphey, John, Colonel Scammell's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murphe, John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Murphe, John Middlesex County, Massachusetts troops. 

Murphe, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphee, Richard, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphew, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 

Murfee, Edward, Colonel Lippitt's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Murfee, James, Colonel Davis' Worcester County, Mass. Regiment. 

Murfee, John, Montgomery, County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfee, John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Murfee, John, Colonel Simond's Berkshire County, Mass. Regiment. 

Murfee, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Murfee, Richard, Seventh Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 

Murfee, Thomas, C'apt. Florence Crowley's Company of Mass. Artillery. 

Murfee, Thomas, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 

Murfee, William, Detachment of Massachusetts Guards. 

Murfey, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Murfey, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Edmund, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Murfey, Edward, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Murfey, Edward, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murfey, Edward, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Edward, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Murfey, George, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Murfey, George, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murfey, Israel, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murfey, John, Cambridge, Massachusetts Company. 

Murfey, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfey, Thomas, Colonel Graham's Regiment, New York Levies. 



496 APPENDIX 

MurfFy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Murfy, C, Berkshire County, Massachusetts troops. 

Murfy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfy, James, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfy, Patrick, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia, 

Murfy, Peter, Ship Pilgrim, Massachusetts Navy, 

Murfy, Peter, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Murfy, Pierce, Capt. Tobias Lord's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 

Murfy, WiUam, Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Murphie, Henderson, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Murphue, Arthur, First Regiment, Provincial troops of South Carolina. 

Murpey, Henry, Suffolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 

Murpey, Thomas, Fourteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Morphey, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Morphey, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Murfit, Henry, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfit, John, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Murfit, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfit, William, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Murfit, William, Jr., Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Murfrey, John, Virginia Continental Line. 

Murfrey, John, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 

Murfrey, Samuel, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 

Murfree, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

Murfree, Lemuel, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 

McMurfey, James, Colonel Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McMurfey, Patrick, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurfey, Peter, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McMurfy, George, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McMurfy, William Colonel Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McMurphy, Alexander, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 

McMurphy, Daniel, Lieut. Col. Webster's New Hampshire Militia. 

McMurphy, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McMurphy, George, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurphy, George, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurphy, James, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 

McMurphy, John, Philadelphia City, Penn. Militia. 

McMurphy, John, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurphy, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurphy, John, Colonel Thornton's New Hampshire Regiment. 

McMurphy, John, North Carolina Line, (regiment unknown). 

McMurphy, Peter, Captain Caleb Turner's Massachusetts Company. 

McMurphy, Peter, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 

McMurphy, Robert, Delaware troops, (regiment unknown). 

McMurphy, Robert, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 



APPENDIX 



497 



McMurphy, William, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 
McMurphy, William, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
McMurphy, William, Colonel Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 



Charles, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
Cornelius, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
Cornelius, Seventh Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Daniel, St. Clair's Pennsylvania Battalion. 
Dennis, Commander-in-ChieTs Guard. 
Dennis, Colonel Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Dennis, Thirty-sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
Dennis, Schooner Diligent, Massachusetts Navy. 
Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
Gideon, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

James, Captain Jabez West's Company, Lincoln County, Me. troops. 
James, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 
James, Virginia Continental Line. 
Jeremy, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fourth Battalion. 
John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fifth Battalion. 
John, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 
John, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
John, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 
John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. 
John, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 
John, Colonel McC'obb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
John, Schooner Diligent, Massachusetts Navy. 
John, Captain Farley's Massachusetts Company. 
Joseph, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Me. troops. 
Joseph, Colonel Holman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
John, Lieutenant Andrew Gilman's Massachusetts Company. 
John, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 
John, Major Thomas' Massachusetts Artillery Company. 
John, Essex County, Massachusetts, troops. 
John, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 
John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
John, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 
John, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
John, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
Lewis, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
Ludovick, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 



/ 



49g APPENDIX 

O'Brian, Martin, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

CBrian, Martin, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brian, Martin, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brian, Matthew, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 

O'Brian, Matthew, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 

O'Brian, Matthew, Captain Micah Hamblin's Massachusetts Company. 

O'Brian, Matthew, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brian, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brian, Michael, Captain William Brown's Battery of Maryland Artillery. 

O'Brian, Morgan, First Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

O'Brian, Murty, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brian, Patrick, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brian, Patrick, Ship Colnmbm, Continental Navy. 

O'Brian, Paul, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N, Y. Militia. 

O'Brian, Philip, Captain William Brown's Battery of Maryland Artillery. 

O'Brian, Richard, Colonel Heath's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brian, Sylvester, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Colonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Fifth Company, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Sixth Company, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Weymouth, Massachusetts Company. 

O'Brian, Thomas, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

O'Brian, William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brian, William, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brian, William, Schooner Hibernia, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'Brian, William, Worcester County, Massachusetts troops. 

O'Brian, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia, Fourth Battalion. 

O'Brien, Andrew, Commander-in-ChieFs Guard. 

O'Brien, Daniel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Brien, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brien, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brien, Dennis, Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brien, Francis, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brien, Francis, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 

O'Brien, Hugh, Colonel Mcintosh's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brien, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Brien, James, Harford County, Maryland troops. 

O'Brien, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brien, "Jerry" Colonel Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brien, Jeremiah, Massachusetts Rangers. 

O'Brien, John, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

O'Brien, John, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 

O'Brien, John, Colonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 

O'Brien, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 



APPENDIX 499 

O'Brien, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Brien, John, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brien, John, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

O'Brien, John, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Brien, John, First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 

O'Brien, John, Jr., C-olonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 

O'Brien, John Morris, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 

O'Brien, Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brien, Joseph, Continental frigate Boston. 

O'Brien, Michael, New York troops (regiment unknown). 

O'Brien, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brien, Patrick, Ship Alfred, Continental Navy. 

O'Brien, Peter, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Brien, William, Continental frigate Boston. 

O'Brien, William, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brien, William, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brien, William, Colonel Miller's Rhode Island Regiment. 

O'Bryan, Andrew, Provost Guard, Pennsylvania. 

O'Bryan, Charles, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Bryan, Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Bryan, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Bryan, Daniel, Capt. Titus Salter's Company, New Hampshire Artillery. 

O'Bryan, Daniel, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Bryan, Darby, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Bryan, Dennis, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Bryan, Dennis, Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Bryan, Dennis Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

O'Bryan, Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Bryan, Dennis, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 

O'Bryan, Dennis, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

O'Brien, Duncan, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Brien, Francis, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Bryan, George, Major Eben Stevens' Battery of Mass. Artillery. 

O'Bryan, Gregory, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

O'Bryan, Gregory, Colonel Webb's Connecticut Regiment. 

O'Bryan, James, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Bryan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Bryan, James, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Bryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Bryan, James, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

O'Bryan, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Bryan, John, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Bryan, John, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Bryan, John, First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 

O'Bryan, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Bryan, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 



r 



500 



APPENDIX 



O'Bryan 
CBryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan, 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
O'Bryan 
©"Bryen 



John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

John, York County, Penna. Militia, 

John, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

John, Third Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

John, 1st. Batt. Second. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

John, Capt. Willing's Company of Philadelphia Marines. 

John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Joseph, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Joseph, Charles County, Maryland troops. 

Martin, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Martin, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Martin, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Martin, Colonel Chambers' Pennsylvania Foot Regiment. 

Matthew, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Michael, Maryland Artillery. 

Patrick, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Patrick, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 

Patrick, Rutland, Massachusetts Company, 

Patrick, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Patrick, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Paul, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Paul, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 

Philip, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Philip, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Richard, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

RicKard, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Roger, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sylvester, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Thomas, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Timothy, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Timothy, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

"Tim," Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

"Tide," North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

William, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

William, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

William, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

William, Philadelphia City Militia, Sixth Battalion. 

William, Warren, Rhode Island, Town Guards. 

John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. 



APPENDIX 501 

O'Brion, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brion, Gregory, Capt. Caleb Turner's Massachusetts Company. 

O'Brion, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Brion, Morgan, Philadelphia City Troop of Light Horse. 

O'Brion, Paul, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Bryon, Edward, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Bryon, Thomas M., Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Bryon, William, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, Charles, Colonel Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, Cornelius, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Brine, Dennis, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, Dennis, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, Gregory, Second New York Artillery. 

O'Brine, James, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Brine, James, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, John, Capt. Tisdale's Springfield, Mass. Company. 

O'Brine, John, Second Regiment, Plymouth County, Mass. 

O'Brine, John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, Richard, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Mass. 

O'Brine, Richard, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, William, Colonel Drury's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Brine, William, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Bryne, John, Vermont troops (regiment unknown). 

O'Brient, William, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 

O'Briant, Cornelius, Colonel Willett's Regiment of New York Levies. 

O'Briant, Gideon, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, Gregory, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'Briant, James, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, James, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, Jeremiah, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, John, Ship Lion, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'Briant, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

O'Briant, John, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

O'Briant, John, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Briant, John, Colonel Thornton's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Briant, John, Springfield, Massachusetts Company. 

O'Briant, John, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 

O^Briant, John, Sloop Defence, Maryland Navy. 

O'Briant, Joseph, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Briant, William, Continental frigate Deane. 

O'Briant, William, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'Bryant, Peter, Brigantine Defence, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'brient, Dennis, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'brient, James, Capt. Jabez West's Massachusetts Company. 

O'brient, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 



A 



502 APPENDIX 

Cbrient, Patrick, Colonel Whitney's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Obriant, John, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Obrian, John, Eighth Regiment, New Hampshire Militia. 

Obrien, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Obrien, John, "Westchester County, New York Militia. 

Obrien, Morgan, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Obryon, John, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment (New Hampshire). 

Obryan, James, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Obryan, John, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Obryan, Thomas, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Nail, Barry, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Nail, Daniel, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Nail, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Nail, Fehx, Cecil County, Maryland troops. 

O'Nail, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Nail, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Nail, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Nail, William, Hazen's Continental Regiment (New Hampshire). 

O'Neal, Bernard, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Benjamin, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

O'Neal, Bryan, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Bryan, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Charles, Third Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

O'Neal, Christian, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Christopher, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Christopher, Pennsylvania Navy. 

O'Neal, Conrad, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Neal, Constantine, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Constantine, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Daniel, 3rd Batt. First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neal, Daniel, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neal, Daniel, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Daniel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Neal, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Dixon, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

O'Neal, Douglas, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 

O'Neal, Edward, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Edward, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Edward, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Felix, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neal, Felix, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Felix, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 



APPENDIX 503 

, Ferdinand, Virginia Continental Line. 
, F'arrel, Virginia Continental Line. 

Hamilton, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Henry, Monmouth County, New Jersey Militia. 
, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Henry, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
, Henry, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Henry, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
, Henry, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
, Hugh, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
, Hugh, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
, James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
, James, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
, James, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
, James, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
, James, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia, 
, James, Benton's South Carolina Regiment. 
, James, Second Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
, James, Seventh Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
, James, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
, James, Colonel Hunter's Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

James, Colonel Van Schaick's Regiment, New York Line. 

James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

John, Virginia Continental Line. 

John, Colonel Elmore's Connecticut Line. 

John, Capt. Ransom's Company, Wyoming Valley, Penna. troops. 

John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

John, Invalid Regiment (Rhode Island). 

John, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Monmouth County, New Jersey, Militia. 

John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 



Z 



504 APPENDIX 

O'Neal, John, Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, John, Harford County, Maryland troops. 

O'Neal, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neal, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neal, John, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Neal, John, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 

O'Neal, John, Marj'land Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neal, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Nehemiah, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

O'Neal, N., Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neal, Nicholas, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Nicholas, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Neal, Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Peter, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 

O'Neal, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Richard, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Richard, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neal, Richard, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

O'Neal, Samuel, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Neal, Seymour, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 

O'Neal, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neal, Timothy, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, Timothy, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neal, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neal, William, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neal, William, Virginia Continental Line. 

O'Neal, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

O'Neale, Charles, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neale, George, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neale, John, Charles County, Maryland troops. 

O'Neale, John, Charles County, Maryland troops. 

O'Neale, Richard, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

O'Neale, William, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

O'Niel, James, West Virginia troops. 

O'Nele, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, Arthur, Sussex County, New Jersey, Militia. 

O'Neil, Arthur, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neil, Barney, Philadelphia City, Penna, Militia. 

O'Neil, Charles, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

O'Neil, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, Darden, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

O'Neil, Henry, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 



APPENDIX 505 

O'Neil, Henry, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neil, Henry, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, Henry, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, Henry, "Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Neil, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

O'Neil, James, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 

O'Neil, James, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of New York Levies. 

O'Neil, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, John, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

O'Neil, John, Seventh Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

O'Neil, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neil, John, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Neil, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, John, Capt. Simon Spaulding's Co., Wyoming Valley, Penna. troops. 

O'Neil, John, Colonel Moore's New Hampshire Regiment. 

O'Neil, Michael, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, Neal, 1st. Batt. 1st Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neil, Neil, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

O'Neil, Neal, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Neil, Peter, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neil, Richard, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neil, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

O'Neil, Thomas, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 

O'Neil, , Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

O'Neill, Arthur, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neill, Archibald, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neill, Bryan, Pennsylvania Militia (regiment unknown). 

O'Neill, Charles, Pennsylvania Navy. 

O'Neill, Charles, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

O'Neill, Christopher, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Neill, Christopher, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neill, Constantine, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neill, Ferdinand, Capt. Lee's Battalion, South Carolina Light Dragoons. 

O'Neill, Henry, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neill, Henry, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

O'Neill, James, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neill, James, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neill, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

O'Neill, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neill, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neill, John, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

O'Neill, John, Maryland Select Militia. 

O'Neill, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 



506 APPENDIX 

O'Neill, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

O'Neill, Peter, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

ONeill, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

O'Neile, John, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

Kneal, Patrick, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Nail, Charles, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Nail, John, New York Artillery Artificers. 

Naile, John, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Neill, Robert, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Neill, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNail, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Charles, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, Charles, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McNeal, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McNeal, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

McNeal, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Dominick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Henry, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, Henry, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 

McNeal, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

McNeal, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, John, Hazen's Continental Regiment (Pennsylvania). 

McNeal, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

McNeal, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

McNeal, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Loughlin, Pennsylvania Navy. 

McNeal, Laughlin, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

McNeal, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeil, Paul, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

McNeil, Robert, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

McNeal, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeal, William, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

McNeal, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeal, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, Charles, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 



APPENDIX 507 

McNeill, Charles, Continental frigate Boston. 

McNeill, Daniel, Capt. Peter Clark's New Hampshire Company. 

McNeill, Daniel, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

McNeill, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McNeill, Hector, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, Henry, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 

McNeill, Hector, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, Hector, Continental frigate Boston. 

McNeill, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, James, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

McNeill, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, John, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

McNeill, John, Charlotte County, New York Militia. 

McNeill, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

McNeill, Michael, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

McNeill, Robert, Continental frigate Boston. 

McNeill, Thomas, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

McNeill, Victor, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

McNeill, William, Twelfth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Reilly, Charles, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, Con., German Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, Christopher, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, Christopher, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 

Reilly, James, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Reilly, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Reilly, James, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Reilly, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 

Reilly, James, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reilly, James, West Virginia troops (regiment unknown), 

Reilly, James, New York troops (regiment unknown). 

Reilly, James, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reilly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Reilly, John, Colonel Turner's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reilly, John, Continental frigate Hague. 

Reilly, John, Colonel Burrall's Connecticut Regiment. 

Reilly, John, Capt. Willing's Company of Philadelphia Marines. 

Reilly, John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 

Reilly, Joseph, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Reilly, Martin, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reilly, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Reilly, Patrick, Lamb's New York Artillery. 



508 APPENDIX 



Re 
Re: 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re: 
Re: 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re: 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re: 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 
Re 



lly, Patrick, 2nd., Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Uy, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

lly, Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

lly, Philip, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

lly, Richard, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 

lly, Robert, Capt. Fullwood's S. C. Volunteer Militia. 

lly, Robert, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

lly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

lly, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

lly, Thomas, Henley's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

lly, Thomas, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

lly, Thomas, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 

lly, Thomas, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

lly, Thomas, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

ley, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Charles, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

ley, Christopher, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Barney, York County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Bernard, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, David, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Edward, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

ley, Francis, York County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Francis, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 

ley, George, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 

ley, George, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

ley, James, Bristol County, Massachusetts troops. 

ley, James, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ley, Job, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, John, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ley, John, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ley, Martin, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Martin, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Matthew, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

ley, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery. 

ley, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ley, Patrick, First Maryland Battalion. 

ley, Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Philip, Pennsylvania Navy. 

ley, Richard, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Richard, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 509 

Reiley, Thomas, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
Reiley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
Reiley, William, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
Reiley, William, Commander-in-Chief's Guard, 
Reily, Barney, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Bernard, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Charles, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Edward, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Edward, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 

George, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 

Henry, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Hugh, Colonel Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 

James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

James, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia (1st. Batt.). 

John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia (4th. Batt.) 

John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

John, Rowley, Massachusetts Company. 

John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Third Regiment, New York Line. • 

Joseph, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Miles, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Patrick, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Patrick, Craig's Detachment of Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Patrick, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Patrick, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Philip, West Virginia troops. 

Terence, Second Infantry Company of Westerly, R. L 

Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Thomas, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Thomas, Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

William, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Bernard, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 



510 APPENDIX 



ely, Barnabas, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 

ely, Charles, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ely, Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 

ely, James, Richmond, Massachusetts Company. 

ely, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ely, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

ely, Jonathan, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ely, Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ely, Thomas, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ely, Thomas, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ely, William, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ely, William, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

eley, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

ley. A., Wethersfield, Connecticut Volunteers. 

ley. A., Brig Banger, Connecticut Navy. 

ley, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

ley, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

ley, Charles, Twenty-second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

ley, Daniel, New Jersey State troops. 

ley, Daniel, Virginia Continental Line. 

ley, Dennis, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

ley, David, Colonel Canfield's Connecticut Militia Regiment. 

ley, Edward, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

ley, Edward, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

ley, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ley, Francis, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

ley, Hugh? Colonel Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ley, Jonathan, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

ley, James, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

ley, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 

ley, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

ley, James, Colonel Harper's Regiment of New York Levies. 

ley, James, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

ley, James, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

ley, James, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

ley, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

ley, James, Fifth Regiment, Middlesex County, Mass. 

ley, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

ley, James, Seventh Massachusetts Artillery. 

ley, James, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 

ley, James, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

ley, James, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

ley, Jacob, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

ley, Jacob, Gloucester County, New Jersey Militia. 

ley, John, Colonel Webb's Connecticut Regiment. 

ley, John, Sloop Hero, Connecticut Navy. 



APPENDIX 511 

John, Philadelphia City Artillery. 

John, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 

John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

John, Kent County, Maryland troops. 

John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

John, Lee's Legion, New Jersey Continental Line. 

John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 

John, Capt. Thomas Beall's Corps of Maryland troops. 

John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

John, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 

John, Virginia Line (regiment unknown). 

Jones, Ship Protector, Massachusetts Navy. 

Job, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 

Joseph, Cumberland County, New Jersey Militia. 

Joseph, New Jersey, Continental Line. 

Joseph, Continental frigate Deane. 

Lawrence, Ann Arundel County, Maryland troops. 

Michael, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Michael, Colonel Daggett's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Michael, Attleborough, Massachusetts Company. 

Michael, Captain Elisha May's Massachusetts Company. 

Moses, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Nathaniel, Ship Oliver Cromwell, Connecticut Navy. 

Patrick, Frederick, Maryland troops. 

Patrick, Montgomery County, Maryland Militia. 

Patrick, Gloucester County, New Jersey Militia. 

Patrick, Captain James Lee's Company, Knox's Artillery. 

Patrick, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Patrick, Captain Newman's Boston, Mass. Company. 

Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Peter, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Peter, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Philip, Colonel Harper's New York Levies. 

Richard, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 



512 APPENDIX 

Riley, Robert, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Riley, Robert, Captain Ferguson's Volunteer Company, Penna. troops. 

Riley, Roger, New Jersey Militia. 

Riley, Simeon, Colonel Cheever's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Riley, Sylvester, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Riley, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Riley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Riley, Thomas, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Riley, Thomas, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Riley, Timothy, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Riley, Walter, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Riley, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Riley, William, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Riley, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Reyley, Daniel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. J 

Reyley, Henry, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. i^ 

Reyley, Henry, Wolcott's Connecticut Brigade. \ 

Reyley, Henry, Capt. Wm. McMuUins' Phila. City Guards. 

Reyley, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). •, 

Reyley, James, New York troops (regiment unknown). • 

Reyley, James, Colonel Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 

Reyley, James, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Brigade. 

Reyley, James, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reyley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 

Reyley, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Reyley, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Reyley, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Reyley, John, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Reyley, John, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 

Reyley, John, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Reyley, Julius, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Horse. 

Reyley, Michael, Fourteenth Massachusetts Artillery. 

Reyley, Philip, Boston, Massachusetts Company, 

Reyley, Philip, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Reyley, Sylvester, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 

Reylie, John, Virginia Line (regiment unknown). 

Reylie, Matthew, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Rily, Luke, Delaware Militia. 

Rioley, John, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 

Rihiey, Jacob, First Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia, 

Righley, Joseph, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Reiloy, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Railey, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Realley, Dennis, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Reyle, Denis, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Reyligh, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 



APPENDIX 513 

Royley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 

Rylee, Philip, Colonel Warner's Connecticut Regiment. 

Ryley, George, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryley, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryley, Joseph, Georgia Continental Brigade. 

Ryley, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryley, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryley, Philip, Fifth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryley, Sylvester, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryley, Pat., Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryley, Phillip, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Ryley, Philip, Jr., Philadelphia City Militia. 

Ryley, Philip, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State line. 

Ryley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Ryley, William, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Rylie, John, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

Rylie, Francis, Brigantine Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 

Rylie, James, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Rylie, Jacob, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Rylie, Nicholas, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Rylie, Philip, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Reyly, John, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 

Reyly, Miles, Captain Mills' S. C. Volunteer Militia. 

Ryly, Joseph, Colonel Simonds' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Andrew, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Andrew, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 

Ryan, Andrew, Fifth Penna. Battalion. 

Ryan, Andrew, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Anthony, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Alexander, Continental frigate Deane. 

Ryan, Albert, New York troops (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, Augustus, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Augustine, Falmouth, Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, Barney, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Bryan, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Benjamin, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, Cornelius, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Cornelius, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line (Doherty's Co.). 

Ryan, Cornelius, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line (Hadley's Co.). 

Ryan, Christopher, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryan, Christian, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Ryan, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 



514 APPENDIX 

Ryan, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, Daniel, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 

Ryan, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Dennis, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, Dennis, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Dennis, Colonel Hazen's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Derry, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Duncan, Colonel Willett's New York Regiment. 

Ryan, Darby, Leicester County, Massachusetts troops. 

Ryan, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryan, Edward, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Edward, Brig Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 

Ryan, Edward, Colonel Thomas Poor's N. H. Regiment. 

Ryan, Francis, First Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 

Ryan, George, Prince George County, Maryland troops. 

Ryan, George, Virginia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, George, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Gilbert, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Francis, Colonel Eben Francis' Mass. Regiment. 

Ryan, Francis, East Sudbury, Mass. Company. 

Ryan, Francis, Dorchester, Mass. Company. 

Ryan, Hercules, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Ryan, Hugh, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 

Ryan, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Isaac, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Jacob, Maryland Line (regiment unknown), 

Ryan, James, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, James, Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, James, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, James, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Ryan, JameS, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Ryan, James, Parr's Company of New Hampshire Riflemen. 

Ryan, James, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, James, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, James, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, James, Colonel Hazen's Additional Corps of the N. Y. Line. 

Ryan, James, Colonel Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 515 

Ryan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Ryan, James, First Penna. Battalion. 

Ryan, James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, James, Sr., Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, James, Jr., Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, James, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, "Jerry," Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Jeremiah, Colonel Waterbury's Connecticut Militia. 

Ryan, Jeremiah, Colonel Elmore's Connecticut Regiment. 

Ryan, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, John, Fourth Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Fourteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Ryan, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 

Ryan, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 

Ryan, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fourth Battalion. 

Ryan, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Sixth Battalion. 

Ryan, John, Philadelphia County Militia. 

Ryan, John, Philadelphia County Militia. 

Ryan, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Ryan, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, John, First Maryland Battalion. 

Ryan, John, Prince George County, Maryland troops. 

Ryan, John, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 

Ryan, John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of South Carolina. 

Ryan, John, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 

Ryan, John, Hazen's Regiment, Continental Line (N. J.). 

Ryan, John, Hazen's Regiment, Continental Line (N. H.). 

Ryan, John, Stevens' New York Artillery. 

Ryan, John, Luzerne County, Penna. Volunteers. 

Ryan, John, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, New Jersey Line. 

Ryan, John, Thompson's Battalion of Penna. Riflemen. 



516 APPENDIX 

Ryan, John, Robinson's Pennsylvania Rangers. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Turner's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Maiden, Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, John, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Fourth Regiment of Suffolk County, Mass. 

Ryan, John, Waltham, Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Randolph County, Virginia Militia. 

Ryan, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Ryan, John, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, John, Continental frigate Confederacy. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Bradford's Battalion, Philadelphia Foot. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Colonel Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, John, Captain Simeon Thayer's Providence, R. I. Company. 

Ryan, Joseph, Washington County, Penna. Militia (2nd. Batt,). 

Ryan, Joseph, Washington County, Penna. Militia (Eckley's Frontier Co.). 

Ryan, Lewis, Hamilton's New York Artillery, 

Ryan, Matthew, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Matthew, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Matthew, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Michael, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Michael, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Ryan, Michael, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 

Ryan, Michael, Wayne's Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Ryan, Michael, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Michael, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Michael, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Michael, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Westmoreland County, Penna, Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Philadelphia County, Penna, Militia. 

Ryan, Michael, Second Regiment, Penna, Line. 

Ryan, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Penna, Line. 

Ryan, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Michael, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 



APPENDIX 517 

Ryan, Michael, Captain Benjamin Plummer's Mass. Company. 

Ryan, Michael, Continental frigate Boston. 

Ryan, Michael, Continental frigate Confederacy. 

Ryan, Michael, Capt. Thomas Salter's New Hampshire Artillery Company. 

Ryan, Michael, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, Michael, Captain Simpson's Philadelphia City Guards. 

Ryan, Miles, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Miles, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 

Ryan, Nathan, Third Regiment, Maryland Line, 

Ryan, Nathaniel, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 

Ryan, Owen, Philadelphia City Militia. 

Ryan, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Patrick, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Patrick, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Patrick, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Patrick, Colonel Hartley's Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Ryan, Peter, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Philip, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Philip, Philadelphia County, Penna. MiUtia. 

Ryan, Philip, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 

Ryan, Richard, Georgia Continental Line. 

Ryan, Richard, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Ryan, Richard, Colonel Vose's Mass. Regiment. 

Ryan, Robert, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Robert, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Robert, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Robert, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Roger, Brig Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 

Ryan, Samuel, Capt. Loring Lincoln's Mass. Company. 

Ryan, Samuel, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, Samuel, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 

Ryan, Stephen, Ship Alfred, Massachusetts Navy. 

Ryan, Thomas, Seventeenth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 



518 APPENDIX 

Ryan, Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Hamilton's New York Artillery Company, 

Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 

Ryan, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 

Ryan, Thomas, Captain Jennings' Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, Thomas, Brookline, Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, Thomas, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 

Ryan, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, Timothy, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, Timothy, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. Line. 

Ryan, Timothy, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Ryan, Timothy, First Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 

Ryan, Timothy, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia, 

Ryan, Timothy, Captain Abner Lowell's Company of Mass. Artillery. 

Ryan, Timothy, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, William, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, William, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Ryan, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Ryan, William, Sixth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y, Militia. 

Ryan, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Ryan, WiUiam, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Ryan, William, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, William, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Ryan, William, Schooner Warren, Massachusetts Navy. 

Ryan, William, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 

Ryan, William, Colonel Hutchinson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryan, WiUiam, Marblehead, Massachusetts Company. 

Ryan, William, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 

Ryan, William, Washington County, Penn. Militia (Capt. Cissna's Co.), 

Ryan, William, Washington Co., Penna. Militia (Capt. Cunningham's Co.). 

Ryan, Walter, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 

Ryant, John, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Rian, Jacob, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of South Carolina. 

Rian, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Rian, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

Rian, John, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

Rian, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 



APPENDIX 519 

lion, James, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 

lion, John, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

lion, Michael, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 

lion, Owen, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 

line, John, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

line, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 

line, Michael, Bedford County, Penna., Militia. 

line, Michael, St., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

line, Michael, Jr., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

line, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

tine, Peter, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia, 

line, Stephen, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Ihyne, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y., Militia. 

Lhyne, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia. 

lyne, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Lyne, Lawrence, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 

lyne, Michael, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

loyn, Samuel, Colonel Mitchell's Mass. Regiment. 

luyan, Cornelius, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

luyan, Francis, Captain Tobias Lord's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 

Luyan, Francis, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 

.uyan, John, Colonel Prime's Cumberland County, Me., Regiment. 

Luyan, Philip, Ninth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 

-yon, Augustine, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

.yon, Augustus, Captain John Lane's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 

:yon, Cornelius, First Regiment, Massachusetts Guards. 

lyon, Cornelius, Colonel Stearns' Massachusetts Guards. 

yon, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 

yon, Dennis, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, Dennis, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, Edward, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, Francis, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, George, Maryland State Regiment. 

yon, George, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 

yon, James, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, James, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, James, Montgomery County, Penna., Militia. 

yon, James, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

yon, James, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

yon, Jeremiah, Lamb's Artillery. 

yon, John, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 

yon, John, Vermont troops (regiment unknown). 

yon, John, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 

yon, John, York County, Penna., Militia. 

yon, John, Washington County Penna. Militia (Capt. Miller's Co.). 

yon, John, Washington County, Penna., Militia (Capt. Van Meter's Co.). 



520 APPENDIX 

Ryon, John, Colonel Brown's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryon, John, Colonel Parke's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryon, Joseph, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, Samuel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Ryon, Samuel, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryon, Thomas, York County, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, Timothy, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, Timothy, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryon Timothy, Washington County, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, William, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Ryon, William, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, William, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 

Ryon, William, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 

Rawn, Patrick, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Wryon, Patrick, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 

McRian, John, Colonel Hale's New Hampshire Regiment. 

CRian, John, Captain Briant Morton's Mass. Coast Artillery. 

ORian, John, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Rian, Timothy, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 

O'Ryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 

CRyan, John, Captain Noyes' Massachusetts Company. 

O'Ryan, John, Colonel Bradford's Battalion, Philadelphia Foot. 

O'Ryan, John, Cumberland County, Maine, troops. 

O'Riant, Joseph, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Sulavan, Harry, Bedford County, Penna., Militia. 

Sulavan, Jeremiah, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Sulavan, John, Tenth Regiment Pennsylvania Line. 

Sulavan, John, Second Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 

Sulavan, Patrick, York County, Penna., Militia. 

SuUavan, Benjamin, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 

SuUavan, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Sullevan, Daniel, Massachusetts State Regiment of Artillery. 

SuUevan, John, Invalid Regiment. 

Sullevan, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Lines. 

Sullevan, Martin, Invalid Regiment. 

Sullevan, Timothy, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sulleven, John, Captain Tobias Lord's Company of Mass. Coast Artillerj 

Sullivan, Benjamin, Falmouth, Massachusetts, Company. 

Sullivan, "Bright," Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 

Sullivan, Charles, Second Regiment, Albany County, New York, Militia. 

Sullivan, Cornelius, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Sullivan, Cornelius, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Cornelius, First Regiment, New York Line. 

Sullivan, Cornelius, Montgomery County, Penna., troops. 

Sullivan, Craven, Virginia State Line. 



APPENDIX 



521 



Darby, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Darby, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

David, New Castle County, Delaware, Mihtia. 

David, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 

David, Second Regiment, New Jersey Line. 

David, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 

David, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 

David, Chester County Penna., Militia. 

David, Fourth Regiment Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 

David, New Jersey Militia (regiment unknown). 

David, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

David, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Daniel, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Daniel, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 

Daniel, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Daniel, Brigantine Addition, Massachusetts Navy. 

Daniel, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Daniel, Luzerne County, Penna., troops. 

Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Daniel, Fourth Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 

Daniel, Sixth Massachusetts Artillery. 

Daniel, North Carolina Artillery. 

Daniel, Colonel Olney's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Daniel, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Daniel, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Daniel, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, Militia. 

Daniel, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Daniel, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Daniel, Sussex County, New Jersey, Militia. 

Daniel, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 

Daniel, Chester County, Penna., Militia. 

Daniel, Chester County Penna., Militia. 

Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Daniel, New Levies, Pennsylvania troops. 

Daniel, First Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Daniel, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Dennis, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Dennis, Hartley's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Dennis, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Dennis, Second Regiment, New York Line. 

Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 

Dennis, Captain Thomas Perry's New Hampshire Company. 

Dennis, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 

Eben, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 



522 APPENDIX 

Sullivan, Elijah, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Sullivan, Elisha, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, Frederick, Virginia State Line. 

Sullivan, George, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Jacob, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 

Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Sullivan, James, Independent Regiment of Penna. Artillery. 

Sullivan, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 

Sullivan, James, Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, James, Newbury, Massachusetts, Company. 

Sullivan, James, West Virginia troops. 

Sullivan, James, Virginia Continental Line. 

Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Sullivan, James, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, James, Continental frigate Raleigh. 

Sullivan, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Sullivan, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Sullivan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, James, First Maryland Battalion. 

Sullivan, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, James, Sixth Company, Dorchester County, Md., Militia. 

Sullivan, James, Neil's Eastern Artillery Company of New Jersey. 

Sullivan, James, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 

Sullivan, James, Lancaster County, Penn., Militia. 

Sullivan, James, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, James, Harford County, Maryland, troops. 

Sullivan, James O., Brigantine Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Third Maryland Battalion. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Frigate Deane, Continental Navy. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Frigate Hague, Continental Navy. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Brigantine Tyranmcide, Massachusetts Navy. 

Sullivan, Jeremiah, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 

Sullivan, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Sullivan, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Sullivan, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 

Sullivan, John, Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, John, Continental frigate Deane. 

Sullivan, John, Continental frigate Hague. 

Sullivan, John, Virginia State Line. 



APPENDIX 



523 



1, John, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 

1, John, Captain Thomas Perry's New Hainpshire Company. 

1, John, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 

1, John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

1, John, Invalid Guards. 

John, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, John, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, John, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 
1, John, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
1, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
1, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
1, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
1, John, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 
1, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Joshua, Montgomery County, Penna. troops. 
1, Joshua, Forman's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
1, Joseph, Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
1, Lawrence, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, Lawrence, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Lawrence, Albemarle County, Virginia troops. 
1, Lawrence, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
1, Mark, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, Mark, York County, Penna. Militia. 
1, Martin, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Maurice, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Michael, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Michael, Colonel Wessenfels' Regiment, New York Levies; 
1, Murly, Fourth Regment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Mortough, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Murty, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Nathaniel, First Maryland Battalion of the Line. 
1, Nathaniel, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
1, Oliver, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
1, Owen, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Owen, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, Owen, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
1, Owen, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
1, Owen, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
1, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
1, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

1, Patrick, Second Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State line. 
1, Patrick, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 



524 APPENDIX 

Sullivan, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 

Stillivan, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, Patrick, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, Patrick, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Patrick, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 

Sullivan, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Patrick, Thompson's Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen. 

Sullivan, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 

Stillivan, Patrick, Pennsylvania Line, (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, Patrick, Colonel Tupper's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Perrigrine, Captain William Reiley's Company, Maryland troops. 

Sullivan, Peter, Philadelphia City, Penn. Militia. 

Sullivan, Peter, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 

Sullivan, Peter, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Peter, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 

Sullivan, Peter, Virginia Line, (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, Peter, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Sullivan, Peter, "New Levies," Pennsylvania. 

Sullivan, Philip, Captain Bernard Roman's Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Sullivan, Philip, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Philip, Montgomery County, Maryland troops. 

Sullivan, Philip, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Philip, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Philip, First Maryland Battalion. 

Sullivan, Perry, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Roger, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Roger, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Roger, Third Regiment, New York Line. 

Sullivan, Samuel, Pennsylvania Navy. 

Sullivan, Solomon, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 

Sullivan, Teige, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Colonel Gill's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Pennsylvania Line, (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, Thomas, Continental frigate Confederacy. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Orange County, New York Militia. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, Thomas, Dorchester, Massachusetts Company. 



APPENDIX 525 

Sullivan, Timothy, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Third Battalion, First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 

Sullivan, Timothy, First Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Twenty-third Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Ship Thorn, Massachusetts Navy. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, 

Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Patton's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, William, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 

Sullivan, William, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, William, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 

Sullivan, William, Sussex County, New Jersey Militia. 

Sullivan, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 

Sullivan, William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 

Sullivan, William, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 

Sullivan, William, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Sullivan, William, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 

Sullivan, William, Continental frigate Deane. 

Sullivan, William, Sloop Winthrop, Massachusetts Navy. 

Sullivan, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 

Sullivan, William, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 

Sullivan, William, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 

Sulivan, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 

Sulivan, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Sulivan, James, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sulivan, James, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullivan, James, Captain Rowe's Company, Knox's Artillery Corps. 

Sullivan, James, Colonel Flower's Corps, Mass. Artillery Artificers. 

Sulivan, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Sulivan, Oliver, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sulivan, Timothy, First Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sillivan, John, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 

SuUivin, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 

Sollovin, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 

Soleven, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 

Sullivin, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 

SuUivin, Murty, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 

Sullifin, John, Colonel Read's Massachusetts Regiment. 

SuUivant, Timothy, First Massachusetts Brigade. 



526 APPENDIX 

Sullivant, William, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 
SuUervan, Timothy, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
SuUovan, Timothy, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
Sulavin, John, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
Sulavant, John, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
Swillivan, Daniel, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
CVSullivan, Valentine, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 



INDEX 



Adams, John, Letters of, 232-234 Canes, O'Canes and Kanes in the 



Allen, Colonel Ethan, 161 

Allison, Dr. Francis, American Ed- 
ucator, 155 

American OflScers in Hibernian So- 
ciety and Society of the Friendly 
Sons of Saint Patrick, 228 

Archives of Maryland, 224 

Armstrong, Colonel John, 246 

Baltimore, County Cork, Irish 
from, 349 

Bancroft, George, 214 

Barney, Commodore Joshua, Mem- 
oirs of, 347 

Barre, Colonel Isaac, 159 

Barry, Commodore John, 229, 246 

Barrys in the Revolutionary Army, 
217 

Boston, Mass., Records, 312-321 

Brady, Captain John, 177 

Bradys in the Revolutionary Army, 
217 

Brannons and Brennans in the Rev- 
olutionary Army, 217 

Bryan, George, Revolutionary pa- 
triot, 151, 247 

Burke, Edmund, 159 

Burkes and Bourkes in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 217, App. 

Burke, Governor Thomas, 246-247 

Burns and Byrnes in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 217 

Butler, Pierce, 246 

Butler, General Richard, 229, 246 

Callaghans in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 



Revolutionary Army, 217 
Carey, Joseph, Aide-de-Camp to 

General "Washington, 228 
Carney, Mark, 320-1 
Carneys and Kearneys in the Revo- 
lutionary Army, 217 
Carroll, Charles, Signer of the Dec- 
laration of Independence, 152, 

245-6, 335, 348» 
Carroll, Daniel, 246, 333-335 
Carroll, Daniel, proposes to settle 

Irish on George Washington's 

land, 334-5 
CarroUs in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Carrington, Edward, 246 
Caseys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Cassidys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Cavanaghs in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Census, First of the United States, 

373-382 
Century of Population Growth, 

373-382 
Charitable Irish Society of Boston, 

315 
Chastellux, Marquis de, 156 
Clancys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Clark, General George Rogers, 

340w 
Clinton, General George, 246-7 
Colonial Records of Georgia, 363- 

368 
Conolly, Irish M. P., 159 



527 



528 



INDEX 



Connollys in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 

Connor, John, 361 

Connors and O'Connors in the Rev- 
olutionary Army, 217, App. 

Copland, Rev. Patrick, 323 

Corbin, Margaret, 129» 

Cork, Maine, 310-311 

Crowleys in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 

Dalys in the Revolutionary Army, 217 
Delaneys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Dempseys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Desertions to the "Rebels," 190-194 
Diaries of the Moravian Mission- 
aries, 336-7 
Dillon, Count Arthur, 203-4 
Dobbs, Governor Arthur, 247-361 
Dohertys and Doughertys in the 

Revolutionary Army, 216, App. 
Dongan, Governor Thomas, 246 
Donnellys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Donohoes in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Donovans in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Dooly, Colonel John, 246, 371 
Dorans in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Dowlings in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Doyles in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Driscolls in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Duane, James, 145, 245, 247 
Duffys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Dugans in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Dwyers in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 



Egle, William H., 214 
Emigrations from Ireland, 237 
Emmet, Dr. Thomas Addis, 238 

Farrells in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Father of the American Navy, 

246 
First Census of the United States, 

207 
Fitzgerald, Colonel John, 228, 246, 

364 
Fitzgeralds in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Fitzpatricks in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
FitzSimmons, Colonel Thomas, 245 
FitzSimmons' in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Flanagans in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Flynns in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Franco-Irish Soldiers, 203 
Froude, Anthony, 251 

Gallaghers in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Galloway, Joseph, Examination of, 

before Parliamentary Commission, 

83-84 
Gardiner, Hon. Luke, 159 
Gibbons, Lieutenant James, Hero 

of Stony Point, 177 
Gilliland, William, Irish Colonizer, 

297-299 
Gormans in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Gradys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Grattan, Henry, 159 
Graydon, Alexander, 199 
Greaton, General John, 246 

Haggertys in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 



INDEX 



529 



Hand, General Edward, 176, 229, 

245-6 
Harnett, Cornelius, Revolutionary 

patriot, 154, 246, 361 
Hart, Governor John, 247 
Haslet, Colonel John, 176, 246 
Hatch, Louis Clinton, 212-215 
Healys and Haleys in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 217 
Heath, General William, 170-1 
Hennesseys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Hogan, General James, 246 
Hogans in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
"Hotbed of Rebellion," 200 
Hotten's Origijial Lists of Immi- 
grants, 324-5 
Howe, General Robert, 170 
Hurleys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Hutchinson, Governor Thomas, 160 

Irish at Bunker Hillf 224 
Irish Brigade, 202-3, 269 
Irish Catholic immigrants, 259-267 
Irish Donation, 306-7 
Irish flock from all parts of the Col- 
onies to the Revolutionary Army, 
210-211 
Irish Framers of the Constitution, 

246 
Irish Governors, 246-7 
Irish Grantees of Land, 370 
Irish in American Army, 194-5 
Irish in Georgia, 363-372 
Irish in King Philip's War, 306-7 
Irish in Lord Dunmore's War, 329 
Irish in Massachusetts, 306-321 
Irish in Maine, 310-311 
Irish in Maryland, 225, 344-349 
Irish in New England, 222-3 
Irish in New York Marriage Rec- 
ords, 299-300 
Irish in Pennsylvania Line, 214-5 
Irish in Shenandoah Valley, 326-8 



Irish in the Carolinas, 200-1, 205, 
350-362 

Irish in Virginia, 225, 322-343 

Irish in Virginia Regiments, 196 

Irish in York and Chester Districts, 
S. C, 206-9 

Irish Language, Use of, in Ameri- 
can Army, 159-160 

"Irish Line," The, 176, 177, 182, 197 

"Irish Line" in North Carolina, 197 

Irish Members of the Continental 
Congress, 246 

Irish Merchants of the City of New 
York, 305 

Irish-named plantations in Mary- 
land, 346-7 

Irish Names, Changes in, 124-126 

Irish Officers in Revolutionary Army 
and Navy, 225, 226-231, 246, App. 

Irish Officers in Virginia Regiments, 
333 

Irish Officers in the French service, 
204 

Irish "Papists," 268 

Irish Regiments in French service, 
204 

Irish Settlers in Pennsylvania, 253- 
294 

Irish Settlers in New York, 295-305 

Irish Settlers in the Champlain Val- 
ley, 297-8 

Irish Shipping with America, 250-2, 
272-285 

Irish Signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, 245 

Irish Soldiers in Marion's Brigade, 
201-2 

Irish Soldiers in the Colonial Wars, 
292-4, 305, 328-9 

Irish Soldiers under General Lacey, 
205 

Irish Trade with the American Col- 
onies, 300 

Irish Traders, 267-8 

Irish Volunteers in American serv- 
ice, 194 



530 



INDEX 



Irish Volunteers in Ireland, 159, 

163, 232-4 
Irish Volunteers in English service, 

186-194 
Irvine, Colonel William, 136 

Jasper, Sergeant William, 365 
Johnson, Sir William, 247, 268 
Jones, Paul, 160 

Kanes in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Kearneys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Keatings in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Keefes in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Kelley, Colonel John, 246 
Kelly, Major John, 177 
Kellys in the Revolutionary Army, 

216-8, 219, 231, App. 
Kellys in the United States in 1790, 

377 
Kennys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Kinsale, Virginia, 332 
Knox, General Henry, 170 

Lacey, General Edward, 205 
Lafayette toasts Ireland, 169 
Lafayette, Letter from, 184 
Land Records of Maryland, 344-8 
Land Records of New York, 295- 

297 
Land Records of North Carolina, 

360 
Learys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Lee, General Arthur, Letters of, 

232-3 
Lee, General Charles, on Irish im- 
migration, 275-6 
Lee, General Charles, on the pro- 
portion of Irishmen in the Revo- 
lutionary Army, 104 



Lee, General Henry, on "The Irish 

Line," 176, 182 
Lee, General Henry, on the Irish 

in the Virginia Regiments, 196 
Lewis, General Andrew, 229, 230, 

246 
"Line of Ireland," 176 
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 178, 181, 222-3 
Logan, Governor James, 253-4 
Long, Colonel Pierse, 245-6 
Loudon, Samuel, Revolutionary pa- 
triot, 161, 3 
Lymerick Plantation, 352 
Lynch, Thomas, Signer, 245-6 
Lyon, Matthew, 162 

Maddens in the Revolutionary Army, 
217 

Magaw, Colonel Robert, 176, 246 

Magees and McGees in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 217 

Magraths, McGraths and McGraws 
in the Revolutionary Army, 217 

Mahonys in the Revolutionary Army, 
217 

Malcom, Captain Daniel, Revolu- 
tionary patriot, 153-4 

Malones in the Revolutionary Army, 
217 

Maloneys in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 

Marion, General Francis, 200-2 

Marmion, Anthony, on Irish emigra- 
tion, 236-7 

Massachusetts, Irish in, 222 

Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors 
in the Revolutionary War, 320 

Maxwell, General William, 246 

McBrides in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 

McCaflFreys and McCaflFertys in the 
Revolutionary Army, 217 

McCanns in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 

McCarthys in the United States in 
1790, 376-7 



INDEX 



531 



McCarthys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 216, 231, App. 
McCarty, Ann, Cousin of Mary Ball 

Washington, 331 
McCarty Family in Virginia, 330-1 
McCarty, Thaddeus, Revolutionary 

patriot, 153 
McCIoskeys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McConnells in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McClure, Captain John, 205 
McCormack, Thomas, 364 
McCormacks in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McCurdy, John, Revolutionary pa- 
triot, 152 
McDermotts in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McDonough, Commodore Thomas, 

365 
McDonoughs in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McDonnells and McDaniels in the 

Revolutionary Army, 217 
McGahys and McGahans in the Rev- 
olutionary Army, 217 
McGinnis' in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McGowans in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McGuire, Thomas, 361 
McGuires in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McHenry, Major James, 228, 246 
McKean, Thomas, Signer, 245 
McKennys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McKinley, Governor John, 247 
McKinney, Barney, 361 
McLaughlins in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McMahons in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McManus' in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 



McMullins, MuUins and Mullens in 

the Revolutionary Army, 217 
McNallys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McNamaras in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
McSweeneys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Meade, Bishop William H., 330, 332 
Mitchel, John Purroy, 342 
Montgomery, General Richard, 179, 

180, 229, 246 
Mooney, Colonel Hercules, 246 
Moore, General James, 246 
Moore, Governor James, 246, 360 
Morans in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Morgan's Rifle Corps, 141, 173-4, 

198 
Mountjoy, Lord, 159 
Moylan, Colonel Stephen, 228, 246 
Mulhollands in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
Mulligan, Hercules, Confidential 

Correspondent to General Wash- 
ington, 150 
Murphy, Timothy, 177 
Murphys in the Revolutionary Army, 

216-19, 231, App. 
Murphys in the United States in 

1790, 377 

Newberry, S. C, Annals of, 353 
New Connaught, Maryland, 346 
New England Historical and Gen- 
ealogical Society, 222, 316-17, 348 
New England troops, 178-181 
New Ireland, Maryland, 346 
New Jersey Journal, 163 
New Leinster, Maryland, 346 
New Munster, Maryland, 346 
Newspapers, extracts from, 277-285 
New York Packet, 161-3 
Nolans in Revolutionary Army, 217 
North Carolina Grenealogical Rec- 
ords, 360 



532 



INDEX 



O'Brien Brothers, 195 

O'Brien, Morris, 3 

O'Brien, Colonel, 203n. 

O'Briens in the Revolutionary Army, 

216, App. 
O'Briens in the United States in 

1790, 375-6 
O'Bryan, William, Revolutionary 

patriot, 154 
O'Canes in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
O'Connor, Lieutenant-Colonel Mor- 
gan, 136 
O'Connors and Connors in the Revo- 
lutionary Army, 216, App. 
O'Donnells in the Revolutionary 

Army, 217 
O'Haras in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
O'Kelley, Patrick, 351 
O'Kelly, Peter, 351 
O'Kellys in the Revolutionary 

Army, 231 
O'Moore, Rory, 360 
O'Neall, John Belton, 198, 353 
O'Neill, Captain William, 177 
O'Neills in the Revolutionary Army, 

216 
O'Sheal, David, 364 
O'SulIivan, Florence, 350 

Paine, Robert Treat, Signer, 245 
Palfrey, New England historian, 222 
"Patricks" and "Patts" in Revolu- 
tionary Army, 219 
Patton, Colonel John, 246 
Pennsylvania Archives, 214, 290 
Pennsylvania Line, 175, 182, 214-5 
Pennsylvania Line, Mutiny of, 183- 

185 
Petty, Sir William, English Statis- 
tician, 338 
Population Growth, A Century of, 

243 
Prendergasts in the Revolutionary 
Army, 217 



Proctor, Colonel Thomas, 129n, 246 
Prominent Irish Families in Vir- 
ginia, 330-1 
Proportion of Irish in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 135 

Queensborough Township, Georgia, 

367-9 
Quigleys in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 
Quinns in the Revolutionary Army, 

217 

Ramsay, Dr. David, 175, 239 
Read, George, Signer, 245 
Reed, General Joseph, 180, 228, 246 
Refutations of the statements of the 
historians concerning the Irish in 
America, 211-218 
Regans in the Revolutionary Army, 

218 
Reillys in the Revolutionary Army, 

216-19, App. 
Revolutionary Soldiers and Sailors 

of Virginia, 333-4 
Roaches and Roches in the Revolu- 
tionary Army, 218 
Robertson, General James, on the 
Irish in the Revolutionary Army, 
104 
Rochambeau, Count de, 171, 184-5 
Rocky Creek Irish, 205 
Roman Catholic Volunteers, 187-194 
Rowan, Matthew, 247, 361 
Rourkes in the Revolutionary Army, 

218 
Rupp's tribute to the Irish in Penn- 
sylvania, 256-9 
Rutledge, Edward, 245, 247 
Rutledge, John, 246-7 
Ryans in the Revolutionary Army, 
216-19, App. 

Saint Patrick's Day Celebrations in 
the American Army, 164-9 

Saint Patrick's Day Celebration in 
Boston, 315 



INDEX 



533 



5aint Patrick's Day Celebrations in 
New York, 303-4 

'Scotch-Irish," 215, 250, 286-290, 
336-345 

'Scotch-Irish," Origin of the term, 
343 

Schuyler, General Philip, 181 

Serle, Ambrose, Confidential Agent 
of the British Cabinet, 107 

Shea, or Shee, General John, 176, 
246 

Shays and Sheas in the Revolution- 
ary Army, 218 

Sheehans in the Revolutionary Army, 
218 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 159 

Sheridans in the Revolutionary 
Army, 218 

Shipping between Ireland and Amer- 
ica, 287-8, 301-3, 307, 309, 313-6 

Smiles, Dr. Samuel, 158 

Smith, James, Signer, 124, 245 

Society of the Friendly Sons of 
Saint Patrick, 168, 344 

Sons of Saint Tammany, 170n. 

Sources of Information, 220-1, 304- 
305, 308-313 

Spencer, Dr. James, 236-8 

Statistics of Irish in the United 
States in 1790, 373-382 

Statistics of Irish Immigration, 
269-285, 286-291, 301-3 

Stewart, Colonel "Walter, 246 

StiI16, Charles J., 212-215 

Sullivan, General John, 169, 171, 
228, 246 

Sullivan, John, the Limerick School- 
master, 153, 247-8 

SuUivans in the Revolutionary 
Army, 216-19, App. 



Sumter, General, 206 
Sweeney, Terence, 261 
Sweeneys in the Revolutionary 
Army, 218 

Taylor, George, Signer, 245 
Tennent, Rev. William, 257 
Thomson, Charles, Secretary to the 

Continental Congress, 151 
Thomson, General William, 153, 229, 

246 
Thornton, Matthew, Signer, 245 
Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, his 

statements refuted, 211-215 
Trumbull, General, 181 

Volunteers of Ireland, 188-194 

Waddell, Hugh, 361 

Walsh, Regiment of, 203 

Walshes and Welshes in the Revo- 
lutionary Army, 218 

Washington, George, Address to, by 
Irish Catholics, 265 

Washington, George, A Member of 
the Society of the Friendly Sons 
of Saint Patrick, 168 

Washington, George, Attends a 
Saint Patrick's Day Celebration, 
168 

Washington, George, Correspond- 
ence of, 171, 179, 180, 181, 
239n 

Washington, George, Letters to, 
333-335 

Washington's Friendship for his 
Irish OflScers, 228-9 

Wayne, General Anthony, 215 

Williamsburg, S. C, an Irish Settle- 
ment, 354 



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